© Life in the Rural Areas Che Ndia, Villages. Mostar the hen the British came to dy Were It “fficient unit things that the Nillayers needed wer produced iN the village it It) the farmer owned the land he cultivated anche wou Part of hi Paid a smatt failed due Hd not be evicted. He Produce to the to natural cal Sand drought W the crops 4 such as floods the | king, amit the king, reduced "NUE OF Sometimes totall land reve y wrote The coming of tne changed the situation collected by the agents of the c. Was fixed and had to be concession w crops failed British, however Revenue began to paid in cash, N a8 given even during years whe COLONIAL AGRARIAN POLICIES You have read in the previous los after the Battle on that of Buxar India Company got the revenue of Bengal, the English Bast right to t Bihar and Orissa (now Odisha)CThe Company needed money to purchase goods in India, and-export them to run the administration, to maintain an, army, and to fund thé numerous wars that they fought, both in India and abroad) All, along, the only aim of the Company was to make as miu possible. Since land evenue was the mai f income, 7 as follows, its timely colle the Company When Warren Hastings was the Gov General, the Company gave the ri revenue from ction was ve an area to the fou : idder, tit this"system failed/as bids were made fo an amount much moe than what the Tange could actually producg) So the got the full amount, The varied from one ye, instability of Company never bidding a Int also. ‘ar to another, resulting inar ig inan income for the Com smoothen the re “ollection mechanism, the Company brought about some changes. They introduced three To venue new revenue the Permanent ‘alwari system and the Ryotwa “ucly the main features of each of them, coll the M, Permanent Settlement (1793) Vo ensure a re ular income, 2 mpany fix the land revenue of Bengal and Bihar permanent basis, luced in 1793 by e known as the n features were decided to ona This scheme was int Lord Cornwallis and came. Permanent Settlement, Its me “Li (The rev enue to 7 collected from an area as fixed permanently with no scope of a revision later) Hpeiad) A 2 {The local nindar,was asked to collect the “Tevenue from the QecaK. Every yeat he had to pay the fixed amount by a certain date/ If he was able to collect more revenue from the land, he could keep the surplus — amount {ut if he could not pay the stipulated Bh? GrLi pugth (We Gt amount, he would fese his zamindari rights). revem z ing to the fertility of The li be given to another the soil, 7 gamindar__ ‘The system of fixing the revenue in advance was extremely advantageous fo the Company. Tt ensured them a fixed and regular income without the trouble of collecting it from each peasant. It also created a new social class of landlords, who were loyal to the British. The peasants, however, suffered terribly under this system. They had to pay a very high revenue and could be evicted if they failed to ‘do-so. The zamindars were not interested in investing money to improve the productivity of the land. So while production declined, the revenue demands of the zamindar went up. To pay the revenue, the peasant was often forced to borrow money from the moneylender. Once in debt, the peasant found it difficult to get out. Giiinilandlanswer> Why were the zamindars not interested in investing money to improve the fertility of the soil? Mahalw em fil Zhe Mahalwari system was introduced in . Uttar Pradesh, parts of fadhya Pradesh and Punjab. In these areas, nd_was commonly owned by a group of villages, called ‘mahals’ sk of collecting fhe revenue and paying it to the Company was given fo the headma h mahal Also,‘the revenue demand was not fixed permanently, but could be revised periodically. 7 = Ryotwari system The Ryotwari system was devised by Thomas Munro, It was introduced in parts of the Madras and Bombay presidencies Under ee Company mgde revenue settlement Girality with the *ryotof peasant) The farmer Was Fecognized as the owner of ane Iso long as he paid the land revenue. i) fo/VAywprct fThe land revenue settlementsfintroduced by the Companyfimipoverished the peasant] Land now became a saleable commodity which could be bought, sold or mortgage: Role of Christian missionaries The interference of the Christian missionaries in 2@| tae the socio-religious life of the tribals also added to their misery. The tribals resented the activities of the missionaries and looked upon them asa threat to their religion. Tribal chiefs The tribal chief importance. Beford the) arrival of the ish, they enjoyed jer the British, and be had to appease their British masters a: as control their own people they also follow_the laws made by the British and pay them tributes. This infuriated the tribals authority TRIBAL REVOLTS There were many tribal revolts during the nineteenth century. The main cause was the disruption in the traditional way of life of the tribals. The Kol rebellion of 1831-32 and the Santhal rebellion of 1855 were major rebellions. The Oraons under the leadership of Jatra Oraon also rebelled. The most