The city is not a concrete jungle.

It’s a human zoo.

desmond moris.

Housing…..
 HomE

Home is the place where people in general fulfill the basic domestic and
functional aspects of family life, physical and mental health, working efficiency,
emotional security.

A home is a place which is involved with settlements, memories emotion and

peace of mind of a person. Without that respect, value of a home can not be
established.

Housing…..
HomE
 HousE
•A house is a social complex unit. A particular number of people in a
particular area with some particular domestic requirements form this unit.
•House is a technical term. It is a shelter to live in. it is a unit of
accommodation for a particular number of people. A house is a building in
which people meet for a particular activity. For example- a house of prayer.

•According to Amos Rapaport , “ The house is an institution, not

just a structure, created for a complex set of purpose. Because
building a house is a cultural phenomenon. Its form and organization
are greatly influenced by cultural milieu, to which it belongs.

Housing…..
Housing
Housing…

•By housing it is meant not only a

mere term of shelter but also it
includes those qualities- comfort,
convenience and amenities
which are essential for emotional
and social well being of families.
•Housing constitutes the physical
environment in which society's
basic unit families develops.
The improvement of this physical
environment represents the visible
rise in the general standard of
living.
From the families perspective,
“Housing is not shelter alone but
comprises services, families and
utilities which link the individual or
family to the community.”
Basic community facilities includes -
a. Easy access to school.
b. Healthy and medical facilities.
c. Shopping, recreation and
cultural institution.
d. Reasonable travel time to and
from the place of work.

Housing…
So the fundamental purpose of housing includes –
a. The safety of the people.
b. The physical, emotional and social health of the individual in relation to
communal life.
c. The provision of families and community facilities.

Housing…
• Housing is just a commodity. It is a complex process of
many people and organization doing many thing in order to
get many kinds of real and unexpected result.

• According to turner, ‘ Housing is not a product but it

is a process.” And it is influenced by various
interrelated social, cultural, economic, political and other
process.
 A comparison between house and housing revels the following

a. In general housing is more complex, extensive and expensive than

house.
b. With very few exception housing includes multiple houses or
accommodations, where as house means one.
c. Houses includes only the living accommodation of the family, where
housing includes living accommodations and their supporting
maintenance and control mechanism.
d. In a house the ownership of properties extends up to the boundary
walls and the same meets the public property at the entrance gate. But
in housing there exists another type of ‘group’ or ‘semi- public’
ownership in land, common lobby, stair case etc. in between the private
owned house and the entrance gate.
e. Housing is a vast subject that includes such topic as procurement and
development of land, provisions of infrastructure and service, allocation
or sale of plot, survey for design and planning, construction, real estate
management, finance, maintenance of public interest and safety etc.
 Housing

Formal sector Informal sector

 Formal sector
• People of formal sector has defined address, employment,
bank account, social security and government initiative.
• Houses are built with money often from private source,
bank etc.

• It grows through a system.

• Houses of formal sector are built with permanent or semi-
permanent materials.
• They are designed by professionals.
• All government housing initiatives are formed under formal
sector.
Example : Rajuk plots, University quarters, etc
Saal Bouca housing_Siza
Fredensborg housing_Utzon
Fredensborg housing_Utzon
 Informal sector
Informal housing can include any form of housing, shelter,
or settlement which is illegal, falls outside of government control or
regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state.As such, the
informal housing-industry is part of the informal sector.

To have informal housing status is to exist in "a state of

deregulation, one where the ownership, use, and purpose of land
cannot be fixed and mapped according to any prescribed set of
regulations or the law". While there is no global unified law of
property-ownership typically, the informal occupant or community
will lack security of tenure and, with this, ready or reliable access to
civic amenities (portable water, electricity- and gas-supply,
sanitation and waste collection). Due to the informal nature of
occupancy, the state will typically be unable to extract rent or land
taxes.
• People of formal sector means the part of population who
has no specific employment, address and living standard.
• Informal sector people stay in roads, slums and squatters
having no physical or other facilities.

• It grows without any formal system.

• Usually poor village people migrated to urban area have no
place to live, work and become a part of informal sector.
• The government has no initiative for them and no
government agency take responsibility for them.
• Building are made of temporary materials.
Example : squatters beside the rail line, etc
Informal settlements and the right to housing

In 2018, United Nations Human Rights report on the right to adequate

housing of the right to housing for residents of informal settlements.

Currently nearly one quarter of the world’s urban population lives in informal
settlements, most in developing countries but increasingly also in the most
affluent countries. Living conditions are shocking and intolerable. Residents
often live without water and sanitation, and are in constant fear of eviction.

