GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE 2Sau 13: USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CORRECTLY ‘Aaj claes can appar in rede frm In te redaced frm the ace case ‘coec andthe bv that det allow itr ited ‘Theva ominous te arid ‘Ther oy ait a a oi ‘hep oth wi fi fie adh of hese sentences maybe wedi he compet frm orin he reduced form. In the reduced frm he connec, hi or has omited alongwith te Bev ws. tere 0 Bevin the ate cas, ial posible w nea ede form ‘Wester oFee in the adjective case, he eansecor somite adhe eb s hanged im he gto. sng | dont omdetand he rte phy in de page In this example there no Bese inthe adjective clase wc aa i nay’ fen 10 the connector si is omited and the main ver ape is changed othe hg oem Tr sould be noted tat not all adjective clauses can appear ina reduced form, An ‘aijecive clause can appari a reduced form ony ifthe adjective ease connectors fol Towed recy by aver. In other word, an adjcine clase can only be reduced ithe cone ectris aio asubjet. ‘Tae woman ha jut mathe oe ui ‘Theleer oh ju ont earned esd (dest ral (dest uc) Inthe examples the adjective causes ennot be reduced because the acne danse ‘connectors datand shia nt tet olloned by verbs ats dre followed by the subject and hich diet followed by the sbjet oe ‘final point o note that some active elses are seo Kom the rest ofthe ene tence ith commas and thn jc ses ean be edoced fe atone ijece dase nat off th commas, te rece adjective case cn appear at he ot ‘The Whe Home, thi eta sig ete fe pre ‘The inc Ho, nn aoe te ede ‘Therein, wim fpr cs mving with si. ‘The pein, now prprmgs pach nein ith he eo Nevprpenngtgue pea the present meting th he we In these to examples the ajc clauses ae set off om the et ofthe Semen with ‘asco each sentence at be arated nthe diferent wy (1) wh the compet ‘dase (2) wis he reduced ae following he ous ta dsb a (3) wih he ‘educed cue atthe begining athe sentence “The folasng example shows how edaced active cases could he tet in ra ‘ure questions un he TOEFL te, "ample rom te Pper and Computer TOEFL Tew [BE HE () Heappeaed 8) Wotppened (Appear (0) Aspe‘The following chart lists the structure for reduced adjective clauses and rules for how and when reduced forms can be used: REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES with a bewerb in the adjective clause Se (vene + 1c) with no be-verb in the adjective clause To reduce an adjective clause, omit the adjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb. If there is no be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the -ng form. Only reduce an adjective clause ifthe connector/subject is directy followed by the verb. Ian adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front of the sentence.EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences contains an adjective clause, in a complete or reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are cor- rect (C) or incorrect (I). —10. ‘We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficul to behave. Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year. ‘The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident, The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers ‘The suspect can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police. ‘The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up for it ‘The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the canceled ‘light, groaned audibly Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant, the meal really was not enjoyable.‘Sxjut 14: USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY Adverb clauses can ako appear in reduced form. Inthe reduced form, the adver com rector remains, bu the subject and Beverb are omitted, ‘Alghero he speaker ake prin the emia. he cy ads oan gn or ech “These tro examples may be uted in cher the complete or eced form. Inthe reduced form, te adverb connectors alengh and when remains the meets head ou aswell the verbs sand ate omited. if there no Bevero inthe adverb cawe call pomble o havea reduced form Wen there sno beverbin the adver clue the eibjet somite and the main vers Changed ito the dg fore j foine Akg he tsi he pester i ake prt the ein one ‘Whe hu your sec, you should speak loudly and distinc In the ist example he aver clause aug heels does not incudea beers; toredace dscns, the get hes omit and the main ver fe changed to fatng Inthe second example the adverb clause when ou give you sackalso does not include a be verb; wo reduce this clause, the subject you is omitted and the main verb gives changed to ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure ‘questions on the TOEFL test ‘Example fom the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tet 15) When. youare ret eve (A) the finished report (@) finshed wih the report (©) thereport, (D) the report finshedREDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES ‘with a be-verb in (ADveRs CONNECTOR) wert Fag the adverb clause ~ ‘with no be-verb in (ADVERS CONNECTOR), “Reeect (vers + nc) the adverb clause 7 7 Time Condition ‘Contrast, Place Manner reduces in active | ofter if although before Unless though since whether while reduces in passive | once if although | where os ui anless though wherever when whether wienever | + To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be-verb from the adverb clause. + Ifthere is no be-verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to the -ing form.EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences contains a reduced adverb clause, Circle the adverb connectors. