Bor. | Square and Square Root; 72 Cube and Cube Roo jer studying this chapt ‘ill be fe string iis chaps you beable {understand the properties of square numbers, + find the squares of numbers using different method + find the square roots of numbers using different methods + find the square roots of rational numbers, decimal numbers, and the product of two numbers. find the approximate square roots (correct up to three decimal places) J find the cube of a given number, ee + understand the properties of perfect cubes, find the cube roots of numbers using different methods. find the cube roots by the estimation method, yan, what is the of this smal portion? The area of thi ‘small portion is 4 ne. Ryan has a square-shaped kitchen garden with sides of 4 m. He has divided it into equal small square-shaped portions. He sows seeds in one of the small portions along with his father 1. What is the area of the kitchen garden? 2. What is the side of each small portion? 3. How many such small portions have been created? 4. Ifonly four types of vegetables are to be grown, then how much area will be required for each type of vegetable? 35 WSauares Whoa wennateypty armament iat we sty that Sho nwmdys has hoon ggunated and the pat sala the agnano of dhat minor Har eNatNp ks BND =A 2N T=? Vheanareot2) SNS HSOPINIEN The square oid) ANA = Word yd a? (The square of) the square aba = a? = aN a foray Phe table Helow gives the squares of the frst Sd natural numbers, From the table, itis clear that the mumbers fy dy 9.16, os 841, and 900 are squares numbers 1, 2, numbers are also of the natural and 30, These squate led pertect squares, In other natural number is c words, led a perfect square ‘or square number ifit isthe square of some natural number. Thus a natural number whieh ean be expressed product of pairs of equal factors is Known asa perfect square. A natural number 1 i natural number ms, such that = mS m= me iad to be a perfect square if there exists some Remember that all natural numbers ate not perfect squar perfect square, Up to 100, there are only 10 such numbers which are perfect squares, s. 16 isa perfect square, whereas 10 is nota yp pees proportios of square Humbors a) A natanal number hat baw 2, 3, 9, org thes ne HERE A PHT uy OAL example, 12s 23.417. and OB are ya Deveg 4 squares. ' (d) A natural number having 0 '45,6,0r9§ ‘ aeons pce WY OF MY HOE Dea peg 1 saquate Hor estnples HN, 121, 14295 96! and Lod ate perteet sare DULTO, 231 998 26, ane IY ATE HOL Perfect squages ©) Acumber ending with an Odd nunber gp zeros isnnevera perfect sare For exam 40, 25000, ant 1000 are not perfect squagey 235, (a) ‘The square of an odd number is al Sd, 9 and 15" = 225. Hereg anal 228 are both odd numbers, For example, 3° eotaneven (e) Thess Vor example, 12 is an even number and its ber isalwayseven, sqare, ies 12? = LM isalso an even number () Factors of every square number ean be grouped in pairs of equal numbers, For example, 729 = AX 3x 3xIx 3X3, (g) The square of a number ending with 1 or 9 ends with 1, For example, 1? = 121, 19t= 361, and 2 Aad The square of a number ending with 2 or Sends with 4, For example, 22 = 4, 88= 64, and 122 = 14 ‘The square of a number ending, with 3 of7 ends with 9, Bor example, 32= 9,72 =49, and 13° = 169, ‘The square of a number ending with 4 or 6 ends with 6, For example, 4? = 16, 6% = 36, and 1 ‘The square ofa number ending with 5 ends with 5. For example, 5? = 25, 15? = 225. 196, aire of a number ending with 0 ends with an even number of zeros, Kor example 100, 207 = 400.cl square : Integers he i Staaos ono Soe iy The square of any natural number 1 equal ihe sum ofthe first odd numbers. l=1=P 1+3=4 =22 14345 =9 =3? 1434547 =16=42 fo notural number cannot be expressed [oso sum of successive odd natural Simbers starting with 1 then itis not a [perfect savore: {) Anumber with m digits has either (2m = 1) or dn digits in its square. For example, a I-digit jumber has either 1 or 2 digits in its square # ast ‘A2-digit number has either 3 or 4 digits in its square. 144 50?= 2500 f any odd number can be wo consecutive 12 (j The square © expressed as the sum of t positive numbers. =445 25= 12413 49 = 24425 60 +61 =121 in? where nis on Issel as the sum rs, one nUMBeT | Apertect square number | odd number can be exPre hwo consecutive number Wf the js B=! and another (i) A perfect square leaves a remainder of 0 or 1 when divided by 3. () ‘The square of a natural number greater than | ean be written a @ Gi) multiple of 4 or a multiple of 4 plus 1. ple of 3 or a multiple of 3 plus 1. 