widespread and long lasting protest, however, was that of the Mundas, Munda rebellion The Munda rebellion was one of the most Birsa Munda powerful tribal revolts of the late nineteenth century. Concentrated in the Chotanagpur region, it was led by Birsa Munda. The ‘ulgulan’ or the ‘Great Tumult’ as it came to be called, aimed at driving out the British and their agents and establishing ‘Munda Raj’. Birsa Munda wanted to bring back the ‘golden age’ of the Mundas. He wanted to free his people from same mere agents of the British. They//*the oppression of the traders, moneylenders, zamindars and the British. He asked the tribals to forcefully take back the land that the British had taken away from them. The movement launched by Birsa Munda was also a social movement. It aimed at reforming the tribal society. Birsa wanted people to give up practices that he considered evil such as drinking liquor, performing animal sacrifices, worship of evil spirits and leading a dishonest life. He was also against the Christian missionaries who interfered in the traditional culture of the tribals. The British came down heavily against the rebellion. They arrested Birsa in 1895 and imprisoned him. He died soon after. The movement fizzled out after this, though sporadic protests continued, To Sum Up + There were many tribal groups in India. They had a distinct cultur * The tribals were totally dependent on the forest. The and practised shifting cultivation, Later, some tribals British rule changed the way of life of the tribals. May the changes in the forest laws. They were against the + In the nineteenth century, many tribals revolted. The ret widespread. It was led by Birsa Munda, The Munda mover of their own, 'Y gathered forest Produce, hunted animals took to settled agriculture. ny of them lost their land. They also resisted moneylenders and the Christian missionaries. bellion by the Munk \das was the most Ment was against the Bri i agents in india it also almed at reforming the tribal society, Seinst the British and their Eaeaataitihitacanss "4Time to Learn A. Tick (V) the correct answers. This tribal group inhabited the Chotanagpur region. a. Balgas b. Oraons” & Khasis 4. Nagas The tribals living in 2. North India and North-east practised jhoom cultivation. «Central 4. South and . bargaining, selling ¢. eating, drinking b. West . Most tribals lived by _ ‘a. buying, selling The forest produce. 4. hupte, gathering rebellion of 1831-32 was a major tribal rebellion against the British ey a. Santhal b. Munda «kor 4. Gond 5. This means ‘Great Tumult” and it almed at driving out the British from the Chotanagpur region. 2. ulgan . ulugan © gulal @. ulgulan . Give short answers for the following questions. . Name some tribal groups of India, Write three fe °s of tribal, What do you understand by shifting cultivation? . How did the British dispossess the tribals of their land? What was its impact on the tribals? “The tribals were often caught in the cycle of debt’ Explain. . Give long answers for the following questions. . The tribals were ‘people of the forest’. Explain this statement. What were the grievances of the tribals against the British? . Discuss the role of tribal chiefs under the British. 2 3 4 5. 8 1 2 3 4 c 1 2 3 4. Why were the British able to suppress the tribal uprisings easily? 5. Besides revolting against the British rule, Birsa Munda also wanted to revive the tribal society. Why? Time to Do Enrichment Activities" D. A Class Project india is home to many tribal communities. Choose any two tribal communities, preferably from two different geographical regions, and make a project. You can include the following points to make your project interesting. ‘¢ Aap of their geographical location + Their main festivals» Their language + Their current population ‘© Their music and dance» The food habits E. Like Birsa Munda, Alluri Sita Rama Raju united the tribals to fight against the British in Andhra Pradesh. As an awestruck journalist, write a newspaper report highlighting the similarities and dissimilarities between the two, You can surf the fllowing site for help the + rsgrinjshois2 HM diy Aad Linden Lr Landy Az High xownue dyn aid kige No wrk LAV) Ye no Bata ae hs +3 mn gon sf? wn Lidbtion i Wn De Meadhdlonas 1 ae| i i f fter strengthening, its position in India, the English East India Company began to treat India as a colony and started exploiting it. In this lesson we will study the impact of British policies, particularly on Indian textiles Popularity of Indian textiles In the pre-British days, India had a flourishing rural economy. Among other things, India was famous for the fine quality of its cotton and silk textiles, It was the largest producer of cotton textiles in the world. European trading ‘companies came to India to buy Indian textiles, which they later sold in the European and ‘American markets for a huge profit. Since this trade was very profitable, the Mughal emperors encouraged the arrival of the European trading companies. DECLINE OF INDIAN TEXTILES You will be surprised to know that despite the growing popularity of Indian textiles, the fundamentals of the industry were not stron, By the late eighteenth century, the textile industry of India had declined considerably ice] fh tinge because of a reduction in demand.