7/23/2022

Motion in One Dimension

Make motion diagrams for different types of

motion along a line.
 Describe and analyze linear motion including
distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and
acceleration.
 Clarify the concept of uniform motion.
 Use the concept of constant acceleration to solve
problems.

What is Motion?

The change in an object’s position or orientation with time.

Motion Diagrams?

Showing an object’s positions at several equally spaced

instants of time.

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Example:

Three motion diagrams are

shown.
• Which is a dust particle
settling to the floor at
constant speed?
• Which is a ball dropped
from the roof of a building?
• Which is a descending
rocket slowing to make a
soft landing on Mars?

Position and Time

To specify POSITION we need:

 a reference point (the origin),
 a distance from the origin,
 and a direction from the origin.

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Displacement
The motion diagram of a bicycle moving to the right at a
constant speed.

What is the bicycle’s change in position?

Δ𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 120 − 0 = 120 ft
Displacement is a vector quantity could be zero,
positive or negative

What is the change in time?

Average Velocity The position-time graph shows

the motion of the particle (car).
The average velocity is rate at
which the displacement
occurs.

The SI units are m/s

Is also the slope of the line in the position – time graph
Can be positive or negative
Depends only on initial/final positions

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Average Speed

Average Speed =

Has the same units as velocity

The average speed has no direction and is always expressed
as a positive number.
The average speed is not the magnitude of the average
velocity

Instantaneous Velocity

• It can be positive, negative, or zero

• It indicates what is happening at every point of time
• It is the slope of the line tangent to the x vs. t curve.

The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the

instantaneous velocity

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Uniform Motion

Straight-line motion in which equal displacements occur

during any successive equal time intervals is called
uniform motion or constant-velocity motion.

An object’s motion is uniform if

and only if its position-versus-
time graph is a straight line.

𝑥 =𝑥 + 𝑣 ∆𝑡
Basic Sciences Department - Physics Section 9 Saturday, 23 July 2022

Acceleration

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Motion Diagrams

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Example

An object moves according to the equation

𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 3
Determine
1. The average velocity between t = 2 s and t = 3 s
2. The instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s and at t = 3 s
3. The average acceleration between t = 2 s and t = 3 s
4. The instantaneous acceleration at t = 2s and at t = 3 s

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Example

An object moves according to the equation

𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 3
Determine
1. The average velocity between t = 2 s and t = 3 s
𝑥 2 = 3 2 − 2 2 + 3 = 11 m
𝑥 3 = 3 3 − 2 3 + 3 = 24 m

Δ𝑥 24 − 11
𝑣 , = = = 13 m/s
Δ𝑡 3−2

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Example

An object moves according to the equation

𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 3
Determine
2. The instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s and at t = 3 s
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = = 6𝑡 − 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 2 = 6 2 − 2 = 10 m/s
𝑣 3 = 6 3 − 2 = 16 m/s

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Example

An object moves according to the equation

𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 3
Determine
3. The average acceleration between t = 2 s and t = 3 s

𝑣 3 − 𝑣 (2) 16 − 10
𝑎 , = = = 6 m/s
3−2 3−2

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Example

An object moves according to the equation

𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 3
Determine
4. The instantaneous acceleration at t = 2s and at t = 3 s

𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑎 = = 6𝑡 − 2 = 6 m/s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Example

The position of a particle moving along the x axis is

given by
𝑥 𝑡 =6𝑡 −𝑡
where x is in meters and t in seconds. What is the
position of the particle when it achieves its maximum
speed in the positive x direction?

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Example

𝑥 𝑡 =6𝑡 −𝑡

𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = = 12𝑡 − 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = = 12 − 6𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Max. speed 𝑎 =0 𝑡= =2s

𝑥 2 =6 2 − 2 = 16 m

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Example
1. At which point(s) does the position equal zero?
2. At which point(s) does the velocity equal zero?
3. At which point is the velocity negative?
4. At which segment(s) is the acceleration negative?
5. At which point(s) does the acceleration equal zero?