3 =9=3x30rdx24I ae 16=3%541or4x4 (in) Between the squares of any two consecutive numbers, mand (1 +1), there are 2n non- perfect square numbers Between 1 and 2 1 and 4, there are two non-perfect square numbers, 2 and 3. It is the same as 2.x 1 numbers. Between 2? and 3%, e.,4and 9, there are four non-perfect square numbers, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Itis the same as 2 x 2 numbers. (n) Pythagorean triplet: x, y, and 2 is called @ Pythagorean triplet ifs 4 For example, 6, 8, and 10. 36, 8? = 64, and 10? = 100, ot + 8 64 8 “Pherefore for 3 the Pythagorean triplets are 6,8, and 10, For any given number > 1, there exists Pythagorean triplets in the form of 21. (= 1),and (a? + D- Example 1: Find out whether 225 is a perfect square or not. Ifyes, then whose square is 2257Solution Notny the prime tietontvation of azhy we wht \ \_|y Ran ' 225 can be expressed as the produet of pat of equal prinve tivetors, ‘Therefore 225 bi 0 perfect square number of V4 6 15, Example ind out whether ts isa perfeel square number ov not, Solution Doing the prime factorization of 644, we yet: ols 324 loa BI 7 9 3 Il 648 = 2x2KIKIX3KIKS Here we that 648 cannot be expr product of pairs of equal prime factors. ‘Therefore 648 is not a perfect sq Example3: Without adding, find the su of following, (a) 1434547494014 13415 (D) T4345 47494 14 134156174 19421 #2325427 4.294 3143343543749 Solution: We know that the sum of the first 1 odd natural numbers = 1? (2) 143454749411 13415 ‘The numbers n the above expression are the first 8 odd numbers. Sum of the first eight odd numbers =64 pene ZOE EEE DD pase as AZ ADT SLA SA By ni sp nb fa lve ove a1 the fon 20 cl nied, dint 200d Haber 29) (nyt sumo th fy inant Wht sly, Ml OH Wy the smu ae tor pentane nines, (a 1000 (b) Wa? (0) 368 (a) 8908 (oe) HOdn7ibL he units digit oF perfect square ey never be 2, 3,7, A Alo, at perlecl square canyy have an ode number of zeros al the end, Solution: (a) Odd number of zer0%, (hb) Units digit is (0) Units digit is three, (A) Units digit is eight. (e) Units digit is two. ven. Example 5: Solve, (a) How many natural numbers are there in between the perfect squares of 17 and 182 (h) Express 15 as the sum of two consecutive muanbers (0) Find the sumn of the first 25 odd numbers, (@) How many natural numbers are there between the perfect squares of 25 and 262 Solution (@)_ As we know that there are 2m numbers between the squ resof mand a4 L. Hence the numbers between perfect squares of 17 and 18 are: 2x17 =34, (6) 15%= 122-4 123 (6) Sum of the first 25 odd numbers = square of 25 = 625 (@)_ As we know that there are 2n numbers between the squares of n and n-+ 1, Hence babesnumbers between perfect hare 2% 25 = 50, ‘Squares of 25 ang ple 6 The side ofa square-shaped pots 25 835 | Pie area of the plot _gustion ge ote plot = 25 m gnotte plot = side? ' =25? = 625m? prernate methods of squaring jumbers ssw abovethathesquaeofanumbercanbefound sedpyng the number byl sth number eos larger, ling becomes boro and te consuming. In this section, we shal se how jd the quae of 2- o 3-digt numbers quick ghost the actual multiplication method. ¢alumn Method: This method is generally used sp find the squares of 2-digt numbers. Let the somber be AB, where A isthe tens digitand Bis beones digit. (As an example, we take AB = 54, eA = 5, B=4) For finding the square of a B, follow the steps given below: 3digit umber Al 4; Make three columns and write a’, 2% A» B, and BY, respectively in the columns 2s follows: ones digit of B® and Step 2: Now underline th y,to2xAxB. add its tens digit, ifa Step 3: Now underline the ones digit in 2x A seB and add the number formed by the remaining digit or digits 0.4” Indetline the number in column T and write the underlined digits at th of each column to obtain the square Step 4: ‘Thus we have (54) Example 7: Find th method. care’ Solution: In the given number 97, where A = 9and Bz7. Thus we have (97)*= 9408. Diagonal Method: This method is appli find the square of any number ir the number of digits in the number. To find fare of any number by this method, (As an examp the squ: follow the steps given below: let the number be 126.) er of digits in the its in the Step 2: Count the numb number. Let there be number. So in the number 126," hn rows and columns. Draw a table with So that it has 1? subsquares, To find the square of 12. 