Past approaches have been premised on the idea of eliminating “slums”,

often resorting to evictions and relocating residents to remote locations on
the outskirts of cities. The report proposes a very different, rights-based
approach that builds upon informal settlement communities and their inherent
capacities. It understands informality as resulting from systemic exclusion
and advances a set of recommendations for supporting and enabling
residents to become full participants in upgrading.
The recommendations have their basis in international human rights
obligations, particularly those flowing from the right to housing, and cover a
number of areas, including the right to participation, access to justice,
international cooperation and development assistance, environmental
concerns, and business and human rights.
The living conditions in informal settlements are one of the most pervasive
violations of human rights globally. It is thus a human rights imperative that
informal settlements be upgraded to meet basic standards of human dignity.
Recognizing this, and mobilizing all actors within a shared human rights
paradigm, can make the 2030 upgrading agenda achievable.
 SLUM
• SLUM MEANS AUTHORIZED SETTLEMENTS OF LOW
INCOME PEOPLE.

• A slum is usually a highly populated urban residential

area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units
in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure,
inhabited primarily by impoverished persons.
• Although slums, are usually located in urban areas, in some
countries they can be located in suburban areas where housing
quality is low and living conditions are poor.
• While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack
reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable
electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services.
• Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built
dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction and/or
lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.
• Due to increasing urbanization of the general populace, slums
became common in the 18th to late 20th centuries in the United
States and Europe. Slums are still predominantly found in urban
regions of developing countries, but are also still found in
developed economies.

• According to UN-Habitat, around 33% of the urban population in

the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived
in slums. The proportion of urban population living in slums in
2012 was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (62%), followed
by Southern Asia (35%), Southeastern Asia (31%), Eastern
Asia (28%), Western Asia (25%), Oceania (24%), Latin
America (24%), the Caribbean (24%), and North Africa (13%).
Caracas, Venezuela
Cape Town, South Africa
Dhaka, Bangladesh
 The contributing factors of slum
development
Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for
many different reasons.
• Low wages and poverty.
• Preventing people from paying for decent dwellings.
• The haphazard growth of cities.
• Lack of maintenance and enforcement of building codes.
• Housing Code violation.
• Incompatible business and commerce into residential area.
• Low standards in remodeling of old dwellings.
 SQUATTER
• UNAUTHORIZED SETTLEMENTS OF LOW INCOME PEOPLE
WHO OCCUPY SPACE OR THEIR HOMESTEAD
UNLAWFULLY, HAVING NO RIGHTS TO OCCUPANCY.

• A person who settles on land or occupies property without title,

right or payment of rent like land beside rivers on wetlands and
embankments close to market place, rail station or terminals.
• A person who settles on land under government regulation, in
order to acquire title.
• High area density
• Poor housing condition
• High room crowding
• Physically and socially detoriated and impossible to lead a
satisfactory life
• Absence of adequate light, air, sanitary facilities, privacy and fire
safety.
One of the most critical urban problems of developing countries is
squatter housing. The initial structure was small in size, made of low-
quality materials, and built with nominal labor costs on squatter land
with a nominal rent. The basic housing unit may be expanded over
time.
Squatter housing is attractive to migrants and others in low-income
and insecure employment. Improvements in squatter housing
locations are possible when spatial location problems are not a
concern.
Policies concerning squatter housing have changed over time. Most
government policies accept the inevitability of squatter housing and
seek to improve and upgrade housing and public service conditions.
The literature on squatter housing spans a variety of forms of housing.
The variety of forms was due to the variety of levels of development
within countries, changes over time, and changes toward a more
permanent population in the labor force rather then temporary
migrants.
The forms of housing were identified as legal-formal residential
housing which excluded slums, residential slums, squatter housing,
and other residential housing.
Slum housing also conformed to legal status and a regular time span
for construction, but the environmental conditions were of lower
quality and resident populations were poorer. Squatter housing varied
in legal status, zoning regulations, and public service amenities, but
was similar to slum housing in attracting low socioeconomic income
groups and in having poor environmental conditions.
Most developing countries have illegal squatter housing, which, as in
the case of Turkey, may increase in diversity of types of housing.
 The contributing factors of squatter
development
Squatter housing arises out of a variety of circumstances,
including an inadequate supply of old depleted formal
housing near the central business district.
• Loss of land due to river erosion
• Sold own land for economy
• Subdivision of family property
Manila, Philippines
Jakarta, Indonesia
 Countermeasures
Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the number of informal settlements
as urban populations have increased in developing countries. Nearly a billion
people worldwide live in slums, and some project the figure may grow to 2 billion
by 2030 if governments and the global community ignore slums and continue
current urban policies. United Nations Habitat group believes change is possible.
To achieve the goal of "cities without slums", the UN claims that governments must
undertake vigorous urban planning, city management, infrastructure development,
slum upgrading and poverty reduction.