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Particle Under Constant Acceleration

𝑣 −𝑣
𝑎 =
𝑡 −𝑡

Assume 𝑡 = 0, and 𝑡 = 𝑡

𝑣 =𝑣 +𝑎 𝑡

𝑣 , = =
Saturday, 23 July 2022

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Particle Under Constant Acceleration

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𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
2

𝑣 =𝑣 +2𝑎 𝑥 −𝑥
Saturday, 23 July 2022

Free Fall is an example of motion with constant acceleration.

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Freely Falling Objects

Any object moving under the influence of gravity only,

and no other force, is in free fall.

The free-fall acceleration always points down, no

matter what direction an object is moving (up or
down).
𝑎 = −g = −9.8 m/s

Use g = 10 m/s
Saturday, 23 July 2022

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Examples

An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 12

cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate is 3 cm. If its x
coordinate 2 s later is −5 cm, what is its acceleration?

𝑣 = 12 cm/s 1
𝑥 = 3 cm 𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
2
𝑡 =2s 1
𝑥 = −5 cm −5 = 3 + 12 2 + 𝑎 2
2
2𝑎 = −32
32
𝑎 =− = −16 cm/s
2

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Examples

A bird, accelerating from rest at a constant rate, experiences a

displacement of 28 m in 11 s.
What is the average velocity?
What is the final velocity after 11 s?
Δ𝑥 28
𝑣 , = = ≈ 2.55 m/s
Δ𝑡 11
𝑣 +𝑣
𝑣, =
2
28 𝑣 + 0
=
11 2
56
𝑣 = = 5.1 m/s
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Problem 2.7
A position–time graph for a particle moving along the x axis is shown in Figure.
(a) Find the average velocity in the time interval t = 1.50 s to t = 4.00 s.
(b) Determine the instantaneous velocity at t = 2.00 s.
(c) At what value of t is the velocity zero?

a)
𝑥 1.5 = 8 𝑚
𝑥 4 =2𝑚
Δ𝑥 2−8 6
𝑣 , = = =− = −2.4 m/s
Δ𝑡 4 − 1.5 2.5

b)
0 − 13
𝑣= = −3.7 m/s
3.5 − 0
c)
𝑣=0 at 𝑡 = 4s

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Example
A student drives a moped along a straight road as described by the velocity–time
graph in Figure shown.
a) What is the acceleration at t = 6.00 s?
b) Find the position (relative to the starting point) at t = 6.00 s.
c) What is the moped’s final position at t = 9.00 s?

Δ𝑣
𝑎 =𝑎 , =
Δ𝑡
0−8 8
= =−
7−5 2
= −4 m/s

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Example
A student drives a moped along a straight road as described by the velocity–time
graph in Figure shown.
a) What is the acceleration at t = 6.00 s?
b) Find the position (relative to the starting point) at t = 6.00 s.
c) What is the moped’s final position at t = 9.00 s?

𝑑𝑥
𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑥= 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
= Area under curve
1 8+4
Area = 3 8 +2 8 + (1)
2 2
= 12 + 16 + 6 = 34 m

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Example
A student drives a moped along a straight road as described by the velocity–time
graph in Figure shown.
a) What is the acceleration at t = 6.00 s?
b) Find the position (relative to the starting point) at t = 6.00 s.
c) What is the moped’s final position at t = 9.00 s?