3 grid of squares step 2 6, we draw a3 XMop ae N Draw the th hil diagonal of each subsquare rate the digit of the number to be \Wuared along the left vertical side and lop horizontal side of the -subsquares. {302 Los Step 4: Multiply each digit on the left of the square with each digit on top of the columns one by one. Write the ones digit of the product below the diagonal and tens digit above the diagonal of the corresponding subsquares. Step 5 Starting below the lowest diagonal add the digits along the diagonal. Write the ones digit of the sum and take the tens digit, if any, tothe diagonal above. Obtain the square by writing digits from the left-mos i Example 8: Find the square of 729 by wing diagonal metho. “Solution: Make a3 x 3 grid of squares and dra, the diagonal ofeach subsquare. Write the dg, ofthe number tobe squared along the lft vere side and top horizontal side of the subsquares, ‘Thus the square of 729 = (729)' = 531441, Example 9 Find the square of 5134 by using th diagonal method. “Solution: Make a 4x 4 grid of squares and draw the diagonal of ‘each subsquare. Write the digits ofthe number to be squared along the left vertical side and top horizontal side of the subsquates, Thus we have (5134)? = 26357956. ness Squares of numbers ending in 5 Squares of numbers ending in 5 can be found in the following manner: Step I: Cross out 5 from the number to obtain a new number. Step 2: Multiply this new number by its successor (next natural number).S$ 3: Suffix 25 to the product to obtain the id the square of 125 by using the Example-I1: square. shortcut, 10: Find the square of 85 by using the _ sample Solution: Deleting 5 from the number 125, we portent obtain the new number 12. jon: By deleting 5 from the number 85, we jytion: BY 2 Multiplying 12 by its success ve pet: oll athe new number 8. iplying 12 by its successor 13, we get: ” 8 by its successor 9, we get: Pea hiplying 8 by : s ultiply Suffixing 25 to the product, we get the square of =72 8x9 125, ie,, 15625, saffsing 25 t© the product, we get 7225. ‘Thus we have (125)? = 15625, 1. Find the squares ofthe following numbers. (a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 33 (d) 29 7 4, Which ofthe following numbers are not perfect squares? (a) 512 (b) 225 (Q) 797 (d) 567 (e) 2000 (f) 928 (g) 1600 (h) 1063 4, Write the possible number of digits in the squares of the following numbers. (a) 22 (b) 123 (c) 1465 (d) 39760 4, Without actual addition, find the sum of the following. (a) 143454749 (b) 143454749411 413 5, Observe the pattern and fill in the blanks. 1? = 121 101? = 10201 NM 10101? = 102030201 {Ol 9 or 101010101? 1020304030201 6. Observe the pattern and fill in the blanks. P4242? 3 i Basaet | Be +122 = 13? Paste =21? —— +6430? =3]?@ 43 @ au (©) 2844 (P6920 f @ 9402 @ 32s i ' 8. Express the following as indicated, | (a) 494s the sum of 7 odd numbers (©) 64as the sum of 8 odd numbers 7 Find the digit at the ones place in the squares ofthe following mumbers (oe) M6 Wh 192 (@) 529 hy 1057 (A) 88 One (8) 121 as the sum of odd numbers positive numbers: 9. Write the following as the sum of two consecutive is f @ oe 18. (ae (a 23 | i @1e (p27 @ | i 10. How many numbers lie between the squares of the following numbers? t (a) Band 5 (b) Zand 8 i i (©) 10? and 1? (@) VP and 15 | | he following ether in the terms of multiples of 3 oF smuliples oF | 19? (ue (a) 20 jw wie g 12, Find the squares of the following numbers using the column method. | ae (a) 28 (0) 46 39 (a) 87 | | 13, Find the squares of the following numbers using the diagonal method. | { (@ 21 (&) 98 (o) 3219 (@) 427 14. Using a shortcut, find the squares of the following numbers. (@) 45 Wu (0) 58 (a 235 z = ‘Square Roots The square of (-7) = (-7)? = (-7)x (-7) = 49, ‘A square root is the opposite of a square. For The square of (-5 (-5) x (-5) = 25. So the square root of 49 = J49 = -7 and example, the square of 7 The square root of 49 is 7. } Similarly, the square of 5 = 5? = The square root of 25 is 5. Hence the square root of a number x is that number which when multiplied by itself gives x as the product. We denote the square root of x by vx. Thus J49 =7 and V35 = 5 Hence 49 has two square roots 7 and (~7). Similarly, /25 = +5 and -5. ‘Therefore every positive number has two square roots; one positive integer and the other its opposite negative integer or its additive inverse. | Note: Here in Class VIII, we shall consider the square root ofa number as its positive integer only.