GAS TURBINE

SPEEDTRONIC

CONTROL

MARK V – DLN I

BLEED HEAT FUNCTION

C.L. WILLIAMS, LLC

103 LINWOOD CT.
SIMPSONVILLE, SC 29861
864-421-5092

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 Revision A - *
INLET BLEED HEAT
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE AIR IS USED TO INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
TURBINE INLET AIR BY BLENDING THE HIGH TEMPERATURE CDP WITH INLET AIR USING
A BLEED HEAT VALVE AND CONTROL SYSTEM.

THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM HAS TWO BASIC OBJECTIVES; FIRST, TO BIAS THE
AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS NECESSARY FOR TRANSITIONING THE COMBUSTION TO
THE DLN PREMIX MODE AND SECOND, TO PREVENT COMPRESSOR PROBLEMS DURING
OPERATION AT VERY LOW AMBIENTS DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE RATIOS.

IN BOTH CASES, THE USE OF BLEED HEAT INCREASES THE COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE
TEMPERATURE, LOWERS THE PRESSURE RATIO, AND INCREASES THE EXHAUST
TEMPERATURE. ALL THREE PARAMETERS AFFECT THE CALCULATION OF THE FIRING
TEMPERATURE REFERENCE, WHICH SEQUENCES THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE DLN
OPERATION MODES. BY INCREASING THE AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE TURBINE GAS PATH,
THE REQUIRED FIRING TEMPERATURE REFERENCE FOR TRANSITION TO PREMIX IS
ACHIEVED AT A LOWER AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND LOAD, INCREASING THE
TURNDOWN OF THE DLN OPERATION.

IN WARMER CLIMATES, THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM IS NOT USED SINCE THE EXPECTED
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE IS HIGH ENOUGH TO ACHIEVE ACCEPTABLE DLN
TURNDOWN AND COMPRESSOR PROTECTION.

DLN
DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL IS REGULATED BY CALCULATED FIRING TEMP SET POINTS

CONTROL MODES ARE

PRIMARY- FLAME IN PRIMARY COMBUSTION ZONE ONLY

LEAN-LEAN – FLAME IN BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ZONES

SECONDARY – TRANSITION FROM BOTH TO SECONDARY ONLY

PREMIX TRANSFER – TRANSITION FROM SECONDARY TO PRIMARY/SECONDARY

PREMIX – FUEL IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY – FLAME IN SECONDARY

CONTROL MODE TEMPERATURE SET POINTS, TTRF, ARE

PRIMARY – TTRF < 1500F FROM CURVE 0 TTXM < 663 F MW = 0 -30%

LEAN-LEAN – TTRF > 1500 F FROM CURVE 0 TTXM > 663 F MW = 30%

SECONDARY – TTRF > 1850 F FROM CURVE 0 TTXM > 964F MW = 73%

PREMIX XFER – TTRF > 1850 F FROM CURVE 0 TTXM > 964F MW = 73%

PREMIX – TTRF > 1875 F FROM CURVE 0 TTXM > 984F MW = 77%

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 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

START TO 14HS, 95% SPEED

THE DATA POINTS GIVEN, LOAD, EXHAUST TEMPERATURE, IGV ANGLE, AND
SPEED ARE APPROXIMATE SINCE AMBIENT CONDITIONS WILL AFFECT THE POINT
VALUES.

THERE ARE TWO IGV CONTROL MODES USED. THE STANDARD USES A MINIMUM
IGV ANGLE OF 34 DEGREES, A TRANSITION AFTER THE STALL REGION TO 57
DEGREES, AND A TEMPERATURE CONTROL MODE THAT USES THE IGV TO
MAINTAIN MAXIMUM TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE BY LIMITING AIRFLOW
BY IGV ANGLE.

THE SECOND REDUCES THE AFTER STALL REGION ANGLE TO 44 DGA. THIS MODE
IS USED IF EXTENDED TURNDOWN OF THE DLN CONTROL IS REQUIRED BY LOCAL
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS, USUALLY IN COLDER CLIMATES.