01. Informal Settlements removal

02. Informal Settlements relocation

03. Informal Settlements Upgrading

01. Informal Settlements removal

Some city and state officials have simply sought to remove slums. This strategy
for dealing with slums is rooted in the fact that slums typically start illegally on
someone else's land property, and they are not recognized by the state. As the
Informal Settlements started by violating another's property rights, the residents
have no legal claim to the land.

Critics argue that slum removal by force tend to ignore the social problems that
cause slums. The poor children as well as working adults of a city's informal
economy need a place to live. Slum clearance removes the slum, but it does not
remove the causes that create and maintain the slum.
Eviction drive at Karwan Bazar slum, 2020
02. Informal Settlements Relocation

Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and relocating the slum poor
to free semi-rural peripheries of cities, sometimes in free housing.

This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life. The strategy sees slum as
merely a place where the poor lives. In reality, slums are often integrated with
every aspect of a slum resident's life, including sources of employment, distance
from work and social life.

Slum relocation that displaces the poor from opportunities to earn a livelihood,
generates economic insecurity in the poor. In some cases, the slum residents
oppose relocation even if the replacement land and housing to the outskirts of
cities is free and of better quality than their current house. Examples include Zone
One Tondo Organization of Manila, Philippines and Abahlali baseMjondolo
of Durban, South Africa. In other cases, such as Ennakhil slum relocation project
in Morocco, systematic social mediation has worked.

The slum residents have been convinced that their current location is a health
hazard, prone to natural disaster, or that the alternative location is well connected
to employment opportunities.
03. Informal Settlements Upgrading

Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible opportunity to

urban development by slum upgrading. This approach was inspired in part by the
theoretical writings of John Turner in 1972. The approach seeks to upgrade the
slum with basic infrastructure such as sanitation, safe drinking water, safe
electricity distribution, paved roads, rain water drainage system, and bus/metro
stops.
The assumption behind this approach is that if slums are given basic services and
tenure security – that is, the slum will not be destroyed and slum residents will not
be evicted, then the residents will rebuild their own housing, engage their slum
community to live better, and over time attract investment from government
organizations and businesses.
Turner argued to demolish the housing, but to improve the environment: if
governments can clear existing slums of unsanitary human waste, polluted water
and litter, and from muddy unlit lanes, they do not have to worry about the shanty
housing.
"Squatters" have shown great organizational skills in terms of land management,
and they will maintain the infrastructure that is provided.
In Mexico City, the government attempted to upgrade and urbanize settled slums
in the periphery during the 1970s and 1980s by including basic amenities such as
concrete roads, parks, illumination and sewage. Currently, most slums in Mexico
City face basic characteristics of traditional slums, characterized to some extent in
housing, population density, crime and poverty, however, the vast majority of its
inhabitants have access to basic amenities and most areas are connected to major
roads and completely urbanized.

Another example of this approach is the slum upgrade in Tondo slum near Manila,
Philippines. The project was anticipated to be complete in four years, but it took
nine. There was a large increase in cost, numerous delays, re-engineering of
details to address political disputes, and other complications after the project.
Despite these failures, the project reaffirmed the core assumption and Tondo
families did build their own houses of far better quality than originally assumed.

A more recent example of slum-upgrading approach is PRIMED initiative

in Medellin, Colombia, where streets, Metrocable transportation and other public
infrastructure has been added. These slum infrastructure upgrades were combined
with city infrastructure upgrade such as addition of metro, paved roads and
highways to empower all city residents including the poor with reliable access
throughout city.
Most slum upgrading projects, however, have produced mixed results. While initial
evaluations were promising and success stories widely reported by media,
evaluations done 5 to 10 years after a project completion have been disappointing.

The initial benefits of slum upgrading efforts have been ephemeral. The slum
upgrading projects in kampungs of Jakarta Indonesia, for example, looked
promising in first few years after upgrade, but thereafter returned to a condition
worse than before. Communal toilets provided under slum upgrading effort were
poorly maintained, and abandoned by slum residents of Jakarta. Similarly slum
upgrading efforts in Philippines, India and Brazil have proven to be excessively
more expensive than initially estimated, and the condition of the slums 10 years
after completion of slum upgrading has been slum like. The anticipated benefits of
slum upgrading have proven to be a myth. There is limited but consistent evidence
that slums upgrading may prevent diarrhoeal diseases and water-related
expenditure.

Slum upgrading is largely a government controlled, funded and run process, rather
than a competitive market driven process. Slum upgrading and tenure
regularization also upgrade and regularize the slum bosses and political agendas,
while threatening the influence and power of municipal officials and ministries.
Slum upgrading does not address poverty, low paying jobs from informal economy,
and other characteristics of slums.
Thank you