“Methods of finding the square root ‘There ave vartous methods by whieh the square: pot ofa numbercan be determined, Let us discuss gone of these methods, ese: guce ive subtraction of odd numbers Tris method can be used torsmall pertect squares, says Up t0 250. Let us recall the sequence of odd aumnbers 13,5, 7,9 11,13, 15,.... Take the given number whose square root is to be found out Subtract the odd numbers 1, 3, sively from the given number, Ifthe given number isa periect square, we will get zero at some stage. We stop at the point when we get zero and declare the number of tines we have performed subtraction as the square root of the given number, For example, let us consider 64, Subtracting the odd numbers successively, we ge () 64 (3) 60 - (5) 48-9 (7) 28-13 (Q) 63 “ (6) 39-11 (8) 1 Here we performed subtraction 8 times. =0 ‘Therefore Ved = 8. Example 12: Find the square root of 169 by method of repeated subtraction. Solution: Subtract the odd numbers 1, 3, 5,7, fom the given number till we get (1) 169-1 = 168 (3) 165-5 = 160 (5) 153-9 = 144 (7) 133 - 13 = 120 (9) 105-17 (1D) 69-2) (13) 25 - 25 Hore we performed subtraction 13 times, vio9 Therefore ‘Yons and Ones Method ‘The square root of perfect squares up to fourdigits n can be easily found by finding their ones tens digit number, we have to follow these steps: 0 find out the square root o Step 1: Observe the ones digit ofthe perfect square and determine the digit in the ones place n the square root, as disc the perfect square has 1 or4 oF 6 oF 9, then there are two possible ones digits. sed earlier, If Strike out the lst ovo digits from the right of the number, Ifnothing is left, we stop. ‘The digit obtained in step 1 is the answer. Now consider the leftover number, and determine the largest I-digit number whose square is less than or equal to this the tens digit of leftover number. Thi the square root Note: If there are two possible answers, then the correct answer can be found by the.actual multiplication method. Example 13: Find the square root of 6561 by finding its ones and tens digits Solution: The ones digit of the given number is 1. So the ones digit of the square root is either 1 or 9, Let us strike out two digits from the right, and now we get the number 65. The square of 8, ie. 64, is the largest square that is less than 65. (8? 81 > 65.) Hence the tens = 64 < 65, whereas 9 digit of the square root is So the square root of 6561 is either 81 or 89. 21, which is not equal to 6561. But (89)? Hence Y6561 = 81.ul the square root of 3146, Example 14: Find the square root of 13225 by Example 1 Jinding its ones and tens digits. Solution: 2 | 1136 4 Solution: The ones digit of the number 13225 is 2 186 5. So the ones digit of the square root is 5 only. 2 | 784 1 Now strike out two digits from the right, we get 2 | 39 4 the number 132, The square of 11, ie 121 is the 2 | 1% | Jargest square that is less than 132, (II? = 121 < 2_| 98 j 132, whereas 12° = 144 > 132). Hence the tens 7 {49 / dligit of the square root is 11 7 | : 242 » 2x2 1 Hence the square root of 13225 = 115. 3136 = 24D x QN2 B48 » a | — Vie 2x 2K 2x7 GA Finding the square root by the Hence J3136 | prime factorization method | The square root of a number, which is a perfect Example 17: fs 3528 a perfect square? I not, fing square, can be determined easily by factorizing the hye smallest number by which it must be multiplieg, ven number, This method is suitable when the 1 the product becomes a perfect square, 8 so that the p given number is small. In this method, we follow : 135: | these steps: Solution: 2 | 7a 2 | 1764 Step 1: Find the prime factors of the given 44 . i number. 2 | 982 i Step 2: Make pairs of equal factors obtained in poate } Step 1. 3 | 47 i Step 3: Take one factor from each pair and 74149 multiply them. The product, thus 7 obtained, willbe the required square root. 3528 = 222% 3x3 7x7 Example 15: Find the square root of 900. We find that the prime number 2 does not occur Solution: —_2_| 900 in pairs. Therefore 3528 is not a perfect square, Since 2 does not occur in pairs, to make its pair wwe have to multiply the given number by 2, ie, 3528 x2 = 242 3x3%7x7 2% = 7056 | 7056 is a perfect square aa Hence the required smallest number is 2. oe aan Example 18: Find the smallest number by which = 6272 must be divided to make ita perfect square eee Find the square root of the quotient2, 6272 2_| 3136 2 | 1568 2 | 784 2_| 392 : _2_| 196 _2 | 98 _7 | 49 7 6272 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x7x7 Here 2 is not forming a pair, So to make 6272 a perfect square, we have to eliminate 2, as it is not, occurring in a pair. ‘Thus we divide 6272 by 2. 627242 = 3136 Hence 2 is the required number. Now 3136 = 2x2 x 2x2 x 2x2 x 7x7 4 cae oe Vue = 2x 2x2 K 7 56 Example 19: Find the least number by which 1134 can be multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the product obtained. Solution: 2 | 1134 567 189 63, 21 7 1134 = 253%3%3%3%7 i3ut as eae aoa) Here 2 and 7 are not occurring in pairs. So to make their pairs, we have to multiply the given number by2x7=14. 