(Weavets, spinners, dyers, printers ry had begun to I with the industry traditional occupations. Many reasons were responsible for this decline. The uproar in England Indian textiles were in great demand in England. This was a matter ofeoncern for British cloth manufacturers. They began to put pressure on their government to ban the jmport of Indian textiles. So in 1720 he govéitthdnt i Britain passed the Calico ‘et which banned the import of printed soton cloth into England. The-British-gossément also imposed high duties on other Indian cloth coming into Britain) This meant that the Indian | cloth that reached England was more expensive than the locally produced cloth. The demand for Indian cloth decreased and the industry suffered in India, Lp Udeuyi Beginning of the Industrial Revolution The industrial Revolution revolutionized the textile ndustry in Britain, Cloth began to be made; on machines, This made it cheaper thanclath nate HY handy (Ihe Indian trattsmen, who made cloth By’haind, had to compete wi d i, had to compete with the machine-made cloth of BrtthY indian-testiles als osOut.to British textiles on the issue of price the European nd American markets, engal The conquest of ntually the whole of India market for manufactured $ from Britain. The Industrial Revolution @ conquest of B, Bengal and eve opened up a va teitilewas already in full swing and Britain began to dump its finished textiles in India. India, once the world’s leading exporter, was now forced to become an importer. The British began to folie the policy of ‘one way free trade’.(This /19/7/ ticy _that British textiles coming into India i nol pay any duly wile Indian ets sent to England had to pay prohibitive duties, This, along with the fact that British cotton cloth was manufactured on machines, made it much cheaper than Indian textiles /S0 Indian tertile prod ers were thrown out of business Today, if you want to bring some goods into India from another country, you have to pay customs duty on these goods. Why. does the Indian government charge this duty? As(the British went abgut conquering one Indian territory after artati@r,the native rulers, nobles, landlords and others who patronized the craftsmen lost their powey(/As a result, there was a sudden slide in demand (this 168s of patronage was a severe blow particularly to those weavers who produced expensive like brocades tiles Impact he dectine of Indian handicrafts transformed India into an exporte? of rdw materials and an importer of British manufactured goods, These / goods entered the Indian market virtually free while Indian goods were kept out of Britain’s markets. British cotton cloth flooded the Indian markets. Many weavers and spinners became jobless. De-urbanization With the decline of the textile industry, there was large-scale de-urbanization. The main centres of the textile industry in the late eighteenth century such as ¢ Murshidabad and Dacca in the east, ¢ Patan, Ahmedabad and Surat in the west; + Lucknow, Jaipur and Benaras (now Varanasi) in the north, and Sin Printed cotton cloth (chintz) from Masulipatnam ¢ Petaboli, Masulipatnam and Madras in the south, became deserted. Increased pressure on land The change resulted in increased pressure on agriculture. For generations, weavers and spinners had been practising their craft. They did not possess any other skill. So once they were jobless, they became agricultural labourers. Since modern machine-based industries developed late in India, they could not get absorbed in factories. As a result, there was large-scale under- employment in agriculture. Sid GROWTH OF MODERN INDUSTRIES(« nh You have already read that Britain wanted +/j7°/; India to remain a colony so that it could be exploited for the enrichment of the mother country. However, despite the reluctance of the British to start m os ydern industries in India, the process of induStrialization started in India from the 1850s) Most mills were set up by wealthy Indian businessmen. 2 Cotton textiles [The first cotton textile mill 7 Y : set up in Bombay in 1854 by Cowasjee “Nanabhai. Bombay was an ideal centre for setting up mills as it had easy access to raw -cotian, which was grown in the black soil region of western India. By 1900, nearly 100 mills were operating in Bombay. Later many more mills were set up, especially in Ahmedabad and Kanpur. Most of the cotton mills were owned by Indians. Many weavers and spinners, who had lost their source of livelihood due to the Uke)decline of the handicraft industries, began to work in these mills [Discuss] Suppose one of your relatives wants to set up a cotton textile mill. What factors should he consider regarding the location of the mill? Iron and steel The iron and steel industry started developing around the early twentieth century. