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Every point and every table is from pastpaper

Community Medicine only 1/4th portion is present in file

Mean Median Mode
• Mean → Sum of all values divided by total number of values
• Median → is Middle Most value
Example1: 1,6,3,7,8,2
Arrange in Ascending order then select middle value (1,2,3,6,7,8) Median=3
Example 2: 1,2,5,4,3,6,7,8,9
If odd numbers are present arrange in ascending order then take sum of middle two values then divide it by 2
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ➔ (4+5/2) = 4.5 Ans
• Mode → Most repeated value, if no number is repeated then there is no mode
Example1: 1,2,3,3,5,6,7 Mode=3
Example2: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Mode= there is no mode
pastpapers
Sum of all values divided by total --> Mean

The basic measure of Central tendency= Median

repeated value in data --> mode

Most repeated value is: Mode

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A study is conducted on rates on antibiotics of same effect produced by different Mode
pharmaceutical company and rate of different drugs are 1.0, 1.2, 2, 2.5 3.1,6.5 Which
measure of central tendency will be used?
Not included in dispersion? Mode
Coefficient of variance include all except Mode
Confidence interval represent: Mode and
its
standard
error

Tests
Difference among the values of mean is Standard deviation.

Probability of difference in two means checked by test? Significance

Confidence limit may be defined as: Standard error of mean with T

value

Randomization is: Generating Random sequence and

selecting random population

Confidence interval represents? Mean and its standard error

In a study the anti-emetic effect of a drug is checked on two groups. Unpaired T test
The effect will be seen according to weight and age. What type of
test is it?

Standard deviation shows: Variability among individual

Test for difference of two means: T — test

SD: Squar root of variance

Variance: Square root of SD

Chi square is used to measure: Statistical analysis

A group of people studied for effect of a drug and compared to a Randomized control trials
control group they are followed longitudinally over a period of time
what type of study is?

A student wanted to study relationship b/w increases in Regression analysis

temperature and duration of surgery. To evaluate results which
statistical test he should apply?

Correlation between two variables was studied: Regression analysis

2x2 table: Chi square

4x4 table: Chi square tes

2+2 (2 into 2)is: Chi-square

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One standard deviation means Both side of mean in normal
distribution curve

One standard deviation means Both side of mean in normal

distribution curve

Types of Data
• Nominal data → data can set in categories (each category is unique) color of eye, race, sex
• Ordinal data → data set in categories that can be set in order good, better, best

Presence or absence of vomiting Nominal data

donated by type of data?

Vomiting absent and present. Type of data → Nominal

What type of data in American Society of Anesthesiologists classification → Ordinal
Data obtained in presence or absence of disease Nominal

Diarrhea cases report disease present or absent: Nominal study

Data is collected for some clinical trial based on presence or Nominal

abscence of vomiting:,

Primary Secondary & Tertiary prevention

• Primary prevention → Actions taken prior to onset of disease which removes the possibility that disease will ever occur
(Smoking awearness in schools, give folic acid to preg women) [Health promotion & Specific protection] [Prepathogenesis
phase]

• Secondary prevention → Actions which halts the progress of a disease at its early stage and prevent complications [Early
diagnosis and prompt treatment] [Pathogenesis phase]

• Tertiary prevention → All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities [ late pathogenesis phases
• pastpapers

For prevention of disease, what is best Establishing health

measure? education

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are --> Secondary prevention

pap smear is an example of --> secondary prevention

Prevention in the disease process before occurrence of disease is-->Primary

Vit A given to children of a certain population. This type of prevention is known as --> Specific protection

main objective of Screening test for Cancer Early Diagnosis

Incidence & Prevalence

pastpapers
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• Number of new cases are → incidence
• Number of NEW + OLD cases → Prevelance
• In a population, a group of people with a particular feature are represented → Occurrence
• Positive predictive value associated with-->Prevalence of disease
• On follow up, progression of disease is estimated by-->Predictive validity