1134 x27 =2x3K3K3K3K7KIX7 = 15876 Now 15876 = 2x2 x 3x3 x 3x3 x 7x7 Pea ore 15876 = 2x 3 x 3 x 7 = 126 Example 20: Find the smallest square number which is exactly divisible by 4, 6, 8 and 12. Solution: Here we will first find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of the given numbers and then we will find the required square number. Now the LCM of 4, 6, 8, and 12= 2 2x2x3=24 On pairing the prime factors of 24, we get: 24 = 2x9x2*3) Here 2 and 3 are not making-pairs. So to make their pairs and to convert 24 into a perfect square, we have to multiply 24 by 2 3 = 6. ‘Thus the required number is 24 x 6 = 144. 1. Find the square roots of the following numbers by successive subtraction. (a) 36 @ 81 (0 64 (ad) 16 2. Find the square roots of the following numbers by using their ones and tens digits. (H) 1444 (c) 3025 (d) 4761 (a) 17643, Find the square soot of the following numbers by prize factorization (a) 3644 th) 5625 4. In a garden, 2 farmer plants 9256 sephingsin sams ta fer 8 row. perfect square, Also, find the square 100k of (a) 3072 () 4992 7 square, Also, find the square root of the per (a) 4375 (b) 9080 Finding the square root by the division method Sometimes, prime factorization ofa number is not convenient, especially when: (a) the number is very large. (b) the number has 2 large number of prime factors. In such cases, finding the square root by prime factorization becomes lengthy and complicated. For such numbers, we use the long division method for finding the square root, ‘To understand the long division method properly, itis important to know the number of digits in the square root of a perfect Square. We already know 1? = 1 and 9? = 41. Also, 10? = 100 and 99? = 9801. Further, 100% = 10000 and 999? = 998001. On observing it carefully, we find that the square root ofa I-digit or 2-digit number has 1 digit, The square root of a 3-digit or 4-digit number has 2 digits. § imilarly, the square root ofa 5-digit or a 6-digit number has 3 digits, and soon. 1d the smallest number by which each of ¢ ‘ind the smallest number by which each of the (6) 653 (A) 76 cas in ese Milind 1 a0 0 peg porte waver 5 5 digits Let us find the square root of 249001 by the division method Since it is a 6-digit number, so the square root of | have 3 Higits. We follow the steps | this numbe given below: Step 1: Group the digits in pairs placing abar over every pair of digits starting from the ones | digit (i.e., from right to left). 24 50 OFstep. step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Think of the largest number whose square is less than or equal to the number under the left-most bar (in this case, it is 24), Now 4? < 24 <5%, so take 4 as the divisor and the quotient. Subtract the product of the divisor and the quotient from the number under the left-most bar, 4 quotient divisor > 4 | 29001 16 8 Bring down the number under the next bar to the right of the remainder and this becomes the new dividend (in this case, it is 890). To get the second divisor, add the ones digit of the quotient to the first divisor (in this case 4 + 4 =8). Use 8 on the left of the ones digit of the next divisor, keeping its ones place blank. —— 4 249001 4__| 16 3- | 890 Now choose the ones digit of the new divisor in such a way that the product of this digit and the new divisor is equal to or just less than the new dividend. In this case, the new divisor is 89. Step 7: Again bring down the number under the next bar to the right of the remainder In step 6. Repeat the same steps 4, 5, aid 6, IL all the pairs of numbers wider the bars have been considered and the last remainder becomes 0, The final quotient is the square root of the given number, AID 4 249001 A_| 16 89 490 9 | 801 989 8901 _ 8901 0 V249007 = 499 Example 21: Find the square root of 16641. Solution: 129 I oe 22 | 066 2 | 44 249} 2241 Vi66ii = 129 Example 22: What smallest number must be subtracted from 6156 to make it a perfect square? Solution: We first try to find the square root of 6156. 78. 7 6156 49 1256 1184 72 Here we get 72 as the remainder. If we subtract 72 from 6156, we will get a perfect square whose‘Square root is 78, added to 893304 makes it Perfect souay, Hence the required number is 72. Example 24: isa perfect square. Example 23: Find the least number which must be which fs a perfec se ‘ainie Solution: The smallest 6-digit number gy added to 893304 to make it a perfect square. I Solution: We first try to get the square root of Obviously, Find the smallest 6-digi it is not a perfect square, For finding the smallest dig perec gq 893304. 