AT ABOUT 80% SPEED, IGV GO TO THE AFTER STALL REGION POSITION, 57 DGA OR
44 DGA.

BLEED HEAT VALVE CLOSED, BLEED HEAT SERVO ENABLED BY 14HS, 95% SPEED.

WITH STANDARD IGV CONTROL, IF BLEED HEAT SELECTED ON BY OPERATOR,

BLEED HEAT ENABLED AND VALVE REFERENCE GOES TO MINIMUM POSITION,
10%. ENABLE SETPOINT CHANGED FROM 57 DGA TO 62 DGA. THE FEEDBACK,
WHICH SUBTRACTS FROM THE VALVE REFERENCE, CQBHP, CALCULATES THE
EFFECT OF THE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATIO, WEXH, AND
FLOW THROUGH THE BLEED HEAT VALVE, CQBH, ON THE BLEED HEAT
REFERENCE. THE FEED BACK, CQBHP, MUST BE LESS THAN 1.0 % FOR THE
REFERENCE TO OPEN THE BLEED HEAT VALVE.

AT IGV OF 57 DGA, EXHAUST 600 F, AND 10 % VALVE POSITION, THE FEEDBACK
WILL INCREASE UP TO ABOUT 1.23 % AND CLOSE THE BLEED HEAT VALVE.

WITH TURNDOWN DLN CONTROL, IF BLEED HEAT SELECTED ON BY OPERATOR,

BLEED HEAT ENABLED AND VALVE GOES TO MAXIMUM POSITION, 50%. ENABLE
SETPOINT CHANGED FROM 57 DGA TO 62 DGA. THE FEEDBACK, CQBHP, WILL
REDUCE THE VALVE POSITION BY ABOUT 10 % TO 40 %.

START TO 30% LOAD - PRIMARY

SPLITTER VALVE 100%

TRANSFER VALVE 0%

AT 30% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 57 DGA, TTXM > 663F TTRF CURVE 0 > 1500 F

LEAN-LEAN MODE SELECTED

GAS SPLITTER VALVE TO 50%

FLAME ESTABLISHED IN SECONDARY ZONE

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 BLEED HEAT VALVE AT 1%

AT 20% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 44 DGA, TTXM > 663F TTRF CURVE > 1500 F

LEAN-LEAN MODE SELECTED

GAS SPLITTER VALVE TO 50%

FLAME ESTABLISHED IN SECONDARY ZONE

BLEED HEAT VALVE AT 4%

AT 73% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 57 DGA, TTXM > 964F TTRF CURVE > 1850 F

AT 55% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 44 DGA, TTXM > 964F TTRF CURVE > 1850 F

SECONDARY TRANSFER MODE SELECTED

GAS SPLITTER VALVE TO 0%

FLAME EXTINGUISHED IN PRIMARY ZONE

TRANSFER VALVE TO 70%

WHEN SPLITTER VALVE LESS THAN 3%

PREMIX TRANSFER MODE SELECTED

GAS SPLITTER VALVE TO 85%

GAS TRANSFER VALVE TO 0%

WHEN SPLITTER VALVE AT 80% AND TTRF > 1875 F

77% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 57 DGA, TTXM > 984F

60% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 44 DGA, TTXM > 984F

READY TO TRANSFER TO PREMIX

PREMIX STEADY STATE SELECTED

THE STANDARD SYSTEM MAINTAINS THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE AT 1%. BLEED HEAT
REFERENCE, CSRBH, IS CALCULATED AT AN IGV OF 57 DGA, THEN THE MINIMUM CLAMP
VALUE OF 1% TAKES OVER.

CALCULATION FOR THE REFERENCE FROM ALGORITHM CSRDLNV1:

CSKGVMX1 (60 DGA) – CSGV (DGA) * CQKBHG (0.333%/DGA) = CSRBH

AT AN IGV ANGLE OF 57 DGA, CSRBH IS 0.999%, AND CONTROL TRANSFERS TO THE MIN
LIMIT, CSKBHMN, 1.0 %.