Medical Ethics
pastpapers

• Behaviour changes are produced in society by → Peer seeder

• Breaking a bad news to the patient in → In a formal session
• 40 years Diabetic has Problems in bed with wife. Next step to take is → Ask the pt what kind of bed problem they are
having
• A doctor is good if he is → respects pt decision regarding treatment
• A female diagnosed with grade 4 Ca ovaries. The patient requests the doctor not inform her family about her condition and
severity. The family has now come in follow up to know about her disease. What shall be the next step to be taken → Tell
nothing to the family
• A normal and healthy individual is he who=Eats, sleeps, and exercises regularly and lead a disciplined life
• A patient is post op in ICU, he needs mechanical ventilator for respiratory support the patients is anxious about it, how will u
go further while providing this mechanical ventilator to the patient → Explain the need and importance of ventilator to the
patient
• An old patient in a cardiology clinic complains about the receptionist behavior. Though staff and other patients are happy
with the receptionist. What will you do → Apologize and offer that i will talk to the receptionist
• Best example of psychological stress → Financial crisis
• Best way to avoid complication of intervention is → To remain within competency level
• Best way to avoid complication of procedure/intervention is-->Remain in own competence limit
• Breaking bad news -->Information in crisp and separate formal session
• Confidentiality can be breached → If patient authorizes you
• Counselling → done for patients to help themselves
• Doctor patient relationship → Mutual trust
• Doctor recognized by-->politeness and good bedside manners
• Dr. Patient relationship, first and foremost is → Mutual trust
• Fatal disease of patient → Crisp clear information should be provided to the patient according to his needs
• Four basic pillars of medical ethics → Autonomy, Justice, Beneficence, non-maleficence
• In emergency → Only patient allowed in EM room and family stay out
• Medical ethics → Moral code of conduct of doctor
• On serology a patient is HIV positive. What will be the next step → Confirm by performing other tests What step for
prevention must be taken in ICU=Frequent hand cleaning.
• Patient has intractable long history of pain and has taken various painkillers. How do you treat the patient → Psychological
cognitive treatment
• Regarding good ethics of doctor → Active listening
• Seductive female pt came near to you, what you will do → Call in nurse
• Social support to patient is provided by → Family members
• What is meant by professionalism of a doctor → Politeness and good bedside manners

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Sampling
pastpapers

Equal chance of each person being selected in a study is: Random sampling

In a study, a population was divided into subgroups based on age and from Stratified random sampling
each subgroup the samples were taken randomly. Such sampling is known
as?

Dr divided some group on age bases and then randomly allocated them in Stratified random sampling
different groups:

Regarding Clinical trials: Single blind subject doesn’t know

whether placebo or drug is given

doctor divided patient in to 2 groups and 2 antibiotics namely pencillin and Single blind study
ciproflox were selected for each group without letting anyone know name
except him

randomly classifies diseased people into two groups and drugs were given to Random control trial
study the effect. This type of study is?

Individuals have the independent and same chance of being selected? Random sample

Type of sampling which every one has equal chance of being selected: Random sampling

Study in which every person of a population has equal chances of being Random sampling.
selected —

Individual having independent and same chances of being selected: Random selection

From a population 2 groups were selected on age basis and then subgrouped Randomstratified sampling
are assigned randomly for study. Type of sampling is:

To test a new hypertensive medicine: Double blind study

Studies
Cohort study:

Study groups are watched over period of time (prosprective study) [longitudnal, incidence studies]

Case-control study:

Disease vs Non Disease

pastpapers

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A group with CHD and another group with No associated disease what type of study is this? Case control

A study was done in which group with exposure & group with non-exposure studied which study is Cohort
carried out?

100 pts of inthomorrhoids surgeon divided them into 2 groups, One group on medications And onther on Prospective cohort
dietary contol, After one year surgeon call them all and asked about their experience: Type of study:

Study was done on women who used to drink alcohol during antenatal care Prospective study
to study the effects of alcohol on baby weight which type of study is this?

study in a population comparing symptoms in diseased & lack of symptoms in non-diseased. Example is Case control
of

A group with smokers and lung carcinoma is compared to another group with smokers but no lung Case control
carcinoma. This is example of

A study in which diseased people are compared to non diseased healthy people, looks for prior exposure Case control
for a risk faactor is called:

Study of disease against non-disease and looking for risk factors: Case-Control study

student carries a study in a population comparing symptoms in diseased individuals against lack of those Case control
symptoms in non-diseased people. This study is called:

Two groups one with CHD and associated risk factor is compared to another group with CHD but no Cohort
associated risk factor. What type of study is it?