945 we will have to find the smallest number ve e — .d to 100000 to geta perk 9 | a93508 should be adde cag I 2,81 It is clear that: ; or eee (316)? < 100000 < (317) 4736 _ Now (317)? - 100000 1885] 9704 9425 = 100489 - 100000 t 279 =489 | Therefore we have to add 489 to 10000 to ge We have to find a number which when added to the smallest 6-digit perfect square, 893304 becomes the square of 946, . Now (946)? - 893304 = 894916 - 893304 i 612 100000 + 489 = 100489 Hence the required number is | Here 1612 is the smallest number which when 1. Find the number of digits in the square roots of each of the following (without actually finding the square oot, (@ 144 (®) 894,916 (© 12,100 (@ 79 2. Use the division method to find the square roots of the following numbers. (a) 4096 (6) 15,376 (0) 43,264 (@) 4761 3. Find the least number which must be subtracted from the following numbers to make them a perfect square (a) 61510 (6) 1,33,960 4. Find the least number of 6 digits which is a perfect square, 5. Find the greatest number of 4 digits which is a perfect square.© 4, Thearea of a square field is 6561 m?, Find the length of each side. , A PT teacher asks 4000 students to stand in a way that the number of rows is equal to the number of columns. Find the number of rows if 31 students were left after the arrangement, g. Anamount of €2,75,625 is to be collected in such a way that the number of students is equal to the amount donated by each of the students, Find the number of students. 9, The area of a square field is 28,224 m?, ind the cost of fencing it at 215 per metre 10. Using the Pythagoras theorem, find the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle whose sides are 15 mand 8 m. eae | 32 GQUARE ROOT OF THE PRODUCT OF TWO Salen NUMBERS AND FRACTIONAL NUMBERS 3.19 ‘The square root of the product of two positive 62 | 124 numbers is equal to the product of the square root — ae of one number and the square root of the other 0 number. For any two positive numbers a and b, we “+ 361% 1024 = /361 x 1024 have: = 19 x32 = 608 vab = Jax vb a : 5 © = ‘The square root of a fractional number is equal to 169 ~ Vi69 the quotient of the square root of its numerator en 2 ‘n Weknow that [& = ¥# and denominator. For any two positive numbers be aand b, we have: Vi s Bas es 0 225 & ve Vises Vi69 _ Here 225 and 169 are not large numbers, so we Example 25: Find the square root of the following. use the prime factorization method to get their a square roots. (@) ODA (b) Solution (a) We know that Jab = Ja x Vb. 25 = So V361x1024 = /361 x 1024 119 oe 1 | 3a 1 ji ___ 169 = 13x13 29 | 261 — 261 (169 =13 0Now ow | Square root of decimals Every decimal number has two p\ number part and the decimal part, Bor finding the mal number, we use the long stepa: square root of a dec division method and follow thes: Step 1: Start grouping the whole number part from right to left and the decimal part from left to right, For example, 16.5647 = 16-5677 (left) (righd) imal part contains an odd , then insert a zero 10 betore 9, the Step 2: If the de number of digits make an even number of di imple, in 16. grouping. For ex number of digits in the decimal part is odd, ie., 5. So insert a zero fo its extreme right and make it 16.564790. Then group the digits by putting a bar over each pair 16.56 4790 ion method as Step 3: Perform the long divi usual to find the square root of the given number. Step 4: Place the decimal point in the quotient soon as the whole part is over. Example 26: Find the square root of 1.5876 by the Jong division method. Solution 2. JT5B76 = Solution J og 07 O.08281 oj 0 wf] 8 e | st wt wt | st | 0 Q.09T VOOR od AppROXIMATE SQUARE ROOTS Fora given number itis mot always possible fo Gnd some number whieh when anultiplied by itself will 8 sven number: fy suet eases, we fond Ont the approximate square nook, For esanyptes he VS. Here it is not possible (0, plied by itself re you the x square rot of find outa nuniber whieh when walt vill give us 8 exactly: So in this ease, we Hie ont the approximate square root OFS. Here we try to find out the square root ofS correct up to two decimal places, For this, we will carry’ out the process of finding out the square Wot Pt fo) We inserE AS MNANY FEES part ofS, three decimal place to make J pairs of digits in the decimal 2/4 | 00 384 62 | 1600 2] ta Sos | 47600 15184 [atte ve 8 (up to three decimal places) or Ya = 283 (correct up to wo decintal places) ple 28: Find the square root of 0.9 correct up18s Wz find the value of the followi TSS reee Cuses When we multiply a number three times by itself, We say that the number has been cubed, and the Product is called