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DURING BLEED HEAT OPERATION, THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE IS NEVER GREATER
THAN 1%. THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE IS MULTIPLIED BY 10 AND IS THE VALVE
POSITION REFERENCE, 1% BLEED HEAT REFERENCE IS 10% VALVE POSITION REFERENCE.

THE TURNDOWN SYSTEM STARTS AT IGV 44 DGA AND BLEED HEAT VALVE AT 5%. THE
IGV’S OPEN TO CONTROL THE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE AT 1032 F. THE CALCULATION
FOR THE REFERENCE FROM ALGORITHM CSRDLNV1:

CSKGVMX1 (60 DGA) – CSGV (DGA) * CQKBHG (0.333%/DGA) = CSRBH

AT IGV ANGLE OF 48 DGA, CSRBH IS 3.996%.

(60 DGA-48 DGA)0.333 %/DGA = 3.996%

THE BLEED HEAT VALVE CLOSES AS THE IGV’S OPEN.

AT IGV ANGLE OF 57 DGA, CSRBH IS 0.999%. AND CONTROL TRANSFERS TO THE MIN
LIMIT, CSKBHMN, 1.0 %.

AT 80% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 62 DGA, TTXM > 1032 F BLEED HEAT DISABLED. VALVE
CLOSED.

TO PROVIDE PRESSURE RATIO LIMIT TO THE COMPRESSOR WHEN OPERATING WITH

BLEED HEAT, THE LOGIC CALCULATES APPROXIMATE EXHAUST GAS FLOW, WEXH,
LB/SEC, FROM EXHAUST TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATIO. THE IBH FLOW IS
APPROXIMATED BY A LOOKUP TABLE BASED ON VALVE POSITION AND THE VALVE
PRESSURE RATIO. THE RATIO OF THE EXHAUST TO VALVE FLOW IS CALCULATED, THE
IDEA IS TO MAINTAIN BLEED HEAT FLOW TO LIMIT THE PRESSURE RATIO DURING LOW
AMBIENT TEMPERATURES. THE RESULT, CQBHP, IS USED AS FEEDBACK IN THE P&I
REGULATOR FOR THE BLEED HEAT VALVE AND SUBTRACTS FROM THE BLEED HEAT
VALVE REFERENCE, CSRBHR.

FOR THE STANDARD SYSTEM, AT INITIATION 14HS, 95 % SPEED, 57 DGA IGV, 600F
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE, 7.55 PRESSURE RATIO AND A VALVE REFERENCE, CSRDLN, OF
10%, THE VALVE COMMAND, CSRIHOUT, IS 10%. THE RATIO OF EXHAUST FLOW TO VALVE
FLOW, CQBHP, IS THEN CALCULATED AT 1.23 %. THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE IS 1%, THE
FEEDBACK –1.23%, AND THE VALVE REFERENCE IS –0.23%. THIS CAUSES THE VALVE TO
CLOSE. AT A VALVE POSITION OF 8%, THE FEEDBACK, CQBHP, IS 0.984%, THE BLEED HEAT
REFERENCE IS 1.0%, THE ERROR IS 0.016 % AND THE VALVE REFERENCE 0.16% OPEN.
DEPENDING ON THE HARDWARE, THE VALVE REFERENCE SHOULD MAINTAIN ABOUT 1%
OPEN UNTIL THE LOAD, TTXM, WEXH AND CDP IS INCREASED TO THE POINT THAT CQBHP
IS LESS THAN 1.0%.

THE POINT AT WHICH THE FEEDBACK, CQBHP, BECOMES LESS THAN 1.0% IS ABOUT IGV 57
DGA, TTXM 700 F, CPD 136 PSIA AND PRESSURE RATIO 9.5. THE VALVE REFERENCE INTO
THE P&I BLOCK, CSRBHR, IS 1%. THE RESULTING ERROR IS (+.1)(10) = 1.0%. THE VALVE
THEN OPENS TO 1.0 %. AS THE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATIO INCREASE,
THE FEEDBACK IS REDUCED FURTHER AND THE BLEED HEAT VALVE OPENS UP TO 10%.