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TIScO) was set up at Sakshi (now Jamshedpur) by Jamshetji Tata. By 1912, it became fully operational. Soon, many iron and steel factories were set up in Bengal and Mysore. The development of the iron and steel industry helped in the growth of engineering industries. Other industries The jute industry was concentrated in Bengal. Most jute mills were owned by the British. Coal mining started in a big way from the mid-nineteenth century. The coal mines of Bihar, Bengal and Odisha supplied coal for use in railways, other industries and for smelting iron-ore to make steel. Other industries that received a spurt of Tanti weavers of Bengal, a painting by Baltazard Solvyns, 17905 growth during this period were sugar, cemeny, = per, matches and. glass. o sol 4 Progress of industries C j dicfvas very slow | h ruleJNo stepson | industries, development a : ed on foreign good ‘and the import duty levied on foreign goods was very low( Thus fdigenous goods had face stiff competition from the mad British woods) heey during the period of | the First World War (1914-1918), when British: jindustries v 1g the demands o the military, that industries in India rec j fajor orders, both from. the domestic and export market, 2-27 a | ~ Most industries in’ India were owned by the British who utilized the profits for the development of their own native land, There “was also no effort to develop industries in India in a uniform and sustained manner. While | sporadic progress was witnessed in some areas, other regions remained largely backward. Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the greatest leaders. of India, wrote in his book Poverty and Lin-British Rule in India that throughout the British rule, there was a continuous drain of wealth from India to Great Britain. This drain of wealth took many forms, one of them being the profits | earned by the British-owned industries in India. During the early twentieth century, an important agenda before the nationalist leaders ‘The peculiar kind of si | Brown in Bengal, f & me liised tobe | a __ the population fallen from 150, (oe Aad, haswas the popularization of cloth produced in India, Mahatma Gandhi, in particular, asked the people to boycott British cloth and use hand-woven cloth instead. This was an attempt to revive the dying textile industry in India. During the course of the national movement also, the British were forced to give some protection to Indian industries, After India became independent, industrial development was one of the top priorities for the Indian government, Jamshetj Tata Dadabhai Naorojt To Sum Up ‘© The textile industry of India entered a period of decline from the late eighteenth century. This was due to several factors—high duties imposed on Indian textiles coming into Britain; the beginning Of the Industrial Revolution in England; and the vast market that opened up for British goods after the British conquest of Bengal. The British converted India into an exporter of raw materials and an importer of British goods. There was large-scale de-urbanization in India and an increased pressure on land, ‘* Some industries developed in India from the 1850s. Many cotton textile mills were set up. The iron and steel industry also developed. However, industrial expansion in pre-independent India remained slow. Time to Learn A. Tick (Y) the correct answers. 1. By the late eighteenth century, the industry of India had dectined considerably 2. shipbuilding. iron and steel «tex 4. automobile 2. This act was passed in Britain to ban the import of printed cotton cloth into England! 2. Cale Act b. No Foreign Cloth Act. Anti-Cloth Act 4. Cotton Act 2. The conquest of opened up a vast market for British manufactured goods, 2. Petaboli ». Bengar~ «. Punjab a. Avwadh in the north and in the east became deserted. 2. Dacca, Masulipatnam « Murshidabad, Dacca b. Luckpdi, Dacca 4. Surat, Dacea 5. Dadabhai Naoroji wrote about India's drain of wealth in the book - a. Poverty in India. «& Poverty and Un-Brth Rule in India, ». Poverty and British Rule in India 4. Poverty of British Rule in India 8, Give one-word answers for the following questions. 5 1 Who eneouraged the arial of European trading companies nda? Qluaayh 2 Which revolution led cloth to be made on machines in Britain? Sndubuart Kor,ils? 3. Which Indian city was an ideal centre for setting up textile m' 4. In which year did TIsco become fully operational? .d-woven cloth? 5. Who asked Indians to boycott British cloth and use hand-woven rs” 2 biwiee it Up pyntie pr ie bre, YELL C. Gi ae 1 rGagond for ee lowing, 7) > buy Wee = a Me whl, Tie AY Aradinl com Be og, ee ise BO IES 7 Cel Page £16 We RIC Ieke asataie Gost Mottvmade/in D. Give short answers for the following questions. ce i tiles? 2 = ‘What did the British government do to discourage the Re Incign text ? How did the Industrial Revolution impact the Indian textiles?“ 7 A 5 eo a Y How did the policy of “one way Tee trade” contribute to the decline of the India textile industry? 3 3 : ot ‘4. When did industrial development begin in India? Write a note on the development of cotton textile mills in British India.? 