the cube of that number or the number raised to the power of 3. For example, Cube of | =1x1%1 B 2x2x2 2 8x8x8 =8 Cube of 2 Cube of 8 Prec eas In general, the cube of a number 23, Look at the following table, which gives the cube of the first 15 natural numbers. From this table, it is clear that 1, 8, 27, 64, ... » 3375 are the cubes of some natural numbers. Such numbers are called perfect cubes. In other words, anatural number m is a perfect cube if there exists a natural number m, such that: n=mxmxm ‘Thus a natural number which can be expressed as a product of triplets of equal factors is known asa perfect cube. oe Properties of cubes of numbers (a) Cubes of all odd numbers are odd. Peixix Ba3x3x All are odd natural numbers. (b) Cubes of all even natural numbers are ey 2x2x2 Badu sr 4= 6h 0% 10 x 10 = 1000 10 Allare even natural numbers. (c) Cubes of negative integers are negative, (3)? = (-3) x (-3) * (-3) = -27 (-6)3 = (-6) x (-6) x (-6) = -216 Allare negative integers. (d) The cube of @ rational number is the cu of its numerator divided by the cube of denominator, ie, cube of 2 = (2 | q \4) (e) The product of the cubes of two numbers equal to the cube of their product: any two natural numbers a and 6, (ax by —_ Cuse RooTS As we know, the square root is the opposite of he a square. In the same way, the cube root i opposite of a cube. For example, Cube of 8 = 8 = 8x8 x8 =512 Cube root of 512 =8 Cube of 7 =75=7%7%7 = 343 Cube root of 343 =7 In general, the cube of x = xx x x= x and the cube root of x? is x. For any number x, the cube root is denoted by Yx.ROW ASA RR ALY AAW, Hed tls cube RAW Sa naar Anteger FeO = CANS Ga Gas Gay w Wei =e gael qube wot by successive subtraction YRESNANE o paagal readers, cathe ta have ae RAEUNTANG PARVEKG, wed BeSo SW ieretatrg =VEININS Pe sD BAW HWE Le rxgeIng WINING BaGi BAM eT ELE LOH ING 43N6 Leanne FAS 2 Sa aor Letxortnors NOHAN VeSN4N8 Katy ost Vetreeine tm H8N6 YNSNE Abo Vet Leta a til? =o nv of the first Neo numbers +19, 37, Similarly 3 is the gum of the tlrst three numbers and so on In short, these Paming » ambers (Ly 7. 18.) may be obtained by LA~ inte DNS Thus to find out the cube mot of a given number, Wwe woot gnbotnae tang Ue mninrbers ofthe sequrentee AAR ttl ve got a vena, Phe mumber ot sutstnnetions needed tor Unis purpose fs the cube AWOL oF the giver Mer, Boanapte 29: Load dhe cube enor PMG by Seienwene sete ion, Solutions Subtract the wumbers of the sequence AP AM A thom AHL we pet gery, AD Sade b= a2 Q) eet eS WY RS WWE) Mears are (SY obe 8 @) Wet a? WW red Sitoe We have subtracted seven times t0 ot thewtone UA P 300 is a perfect cubes Yt lest umber that must be jane S00 to obtain a perfoct cube, Solution Q) 800-1 (2) 359-7 = 352 We A () 333-375 296 (8) 286-61 238 (@) 235-91 = Ld (7) a= 127 The next number to be subtracted is 169 whieh is, greater than 17, Therefore the process of’ successive subtraction does mot give zero, Hence 360 is not cube, 1P17 is subtracted from 360, the above process will give zero atter 7 st M3=7% ve subtractions, Le, 360-1 Hence VR should be subtracted trom 360 to make ita perfect cube —— Cube root using digits Cube roots of perfect cubes up to 6 digits be ea an yy found by this method, From the table of cubes, we observe that the cube of a number ending in 0,1, 2.3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 ends in 0,1, 8, 7, 4, 5, 6, 3, 2, and 9, respectively. Thus by looking at the ones digit of a perfect cube, we can determine the ones digit of its cube root. To determine the other digits of the cube root, we follow the following steps: Step 1: Look at the digit at the ones place of the perfect cube and determine the digit at the ones place in the cube root of the given number. gis left, we stop. The digit in step 1 is the cube root of the given number. Step 3: Now consider the leftover number from step 2. Find the largest I-digit number whose cube is less than or equal to this leftover number. This is the tens digit of the cube root of the given number. Example 31: Find the cube root of the following numbers by finding its ones and tens digits: (a) 512 (b) 636056 Solution (a) The ones digit of the number 512 is 2. Therefore the digit at the ones place in the cube root of 512 is 8. No number is left after striking out the three digits from the right (ones, tens, and hundreds) of the number. Hence the required cube root is 8, ie, Y512 =8. (b) The ones digit of the number 636056 is 6. Therefore the digit at the ones place in the cube root of the given number is 6, Now strike out three digits from the right. The left over number is 636. Now 8° = 512 < 