FOR THE TURNDOWN SYSTEM, AT 44 DGA IGV, 900F EXHAUST TEMPERATURE, 10.66
PRESSURE RATIO AND A VALVE REFERENCE, CSRDLN, OF 50%, THE VALVE COMMAND,
CSRIHOUT, IS 50%. THE RATIO OF EXHAUST FLOW TO VALVE FLOW, CQBHP, IS 0.425%. THE
VALVE REFERENCE INTO THE P&I BLOCK, CSRBHR, IS 5%. THE RESULTING ERROR IS
(+4.575)(10) = 45.75% VALVE COMMAND OPEN.

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IF LOAD LOWERED – 77% LOAD, IGV ANGLE 57 DGA, TTXM > 984F, BLEED HEAT ENABLED.
ENABLE SETPOINT CHANGED FROM 57 DGA TO 62 DGA.

THE STANDARD SYSTEM MAINTAINS THE BLEED HEAT VALVE AT 1%. BLEED HEAT
REFERENCE, CSRBH, IS CALCULATED AT AN IGV OF 57 DGA, THEN THE MINIMUM CLAMP
VALUE OF 1% TAKES OVER.

THE TURNDOWN SYSTEM STARTS AT IGV 57 DGA AND BLEED HEAT VALVE AT 1%. THE
IGV’S CLOSE TO CONTROL THE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE AT 1032 F. AT AN IGV ANGLE OF
57 DGA, CSRBH IS 0.999%. AND CONTROL TRANSFERS TO THE MIN LIMIT, CSKBHMN, 1.0 %.

AT AN IGV ANGLE OF 48 DGA, CSRBH IS 3.996%.

(60 DGA-48 DGA)0.333 %/DGA = 3.996%

THE BLEED HEAT VALVE OPENS AS THE IGV’S CLOSE.

AT AN IGV ANGLE OF 44 DGA, CSRBH IS 5.328%.

(60 DGA-44 DGA)0.333 %/DGA = 5.328%

THE MAXIMUM CLAMP VALUE OF 5% TAKES OVER.

AT TTRF < 1825 F TTXM < 944F IGV = 57 DGA, 60-70 % LOAD

LEAN-LEAN MODE SELECTED

PRIMARY ZONE REIGNITED

GAS SPLITTER VALVE TO 50%

FLAME ESTABLISHED IN PRIMARY ZONE

IF THE UNIT IS SHUTDOWN, THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM IS DISABLED AT 14HS, 95 % SPEED.

IF THE LOAD IS INCREASED, THE BLEED HEAT AND DLN SEQUENCE IS INITIATED.

BLEED HEAT ALARMS

L3BHFT_ALM “BLEED HEAT SYS. NOT OPERATIONAL-TRIP”. SPEED GREATER THAN 14HS,
95% AND BLEED HEAT ENABLED. BLEED HEAT VALVE POSITION IS BOTH 18% AND 35% IN
ERROR OR THE MANUAL BLEED HEAT STOP VALVE IS NOT OPEN OR THE CONTROL
VALVE DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE TRANSMITTER INDICATES FAULT. BLEED HEAT SYSTEM
DISABLED, NOT READY TO START, MIN IGV ANGLE SET TO 57 DGA.

L33TH4C_ALM “BLEED HEAT DRAIN VALVE POSITION TROUBLE”. THE BLEED HEAT
DRAIN VALVE IS OPEN FROM 14HR, ZERO SPEED TO 14HS, 95% SPEED. IF THE VALVE FAILS
TO OPEN OR FAILES TO CLOSE, TROUBLE IS ALARMED. ALARM ONLY.

LCTBD_ALM “INLET AIR HEATING TEMP HIGH SPREAD”. THE BLEED HEAT TEMPERATURE
IS MONITORED BY THREE THERMOCOUPLES IN THE PIPE. IF THE SPREAD EXCEED 40 DEGF,

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HIGH SPREAD IS ALARMED. EACH THERMOCOUPLE GOES TO A SEPARATE PROCESSOR SO
A HIGH SPREAD WOULD AFFECT THE INDIVIDUAL PROCESSORS CONTROL OF THE BLEED
HEAT. ALARM ONLY.