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer 2 Stewe has had to learn how to cook and clean —— 8. The ointment can be applied where needed —— 4. Tombegan to ook for ajob after completing his master's degree in engineering. —— 5. Although not stectng for the team, he attends all of the gamnes asa Fn, _— 6. When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items, 7. The medicine is not effective unless taken as directed. —— 8. Youshould negotiate a lot before buy a new ea — 9. Once purchased, the snimsuits cannot be returned 10. Though located near the coast, the town does not get much of an ocean breeze.EXERCISE (Skills 13-14): Each of the following sentences contains reduced clause. Under- line the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —— 1. Though was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had done. —— 2 Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain 3. The family stopped to visit many relatives while driving across the country. —— 4. The company president, needed a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahagnas, 5. When applying for the job, you should bring your letters of reference —— 6. She looked up into the dreary sky was filled with dark thunderclouds. —— 7. Feeling weak after a long illness, Sally wanted to try to get back to work. —— 8. Before decided to have surgery. you should get a second opinion. —— 9. The construction material, a rather grainy type of wood, gave the room a rustic feeling. 10. The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth of the month.1 When ____ nests during spring nesting season, Canadian geese are fiercely territorial. (A) building (B) are building (©) built (D) are built In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack Jhunter Alvah Dunning, made the first known ascent of Seward Mountain, far from roads or trails. (A) aremote peak (B) itisa remote peak (©) aremote peal (D) which a remote peak Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and die soon at the age of four. (A). they spawn (B)_ after spawning (©) spawn (D) spawned the salmon Until behind government secrecy for nearly half a century, the Hanford plant in central Washington produced plutonjum for the nuclear weapons of the Cold War. (A) Itis hidden (B) Hidden (C) Which is hidden (D) The plants hiding incorrect, astronomers had assumed that the insides of white dwarfs were uniform. (A) they (B) their proof (©) the astronomers recently proven (D) recently proven artifacts from the early Chinese dynasties, numerous archeologists have explored the southern Silk Road. (A). They were searching for (B)_ewasa search for (©) Searched for (D) Searching for. The National Restaurant STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) In Hailey, the best known lecturer was 4 women’s rights activist Abigail Scott Duniway of Portland, Oregon, who could usually be persuaded to speak town visiting her son. (A) she was in (B) while i (©) while she was (D) wasin ‘Washington, says that federal efforts to regulate workplace smoking would limit restaurants’ ability to respond to the desires of their patrons, (A) (B) ©) (D) Association in Association is in Association which is in Association, based in 10. in North American waterways a little over a decade ago, zebra mussels have already earned a nasty reputation for their expensive habit of clogging water pipes in the Great Lakes area. (A). The first sighting (B). Although first sighted (C) Zebra mussels were first sighted (D) First sighting Small companies may take their goods abroad for trade shows without paying foreign value-added taxes by acquiring an ATA carnet. a (B) (©) (D) a document calls a document called calls a document called a documentSENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS __ Subjects and verbs are inverted in a variety of situations in English, Inverted subjects and verbs occur most often in the formation of a question. To form a question with a helping verb (le, have, can, could, will would, et), the Subject and helping verb are inverted He can go tothe movies, ‘Gan he go to the movie ‘You would fell me the truth ‘Would you tell me the ruth? ‘She was sick esterday ‘Wat she sick yesterday? ‘To form a question when there is no helping verb in the sentence, the helping verb do ie used. ‘He goes othe mosis. ‘Does he go t the movies? You told me the truth, Did you tell me the truth? ‘There are many other situations in English when subjects and verbs ae inverted, but if you just remember this method of inverting subjects and verbs, you will be able to handle the ‘ther situations. The most common problems with inverted subjects and verbs on the ‘TOEFL test occur in the following situations: (1) with question words such as what, when, wher, hy, and how; (2) after some place expressions; (8) after negative expressions, (4) in some conditional and (5) after some comparisons.‘Sku 18: INVERTTHE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS. ‘There is some confusion about when to invert the subject and verb after question words such as what, whe, where, why, and Fou These words can have two very different functions fn a sentence. First, they can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and verb that follow are inverted, Whats the homework? ‘When can eave? ‘Where are you going? Also, these words can join together two clauses, and in this case the subject and verb that follow are not inverted. 1 do not know what the homework When I cam leave I ill take the fist train. Do you know where you are going? In each of these examples there are two clauses joined by a question word. Notice that the subjects and verbs that follow the question words what, when, and wher are not inverted in this case, The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure ‘questions on the TOEFL tes ‘ample from the Paper and Compute TOEFL? Texts 5) LIB ‘The lanyer asked the client why it (A) did edo (B) did he (©) hedid ) diaThe following chart lists the question words and their sentence patterns: INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBSWITH QUESTION WORDS a ‘ine he qunston word inodues a qunson Ue uj an verb oe ered Goetonwed) ov $1 Whet_erethe? ‘When he gunston word conecs wo cuss net and er alow re natinvered imew whet they or. EXERCISE 15 Fach ofthe following sentences conains a question word. Cle the ques ‘ion words Underine the suijects once and the verb vie. Then incete ifthe sentences ae comect (C) ar incorrect (), ‘Tim peanecemapeny is tcc “The protenor doesnot understand (i) many saden died poor onthe ex How new sadens can get information abou parking? Were ist cheapest to getiypeset copie printed? (nye plot can ello how Br can the pln go on one kof What gp of curity docs he prefer for his imenmerts Noteven the tank president inows when the aul wl be opened ow ang it as been since you srvive inthe Usted State?