636 and 9° = 729 > 636. Hence the largest digit whose cube is less than 636 is 8. Thus its tens digit is 8, Y636056 = 86 1g the cube root by the prime factorization method To find out the cube root of a perfect cube, prime factorization, we follow these steps; Find the prime factors of the given num Make triplets of the equal factors obtaing in Step 1. Step 3: ‘Take one factor from each triplet ay multiply them together. The product, thy obtained, will be the required cube roo, Example 32: Find the cube root of the followin, Step 1: Step 2: numbers. (a) 5832 (6) 13824 Solution (a) _2 | 5832 2 | 2916 “2 | 1458 3 | 729 “3 | 243 3 [81 2 (27, 3/9 3 5832 = Y5832 Hence 45832 = 18 (6)am _ ate yyK X 2XIX2 X DDK? x Hrdy. owl, oT bax pedx ny 3 {PR = 2x20 2x3 =u ence IBS = 24 sample 33 Find the cube rot of 729 x 216 solo: For any two numbers aan b, orb = axe fhing use ofthis property, we have: BRIG = VS x IG 79 13 a 4 [a 44 216 = 2xDX2 x 343x3 oe x 36 729 x 4216 x6=54 hie= 2 Hence DXA q 512 trample 34: Find the value of J— 7 7 f 343 ‘luton: For any two numbers «and b, £ aa > king use ofthis property, we have 38 38 SID = 24249 4 24242 1 W/DAD TOT Y= 2 x 2 x 2 =8 MB S72 7x7 4B =7 fit 337 Example 35: 108 perfect cube? Ifo, ind the smallest numer which when multiplied to 108 makes ita perfect ub Solution Fist edo the prime torino 108, 2 | 108 2| 54 A t a 108 =2x2x 34343 Here 2is not occursng ina triplet, So to make ita tile, we have to multiply the given number by 2 Hence 108 will become a perfect cube on multiplying it by 2. Thus the required smallest number is 2. Checks 108 x2 = 216 = DADA2 «B33 Yb =23=6Find the cubes of the following. (a) 21 (© 103 @ 60 oi wt 7 " 2. Which of the following numbers are cubes of even numbers? (a) 216 () 2197 (©) 1331 3. Which of the following numbers are perfect cubes? (a) 1728 @) 128 (©) 800 4k Find the eube roots ofthe following nurabers by successive subtraction of numbers 1,7, 19-37 (a) 125 27 (© 216 4. Find the cube roots of the following numbers by finding their ones and tens digits (a) 729 (2197 (© 42 6. Find the cube roots of the following numbers using prime factorization. (a) 2744 (®) 10648 (© 17576 | (@ 729 rc) (p 13824 | 7. Find the value of the following. (a) Yi02d = s/32 wv ‘8. Find the volume of cube where each side measures 12 em, wy which 432 must be multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect cube. | 375x192, (o) Vi0s «Vi6 9. Find the smallest number b 4 em? 10, Find the edge of a cube whose volume is 13 - which 5488 can be divided so that the quotient becomes a perfect cube. Find the numbers. 11. Find the smallest number 12, The sum of the cubes of three numbers which are in the ratio 1BetiMATING SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS yecanestimate the square roots and cube rootsof the given numbers with the help of the following table:Bxample 86: Using the tuble, estimate the value of. Example 37: Using the table, estimate the cub (55 (0) aB75 of each of the following. Solution (a) 350 (b) 33.45 (@) In Solution «the value of x is 55. The number s (a) Y350 = YIOx35 against 55, under the column vx is 7.416. 1 JEB =7416 Iisin the form of M10x ‘The number gun, nd 35, under the column Yi0x is 7.047, | () JA5.75 = JIS O75 1. Y550 = 7.047 | i In such cases, we find the approximate ) difference in the square roots of 45 and 46. (b) Y33AB = Y33-*045 | ! From the table, In such cases, we find the approximay, i J =6708 difference between the cube roots of { and 34, From the table, | a6 = 6.782 (Y33 = 3.208 and 3/34 = 3.240 | Difference for 1 = 6.782 - 6.708 Difference for 1 = 3.240 - 3.208 | = 0.074 0.032 1 Difference for 0.75 = 0.75 x 0.074 Difference for 0.45 = 0.45 x 0.032 | Fh = 0.0555 = 0.056 0.0144 | : c. Y3BAB = 3.208 + 0.0144 2 JAB7B = 6.708 + 0.056 a 3.2224 | 764 j “sor Ja573 = 6.76 (correct up to two decimal or (33.45 = 3.222 (correct up to three | f places) decimal places) | 1. Estimate the square roots of the following numbers, correct up to two decimal places, (a) 23 (b) 7439 (0) 524 2. Estimate the cube roots of the following numbers, correct up to two decimal places, (a) 1.57 (b) 84.75 (c) 260R Ata Glance : : : 4 * The square of a number is the number raised to the cower of 2 (+ Anumber is called 8 perfect square if is the square of some nature! cutac » The square root of a number can be cesitive as welll as negative. * The cube of 3 number is the number raised to the power of 2. * The cube of an even number is even and the cute of a6 odd number is ode. * The square of a number cannot be negative. Gut the cute of ¢ nutter can Oe negative, » The square of an even number odd,