LCPBH1_ALM “ IBH PRESSURE TRANSDUCER FAULT”. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE INLET PRESSURE AND COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE
PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN 30 PSIG, PRESSURE TRANSMITTER FAULT IS ALARMED.
ALARM ONLY.

LCPBH2_FLT “ IBH PRESSURE TRANSDUCER FAULT”. THE BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE IS LESS THAN 10 PSIA, PRESSURE TRANSMITTER FAULT IS
ALARMED. WITH SPEED GREATER THAN 14HS, 95% AND BLEED HEAT ENABLED,
L3BHFT_ALM IS ENABLED, “BLEED HEAT SYS. NOT OPERATIONAL-TRIP” ALARMED,
DISABLES BLEED HEAT SYSTEM, NOT READY TO START, MIN IGV ANGLE SET TO 57 DGA.

L33TH3_ALM “IBH STOP VALVE CLOSED”. MANUAL IBH STOP VALVE CLOSED IS
ALARMED. ALARM ONLY.

L3BHF1_ALM “IBH VALVE NOT TRACKING TRIP”. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE COMMAND AND THE VALVE POSITION IS GREATER THAN
18%, NOT TRACKING IS ALARMED. ALARM ONLY.

L3BHF2_ALM “BLEED HEAT SYS. NOT OPERATIONAL-TRIP”. IF THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE COMMAND AND THE VALVE POSITION IS
GREATER THAN 35% WITH SPEED GREATER THAN 14HS, 95% AND BLEED HEAT ENABLED,
L3BHFT_ALM ENABLED, “BLEED HEAT SYS. NOT OPERATIONAL-TRIP” ALARMED,
DISABLES BLEED HEAT SYSTEM, NOT READY TO START, MIN IGV ANGLE SET TO 57 DGA.

EVOLUTION OF BLEED HEAT CONTROL

THE EXPLANATION OF THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM ABOVE IS BASED ON EARLY VERSIONS
OF THE SOFTWARE, 1996 AND EARLIER. MODIFICATIONS INCLUDED ADDING AN ANTI-
ICING CONTROL AND A PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL. THE ADDITION OF ANTI-ICING AND
PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL HAPPENED IN 1998.

ANTI-ICING CONTROL

THE ANTI-ICING SYSTEM IS ENABLED BY THE TEMPERATURE OF THE INLET AIR

MEASURED BY RTD’S IN THE INLET LESS THAN 41 DEGF AND THE OPERATOR SELECTING
THE ANTI-ICING CONTROL ON.

IF THE GAS TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE, CTIM, TEMPERATURE DECREASES TO WITHIN

10 DEGF OF THE DEW POINT, TURBINE SPEED IS GREATER THAN 14HS, 95%, AND THE ANTI-
ICING CONTROL IS ENABLED, THE BLEED HEAT VALVE IS OPENED. FOR EACH DEGF THAT
INLET TEMPERATURE DECREASES TOWARD THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE, THE VALVE
IS OPENED 1%. SINCE THE DEW POINT - INLET TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE IS 10 DEGF,
THE INCREASE IN BLEED HEAT VALVE POSITION IS LIMITED TO 10%.

THE ANTI-ICING CONTROL HAS A MANUAL SELECTION, ENABLED BY INLET

TEMPERATURE LESS THAN 41 DEGF, TURBINE SPEED GREATER THAN 14HS, 95%, AND
OPERATOR SELECTED ON. THE MANUAL CONTROL LIMIT ON THE OPENING OF THE BLEED
HEAT VALVE IS 100%.