During ka study of two populations in which population having risk factors in history developing CHD n Cohort
other population who do not have risk factor study is called

A study of people with smoking as a risk factor while other healthy group Type of study: Cohort study

Risk measurements, exposed group vs non exposed: Cohort study

Outbreak of diarrhea type of study (EPIDEMIC) Cross sectional

study design is for studying diseases Case control study

Null Hypothesis
pastpapers

Question Null Hypothesis example

Do cats care about the color of their Cats express no food preference based on color.
food?

Does chewing willow bark relieve There is no difference in pain relief after chewing willow bark versus
pain? taking a placebo.

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• P value < 0.05 is significant

In theory your null hypothesis is rejected it means: There is difference btw

observed values

A research has been done on two different groups In theory, There is

if the null hypothesis gets rejected it means? difference in
observed
values

Sensivity and Specificity

• Sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease.
• Specificity: the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease.
• pastpapers
•

Test which excludes completely non affected person is? Specificity

If a test is able to both diagnose and eliminate diseased and non Sensitive
diseased it is called:

A test which help in diagnosis n eliminating ths disease: Sensitive

Ability of a test to rule out disease: Sensitivity

The diagnostic power of a test to correctly exclude the disease is Sensitivity

reflected by:

If we want to find out more diseased person: Sensitivity

Test which excludes completely non- Specificity

affected:

Misc 2022-2022
Pastpapers only 1/4 papers th

Female patient on HRT having risk of which of following Thromboembolism

Patient stress is due to hospitalization and disease is first concern of: Whats wrong with me
Common cause of fatty liver in Pakistan? Protein Deficiency
Positive predictive value formula: True positive .s. True positive +Fa!se
positive
To prevent iatrogenic infections in ICU we should: Use extensive hand washing after
Lowest maternal mortality in age group? 20.30
Alpha value 0.001 in statistics represents what? Chance of correcdy rejecting the null
hypothesis is 1 out of 1000

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A team of cardiologists investigating the relationship between MI in 1200 men in Pie chart
age group 50 . 75 years and activity level 24 hrs preceding the attack Activity level
was classiBed as exertion the results were Heavy exertion 50% Moderate exertion
, 35% Mild exertion 15%:
Study of HRT on menopausal women results were 60% need it, 40% were Pie chart
okay20% don't need it, best way to show this?
Justice on medical ethics is: Equity in providing medical resources to all
patients equally.
Intervention before occurrence of disease lesion is: Primary prevention
The Sick role (patient role) involves: To save self from various obligations
Tailor had Tb infection transmitted to two of his family members mode of spread Aerosolated ait droplets
of this is:
Tetanus toxin is: Neuro toxin
Inactivated toxin used as toxoid vaccine: Measles
Sterilization of instruments with ethylene alcohol: 4.6 hours
Method of face mask sterilization for prevention against organism is: Ethylene oxide gas
Screening must be acceptable to population
DPT vaccination type of immunity: Artificial active
Percentage can be calculated as By dividing the number by the total number
of items and multiplying by 100
Screening is done in cancer to: Detect disease at early stage
Maternal mortality is calculated by? Per 100,000
New cases per 100,000 in a given time: Rate
Standard deviation: Square root of variance
population was divided into subgroups based on age and from each subgroup the Stratified random sampling
samples were taken randomly.Example of
Mean is Sum of all values divided by total
Frequency distribution: Tells distribution of value appear in data

What is MMR?: The Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is the

annual number of female deaths per 100,000
live births from any cause related to or
aggravated by pregnancy or its management
[ Statement ]
T test is used? To compare 2 categories/groups
The ultimate goal of all epidemiological studies is: To control the diseases
Best wav to avoid complication of intervention is? To remain within competency level
Standard deviation shows Variability of individual observation.

