Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cross
Sectional
Secondary guides
Were patients, health workers, and study personnel blind to
treatment ?
Were the groups similar at the start of the trial ?
Aside from experimental intervention, were the groups treated
equally ?
User’s Guides for an Article about Therapy
Exposed a b
Not Exposed c d
Primary guides
Secondary guides
What were the results ?
Will the results help me in caring for my patients ?
User’s Guide’s for Evaluating and Applying Results of
Studies of Diagnostic Tests
Secondary guides
Did the results of the test being evaluated influence the
decision to perform the reference standard ?
Were the methods for performing the test described in
sufficient detail to permit replication ?
User’s Guide’s for Evaluating and Applying Results of
Studies of Diagnostic Tests
Stable Properties:
Sensitivity = True Positives/(True Positives + False Negatives)
Specificity = True Negatives/(False Positive + True Negative)
Frequency Dependent Properties:
Positive Predictive Value = True Positive/(True Positive + False
Positive)
Negative Predictive Value = True Negative/(True Negative + False
Negative)
Likelihood Ratios
The likelihood ratio for a test result compares the likelihood of that result in
patients with disease to the likelihood of that result in patients without disease:
Test Negative c d
Positive LR = (a/a+c)/(b/b+d)
Negative LR = (c/a+c)/(d/b+d)
Causation/Harm/Etiology
Exposure a b
No Exposure c d
4 Case-series (and poor quality Case-series (and poor Case-control study, poor or
cohort and case-control quality prognostic cohort non-independent reference
studies§§ ) studies***) standard
5 Expert opinion without Expert opinion without Expert opinion without explicit
explicit critical appraisal, or explicit critical appraisal, critical appraisal, or based on
based on physiology, bench or based on physiology, physiology, bench research or
"research or "first principles bench research or "first ""first principles
"principles
Grades of Recommendation
CRITICAL
APPRAISAL
SKILLS
WORKSHOP
Critical Appraisal - What is it and Why is it
important?
Andrew Booth
Senior Lecturer in Evidence Based
Healthcare Information
Why Critical Appraisal?
Theory Practice
What is critical appraisal? Why should you get
How is it done? involved?
When is it used? How can you get
McMaster University
Clinical Epidemiology
Problem Based Learning
Rather than fill students’ heads with facts - cultivate skills
for lifelong learning
To include searching, filtering, critical appraisal and
“digesting”
Developed User Guide’s to the Medical Literature
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme
Criticalappraisal skills
training for the NHS
(Anglia and Oxford)
Appraises:
Reliability Validity;
Applicability
http://www.phru.org.uk/
~casp/index.htm
Why is it important?
Summaries
Comprehensive
Systematic
Explicit
Reproducible
Systematic reviews provide
Good quality evidence, more
reliable results
A useful basis for decision making
Information of greater statistical
significance
Control over the volume of
available literature
What to look for?
If so,
how do they help my patient care?
Will the results help locally?