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IF THE ANTI-ICING CONTROL IS ENABLED AND THE INLET DUCT DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
REACHES 10 INH2O, THE MANUAL CONTROL IS ENABLED AND THE INLET BLEED HEAT
VALVE POSITION INCREASED TO 100% OR UNTIL THE DUCT DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
REACHES 15 INH2O. THE CONDITION IS ALARMED “INLET DUCT DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
HIGH”. IF THE DUCT PRESSURE CONTINUES TO INCREASE HIGHER THAN 15 INH2O, THE
TURBINE IS TRIPPED AND HIGH-HIGH DUCT PRESSURE ALARMED.

ANTI-ICING ALARMS

L30RHFLT_ALM “DEWPOINT SENSOR TROUBLE”. THE DEWPOINT, ITDP, IS MONITORED

FOR FAULT LESS THAN –40 DEGF, GREATER THAN 140 DEGF, OR GREATER THAN 10 DEGF
ABOVE INLET DUCT TEMPERATURE. IN ALARM, DEWPOINT, ITDP IS DISABLED AND INLET
DUCT TEMPERATURE, ATID, SELECTED AS DEWPOINT.

L63CS1H_ALM “VERT INLET DUCT DIFF PRESS HIGH”. INLET DUCT DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE IS 10 INH2O. IF SPEED IS GREATER THAN 14HS, 95%, AND THE ANTI-ICING
CONTROL IS SELECTED ON, THE INLET ICING SET POINT TO THE BLEED HEAT VALVE IS
SET TO 100%.

L63CSH “INLET DUCT DIFF PRESS VERY HIGH-TRIP”. THE INLET DUCT DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER, AFPCS, AND THE TWO DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE SWITCHES,
63CS-2A AND B, ARE VOTED. IF THE DIFFERENTIAL EXCEEDS 15 INH2O, HIGH
DIFFERENTIAL IS ALARMED, THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM AND TURBINE ARE TRIPPED.

L63CSH_SENSR “TURB AIR INLET DIFF PRESS SW TROUBLE”. ONE OF THE TWO
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE SWITCHES HAS INDICATED HIGH PRESSURE. ALARM ONLY.

LATID_ALM “ANTI-ICING AMBIENT TEMP TC TROUBLE”. THE THREE INLET

THERMOCOUPLES (OR RTD’S) ARE COMPARED. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH AND
LOW IS GREATER THAN 10 DEGF, TROUBLE IS ALARMED. ALARM ONLY.

L33THFLT_ALM “INLET AIR HEATING VALVE POSITION TROUBLE”. THE POSITION OF THE
BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE IS MONITORED BY MA TRANSMITTERS. IF THE VALVE
INDICATES 2% OUT OF POSITION ABOVE 14HS, 95% SPEED WITH THE SYSTEM ENABLED,
TROUBLE IS ALARMED.

PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL

THE FUNCTION OF PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL IS TO PROTECT THE COMPRESSOR FROM

HIGH PRESSURE RATIOS AT LOW AMBIENTS.

THE PRESSURE RATIO LIMIT, CPRLIM, IS DEVELOPED IN A DOUBLE ANALOG LINEAR

INTERPOLATION ARRAY USING THE IGV ANGLE AND THE CORRECTED TURBINE SPEED.

THE PRESSURE RATIO ERROR, CPRERR, IS THE SUM OF THE LIMIT MINUS THE PRESSURE
RATIO, CPR, OFFSET BY 0.25. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE LIMIT IS 9.25 PR, THE ACTUAL RATIO
9.30, THE ERROR IS 9.25 –(9.30+.25) = -0.30. THE HIGH RATIO ALARM IS ENABLED AT –0.36
ERROR.

FOR BLEED HEAT VALVE CONTROL, THE RATIO ERROR IS MULTIPLIED BY A GAIN OF
30%/RAT, ADDED TO THE CURRENT VALUE OF THE BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE,
CSRIHOUT, AND SENT TO A MAX SELECT BLOCK WITH THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE,
CSRDLNX, AND ANTI-ICING/MANUAL REFERENCE. SINCE THE RATIO ERROR ADDS TO
CSRIHOUT, IT WILL BE LARGER THAN THE BLEED HEAT REFERENCE AND SHOULD
ESTABLISH CONTROL. THE ANTI-ICING AND MANUAL HAS THE MAXIMUM CAPABILITY

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OF 100% AND COULD OVER RIDE THE RATIO REFERENCE. IN THAT CASE, THE ANTI-ICE
REFERENCE WOULD BE IN THE SAFE DIRECTION FOR THE RATIO CONTROL.