5. Why was industrial development in India slow and erratic? TO MEET a E. Give long answers for, the fpllowing questions, onan Lo Oe ied Hoan texts 2 Meoy Ford a 41. Discuss (1863-1947) was an American 2. Explain how Indian craftsmen lost out both in the foreign industrialist. He developed as well as the domestic market.) / the Model T car. He also” 3. What was the impact of ecline of the industry in India?’ popularized the assembly i 4, Write a short note on the progress of industries in British India, method of mass producti 5. ‘Industrial Revolution brought the world closer through increased : trade and better transportation. However, it did not create equal relationships between nations. Justify the statement. 6. According to some early Indian nationalists, ‘Investment of foreign capital in India was the biggest hindrance to the country’s industrial development’ Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons to support your argument. Time to Do Enrichment Adivilie F. The British introduced railways in 1853. The first ti transportation and communication was the official rea the railway lines served as vehicles taking the British exploitation of the country’s riches. As a journalist yo report exposing the true reason behind the introduct ran from Bombay to Thane. Easy | son cited by the British, in reality, howeveh | colonizers to the interiors of India for e257 ‘orking for a nationalist newspaper, write @ ion of railways in India. G. Read Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens as it depicts life in & It was very common for families (in those time: ambience by reading portions of Oliver Twist al *) to read and during the Industrial Revolt aloud to each ot! ‘that 3 loud to the Class, plated H. You live ina village in late nineteenth century Bengal Your father risa spins yarn. Get into groups of four and write what ag er : Weaver yur mothe Af the tavtile : CUSSTOnS tale a NET ane YOU2@ B; the mid-nineteenth century, the British hhad established themselves as the supreme political power in India. A large part of India was under direct British administration. Other areas were under indirect British control as the rulers of these areas acknowledged British supremacy. The Mughal Empire existed only in name as the emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, had neither territory nor power. You have read in Lesson 2 that the Battle of Plassey was the first major British victory in India. After that, the British slowly conquered the whole of India and began to systematically exploit it. Nearly 100 years of British presence in India had made all sections of Indian society very unhappy. The rulers resisted the annexation of their territories. The noblemen were angered by the loss of their zamindaris. The peasants hated the exploitative system of revenue collection. The tribal people feared a threat to their livelihood. The craftsmen were against the new economic policies which suddenly exposed them to competition with goods from abroad. Even the sepoys, the backbone of the British army, were unhappy as they were treated unfairly by the British officers. The different sections of society expressed their anger through protests and revolts. Between 1757 and 1856, there were numerous revolts in different parts of the country. These protests, however, were largely localized. Hence the British suppressed them easily. CAUSES OF THE UPRISING The biggest challenge to British authoritf came in 1857. In this year, the people of India Tose up against them. The uprising was ® culmination of the accumulated grievances the people against the tyrannical British rule. Lip conomic caused AD) Te mai Cause of popular discontent was th Tran Policy of economically exploiting Ind Tis affected all sections of society. Ne Peasant suffered due thTha fUunO, onthe be enue pp MeaveSoeive sie ey collect ‘The British took away a large part of his produce. Most often, the peasant and his family starved. Even when crops failed, he was forced to pay the land revenue, He often borrowed money from the moneylender to pay it. Ife was unable to pay back the loan, the moneylender took away his land. Once rendered landless, the peasant found it even more difficult to survive. ¢ Artisans and craftsmen were ruined by unfair Competition, In Britain, goods were Ap fhe mansfactured on machines. Hence they scfig were cheaper to produce. But the Indian YAM cratemen made goods by hand. These “7M cost more than machine-made goods. Thus machine-made goods from Britain were iii. imported into India without any duty being —ugmevied on them. People preferred to buy [1 these goods as they were much cheaper. So, the traditional handicraft industry of India was ruined. 