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DPT: Artifical active
Percentages given should be plotted on Pie Chart
Correlation coefficient R value perfect relationship btw 2 variables (-1+1)
lf observation given of some location and within a scale of measurement is known . Ratio
as?
Droplet infection transmission occurs at a distance of:------> 1 to 3 feets
MMR in Pakistan as 100 times more
compared to other countries is?
Which of the following is associated with MMR: 100,000 live births
Least maternal deaths seen in age range 15-20 yrs.
8 patients were reported In a eage study, their age wag 20, 28, 28, 30, 40, 20,30. 27,5
The median of values is:
Airborne droplet infection can spread upto: 3 to 6 feet
Thalasemia occurrence in Pakistan ratio: 5 percent
In population of 1 million, there were 100,000 females in child bearing age and 5/100000 population
100,000 children bom alive and 50 women died. What is the MMR?
A person smoker and working in construction, bilateral diaphragmatic lung lesions Abestosis
Prevalence is? All new cases plus old
Standard deviation: Always presented with a mean
Control of rubella: Anti rubella vaccination of reproductive age
girls
do not provide active immunity? Antitoxin
Immunity provided by DPT is: Artificial activ
Researchers want to study relationship between MI and 24-hour activity level with Bar chart
20% mild activity 35% moderate 45% severe, how data will be ploted:
How to prevent Rubella: By vaccination of all women of child
Pie chart is used for: Data
T. Test is used for Difference between two groups
Standard deviation means: Difference of each value from mean
Case control studies associated with ? Disease
A normal healthy individual is: Disease free
Drugs known to physician classed as A and B given to patient. Doctor was himself Double blind
unaware. Thisis example of
Yellow fever in non-endemic area: Epidemic
Normal distribution curve: Gaussian curve
Most common cause of maternal mortality in our country? Haemorrhage
Common cause of non-obstetrical death in our country? Heart disease
Scabies itching due to: Hypersensitivity reaction due to protein
of mites
Newly diagnosed cases is expressed as? Incidence
Safe motherhood association ? It is component of public health
MODE is It is the most repeated value
Criteria for screening test in diagnosis of cancer It should be acceptable to the general
Criteria for screening test in diagnOsis of cancer: It should be acceptable to the general
population
In prevalence Mass affected by disease

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Arithmetic average used for Mean
population:
Regarding arithmetic average: Mean
True about Confidence interval Mean and its S.E
Confidence interval: Mean n its standard error of mean
Confidence limit may defined as: Mean plus its standard deviation
Standard deviation normal sequence: Mean, Median, Mode, Coincide
Mid value in upper and lower limit is called? Median
Polysaccharide antigen conjugated to increased immunity with vaccine: Meningococcal
Data from smaller study on one group of people is combined with data from larger Meta analysis
study what type of data is this:
Data from smaller study on one group of people iscombined with data from larger Metaanalysis
study What type of data is this?
Prevalence may be defined as: New and old cases
Definition of Incidence: New cases
MMR definition: No of mateml deaths /100000
Incidence: No of new cases in a particular area at a
particular time
Incidence:[ repeated] Noof new cases in a total population at risk
Study showing p<0.001 null hypothesis rejected
Which of the following is associated with Incidence: Number of new cases
Prevalence is defined as: Old plus new cases
In an epidemiological study of Phimosis
penile squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, most common association
with?
Data in % ages can be presented in: Pie chart
Three percentages were given Which chart? Pie chart
In a study 40% women recived HRT 20% women have not recived HRT The best Pie chart
way to represent such study is:
In a study 40% women recived HRT 20% women have not recived HRT the best Pie chart
way to represent such study is:
ln Statistics, the term universe means Population
Progression of disease is Predictive values
best studied by?
What effects the positive Prevalence
predictive value?
What effects the positive predictive value? Prevalence
Ppv is affected by Prevalence of disease
Role of epidemiologist is:------> Prevention of disease
A pharmacist checking the efficacy of drugs selected a group and then randomly Probablity sampling
selects people method involved:
Primary prevention of caries Proper brushing technique
Positive predictive value is? Proportion of true positive in all positive

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associated with Chi squre? Proportions

Mean is Sum of all values divided by total

Kaplan-Meier curve are used for? Survival of patients
Tetanus in a population can be prevented by giving? Tetanus Toxoid
prevent Tetanus in a population by giving? Tetnus toxide
Prevention of tatnus Tetnus toxoid
Byssinosis occurs in people working Textile industry (cotton)
in?
Prophylaxis against tetanus to population Toxoid

Tetanus vaccination: Toxoid is useD

When a test is performed in disease person and person is positive for that then True positive
the test is?
Factors having positive impact on positive predictive value of a test True positive
Assessment of malnutrition is done TTBC + Albumin
by:
Elucidity in interaction b/w genetic & Twin studies
environmental factors can be studied
by.
Killed whole organism used as vaccine. Example is Whooping cough
Men with mean 205±10, this means: Women with low mean and high standard
deviation

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