FOR EXAMPLE: CPRLIM CPR CPRERR LCPRERR CPRERR+CSRIHOUT

9.25PR 9.35PR -0.35PR 0 10.5+CSRIHOUT%

9.25PR 9.25PR -0.25PR 0 7.5+CSRIHOUT%

9.25PR 9.00PR -0.00PR 0 0.0 +CSRIHOUT%

9.25PR 9.36PR -0.36PR 1 CSRIHOUT=0, TRIP

FSR BACKUP PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL IS ENABLED BY L52G, GENERATOR BREAKER

CLOSED, L14HS, 95% SPEED , AND THE PRESSURE RATIO LESS THAN 0.25PR OF THE LIMIT.
THE RATIO ERROR IS OFFSET BY +0.25 AND MULTIPLIED BY A GAIN OF 12%/RAT, ADDED
TO THE CURRENT VALUE OF FSR, AND SENT TO THE FSR MIN SELECT BLOCK. WHEN FSR
PRESSURE CONTROL IS ENABLED, LCSREN TRUE, THE PRESSURE RATIO LIMIT
REFERENCE, CSRPR, IS SET TO ZERO, WHICH PREVENTS THE PRESSURE RATIO AND FSR
CONTROL FROM INTERFERING WITH EACH OTHER. IF THE FSR PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL
IS DISABLED, THE REFERENCE, FSRCPR, IS SET TO ZERO.

FOR EXAMPLE: CPRLIM CPR CPRERR LFSRCPR LCSREN CPRERR+FSR

9.25PR 6.00PR +3.0PR 0 0 0.0+FSR%

9.25PR 8.00PR +1.0PR 0 0 0.0+FSR%

9.25PR 8.95PR +0.05PR 0 1 3.6+FSR%

9.25PR 9.00PR -0.00PR 0 1 3.0+FSR%

9.25PR 9.26PR -0.26PR 1 1 -0.12+FSR%

9.25PR 9.35PR -0.35PR 1 1 -1.20+FSR%

9.25PR 8.94PR +0.06PR 0 0 0.0+FSR%

9.25PR 8.65PR +.035PR 0 0 0.0+FSR%

THE CONDITIONS FOR FSR PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL ARE VERY NARROW, BETWEEN
RATIO ERROR -.026 AND -0.35. THE ALARM IS ENABLED AT -0.36 RATIO ERROR.

RUNGS CPRERRM, LCPRDB AND LFSRCPR1 HAVE A COMMENT THAT “THE NEXT TWO
RUNGS ARE DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE INLET GUIDE VANES FROM CLOSING WHEN THE
FSR BACKUP COMPRESSOR RATIO CONTROL BECOMES ACTIVE”. LFSRCPR1 IS TRUE AND
LATCHED IF THE PRESSURE RATIO PLUS 0.25PR IS GREATER THAN THE RATIO LIMIT. THIS
IS THE ERROR POINT THAT FSR RATIO CONTROL IS ENABLED. LCPRDB ADDS A DEAD
BAND TO THE ERROR TO UNLATCH LFERCPR1 WHEN THE ERROR IS LESS THAN 0.15.
LFSRCPR1 GOES TO THE IGV CONTROL SEQUENCING, COPY CSRGVMN4X AND SELECT
CSRGVMN4.