7+2 1
Area = 8 + (2)(−8)
2 2
= 36 − 8 = 28 m

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Examples
An object starts from rest at the origin and moves along the x
axis with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s . Its average
velocity as it goes from 𝑥 = 2 𝑚 to 𝑥 = 8 𝑚 is
𝑣 = 0 m/s
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎Δ𝑥
𝑥 =0m
𝑎 = 4 m/s 𝑣 −0 = 2 4 2−0
𝑥 =2m 𝑣 = 16 = 4 m/s
𝑥 =8m 𝑣 −0 = 2 4 8−0
𝑣 = 64 = 8 m/s
x −x
𝑣 , = 8+4
t −t 𝑣 , = = 6 m/s
𝑣 +𝑣 2
=
2

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Example
Omar throws a rock upward with speed 12 m/s from the top of a tower.
The rock hits the ground after 5 s.
A) What is the height of the tower? (air resistance is negligible)
B) How high above the building does the rock get before it falls?
C) What is the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground?

𝑦 =ℎ A)
𝑣 = 12 m/s 1
𝑎 = −10 m/s 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
Δ𝑡 = 5 s 1
0 − ℎ = 12 5 + −10 5
2
−ℎ = 60 − 125
ℎ = 65 m

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Example
Omar throws a rock upward with speed 12 m/s from the top of a tower.
The rock hits the ground after 5 s.
A) What is the height of the tower? (air resistance is negligible)
B) How high above the building does the rock get before it falls?
C) What is the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground?

𝑦 =ℎ B)
𝑣 = 12 m/s 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎Δ𝑦
𝑎 = −10 m/s 0 − 12 = 2 −10 Δy
Δ𝑡 = 5 s 144
Δ𝑦 = = 7.2 m
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Example
Omar throws a rock upward with speed 12 m/s from the top of a tower.
The rock hits the ground after 5 s.
A) What is the height of the tower? (air resistance is negligible)
B) How high above the building does the rock get before it falls?
C) What is the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground?

C)
𝑦 =ℎ
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎Δ𝑦
𝑣 = 12 m/s
𝑎 = −10 m/s 𝑣 − 12 = 2 −10 (−65)
Δ𝑡 = 5 s 𝑣 = 1444
𝑣 = 38 m/s downward

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Example
Omar throws a rock downward with speed 12 m/s from the top of a tower.
The rock hits the ground after 5 s.
A) What is the height of the tower? (air resistance is negligible)
B) What is the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground?

𝑦 =ℎ A)
𝑣 = −12 m/s 1
𝑎 = −10 m/s y − y = v t + at
2
Δ𝑡 = 5 s 1
0 − h = −12 5 + −10 5
2
−h = −60 − 125
h = 185 m

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Example
Omar throws a rock downward with speed 12 m/s from the top of a tower.
The rock hits the ground after 5 s.
A) What is the height of the tower? (air resistance is negligible)
B) What is the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground?

B)
𝑦 =ℎ
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎Δ𝑦
𝑣 = −12 m/s
𝑎 = −10 m/s 𝑣 − 12 = 2 −10 (−185)
Δ𝑡 = 5 s 𝑣 = 3844
𝑣 = 62 m/s downward

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Problem 2.50
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by ℎ = 3𝑡 , where h is in
meters and t is in seconds. At 𝑡 = 2 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag.
How long after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?

at 𝑡 = 2 s
ℎ = 3 2 = 24 m
𝑑ℎ
𝑣= = 9𝑡 = 9 2 = 36 m/s
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
2
0 = 24 + 36𝑡 − 5𝑡

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 36 ± 1296 + 480 36 ± 42

𝑡= = = = 7.8 s
2𝑎 10 10

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Example

An object is thrown vertically and has an upward velocity

of 18 m/s when it reaches one fourth of its maximum
height above its launch point. What is the initial (launch)
speed of the object?
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑦 )
ℎ
0 − 18 = 2(−10)(ℎ − )
𝑦 = 0, 𝑣 = 𝑣 4
ℎ 324 = 15ℎ
𝑦 = , 𝑣 = 18 m/s ℎ = 21.6 m
4
𝑦 = ℎ, 𝑣 = 0
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑦 )
0 − 𝑣 = 2(−10)(21.6 − 0)
𝑣 = 20.8 m/s

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