THE COPY AND SELECT RUNGS PROVIDE A “LAST SAMPLE” TO THE IGV MANUAL
SETPOINT PRESET FOR THE MINIMUM CONSTANT, CSRGVMN3. WHEN FSR RATIO

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CONTROL IS DISABLED, THE COPY RUNG COPIES THE CURRENT IGV REFERENCE, CSRGV,
TO CSRGVMN4X. THE NEXT RUNG CSRGVMN4 IS THE SELECT OF ZERO, FSR RATIO
CONTROL DISABLED AND CSRGVMN4X, FSR RATIO CONTROL ENABLED. WHEN FSR RATIO
CONTROL IS ENABLED, THE COPY BLOCK IS DISABLED AND THE OUTPUT OF THE COPY
BLOCK REMAINS THE CURRENT VALUE OF CSRGV. THE SELECT BLOCK OUTPUT,
CSRGVMN4, IS CSRGV AND GOES TO THE MANUAL SETPOINT PRESET, ENABLED BY
LFSRCPR1, FREEZING CSRGVMN3 AT THE CURRENT VALVE OF CSRGV. SINCE IT IS
FROZEN, CSRGV WILL REMAIN AT THAT VALUE, PREVENTING THE IGV FROM CLOSING,
PER THE COMMENT.

THE FSR PRESSURE RATIO LOGIC, LCSREN, HAD PROVISION TO SET THE PRESSURE RATIO
CONTROL REFERENCE TO THE MINIMUM CONSTANT CSKRPRMN OF 3.0% IF THE FSR
PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL WAS NOT ENABLED. THE LOGIC WAS MEANT TO PREVENT
THE BLEED HEAT VALVE FROM ATTEMPTING TO CONTROL NEAR ITS CLOSED POSITION.
THE LOGIC HAS BEEN DISABLED BY REPLACING CONSTANT CSKRPRMN WITH ZERO.

THE SAME ANALOG SELECT LOGIC ALSO SET THE PRESSURE RATIO REFERENCE TO 100%
IF ANY FAULT, L3BHF3, WAS DETECTED IN THE BLEED HEAT SYSTEM.

DURING A TRANSFER FROM LEAN-LEAN TO PREMIX, A MINIMUM VALUE OF BLEED HEAT

CONTROL VALVE COMMAND IS HELD TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF LOAD SWINGS AND
PURGE AIR TRANSIENTS ON THE PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL. A COPY BLOCK, CSRPRX1
AND CSRPRX2 HOLDS THE BLEED HEAT PRESSURE RATIO REFERENCE AT THE PREMIX
TRANSIENT MODE SELECTED FOR 30 SECONDS. THE REFERENCE, CSRPRX2 IS COMPARED
TO THE CURRENT REFERENCE AND THE MAXIMUM VALUE SENT TO THE CSRIH MAX
SELECT FOR COMPARISON TO THE BLEED HEAT AND ANTI-ICING REFERENCE. WHEN
PREMIX MODE IS SELECTED, THE MINIMUM CONTROL VALVE PRESSURE RATIO
REFERENCE IS SET BACK TO THE CURRENT VALUE.

PRESSURE RATIO CONTROL ALARMS

L3BHF3_ALM “IBH FAULT-COMPR LIM REF FAILED OPEN”. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE COMMAND AND THE VALVE POSITION IS GREATER
THAN 15% WITH SPEED GREATER THAN 14HS, 95% , OR THE COMPRESSOR PRESSURE
RATIO PLUS 0.25PR IS 0.35PR GREATER THAN THE PRESSURE RATIO LIMIT, OR THE
AMBIENT PRESSURE INDICATES HIGHER THAN 32 INHg, IBH FAULT ALARMED,
COMPRESSOR RATIO REFERENCE SET TO 100%, NOT READY TO START.

L3BHF1_ALM “BLEED HEAT POSITION TROUBLE”. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

BLEED HEAT CONTROL VALVE COMMAND AND THE VALVE POSITION IS GREATER THAN
5%, NOT TRACKING IS ALARMED. ALARM AND NOT READY TO START.

LFSRCPR_ALM “COMPR LIM FSR BACKUP CONTROL ACTIVE”. FSR IS EQUAL TO THE
CURRENT VALUE OF FSR COMPRESSOR RATIO CONTROL.

LCPRERR “COMPR LIM FSR BACKUP RATIO ERROR HIGH”. COMPRESSOR RATIO PLUS
0.25PR HAS EXCEEDED THE RATIO LIMIT BY 0.35PR. TURBINE TRIP.

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