7 vy «(fhe old ruling Classes were displaced by the British./Due to the withdrawal of royal patronage, people who earned a living by following religious and cultural professions, like priests, poets and musicians, fost their source of livelihood. political causés | Gon (ihe British policy of annexing territories/led to the displacement of the ruling classes, The dynasty of the Mughals was all but gone he rulers whp accepted the terms of the Subsidiary Alliancé (referterbesson-2) lost their independence) Their armies were disbanded and they became dependent on the Company for all their needs [The siyict enforcement of the policy of Doctrine of Lapseagain, refer to Lesson 2) turned Rani Lakshmi Bai against the British. She led the revolt in Jhansi. [RG&IP> Who devised the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse? 7 Awadh You have read in Lesson 2 that Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856. The annexation was greatly resented since the nawabs of Awadh had always been loyal to the British. The annexation was seen as an act of betrayal and back-stabbing by the British. It deeply hurt the sentiments of the people, particularly the sepoys, because most of them were from Awadh. Lord Dalhousie Social causes . fil ‘The British passed laws(banning ‘sati’ and legalising widow remarriagg (see Lesson 8). Women wee ericouraged to take up western education] Some sections of Indian society, however, looked at these measures with suspicion. They interpreted them as examples of interference in the country’s social customs. ‘The social discrimination faced by she people 7 =~ due to the British attitude of/facial SE”? Lins also led to much resentment. For example, Indians were not allowed to travel in first class compartments in trains (the railways had been. introduced in India in 1853). Educated Indians were denied promotions. 0 ese a high oe WE BS tne came, the educated Indians turned against the British. Religious causes A major cause of the up! among the people that the Company wanted to convert all Indians to Christianity. The Christian missionaries were very active at this time. As many natives converted to Christianity, these conversions were taken as proof of this fear. Further, a law passed in 1850 allowed a Christian convert to inherit ancestral sing was the fear nity 24The sepoys property. This lent further support to this mass fear. The belief that their religion was under threat united all sections of society ag; the British. Military causes Indian soldiers or ‘sepoys’ formed the bulk of the Company’s army in India. As they were a part of society, they too suffered the consequences of oppressive British rule. The annexation of Awadh angered them great ‘They were also influenced by the fear that their religion was under threat. Besides, they had other grievances. \ 1 sepoys were paid much less than the “British soldierg! They were also treated LA _ ‘We make a grand mistake in suppc | because we dress, arm and drill Hindustani "soldiers as Europeans, they become one bit European in their feelings and ideas. | see - them on parade for two hours daily, but what do | know of them for the other 22? What do | they talk about in their lines, what do they plot?.... at the present moment an unusual agitation is pervading the ranks of the entire native army, but what it will exactly result in, | am afraid to say. | can detect the near approach of the storm... but | can’t say how, “ —A British officer, April 1857 | | 1 _ when or where it will break forth’ | unfairly by their British officers. A Britis wrote ‘The sepoy is [regarded as} aa inferior creature, Heis sworn at, Hes trata roughly. He is spoken of as nigger, He addressed as suar oF pig... The younger men seem to regard it as an excellent joke, as an evidence of spitit and a praiseworthy sense of superiority over the sepoy to treat im a a ipleron animal. ¢ All high posts in the army were reserved for the British) Hence, the scope of promotion for a sepoy was very limited. No Indian could rise higher than a subedar, efthe sepoys were not allowed to wear caste and religious marks! 134 , (An act was passed that rear the new: eas) if needed. The Hindu sepoys resented this as according to a popular belief, travel across the sea led to recruits to travel ove loss of caste ol which the sepoys got when they were ¢ foreign service allowance sent to fight outside the country, w continued, Immediate cause ‘There was widespread discontentment against the British rule, By 1857, the stage was set for a massive outbreak. Only a spark was needed to set the country ablaze, A rifle cartridge provided that spark. Greased cartridges incident (A new rille had been introduced in the army at this time: It was called the Enfield title or the Enfield= Pritchett rifle) as Enfield (which is in England) was the place where it was manufactured and Pritchett was the person who had designed its bullet. The cartridges of this rifle were covered with a greased paper wrappeif Te! Spey had to bite off the greased wrapPe! before loading the cattrid of gunpowder and n an iron ball) into the rifle, (which consisted |(Sows spread that the grease was made from the fat of cows and pigs. Hindus consider the cow sacred. They neither ill it nor do they: eat beef, Muslims consider the pig dirty and do not eat pork|/Hence, sepoys af both 4 communities were enraged at such disrespect shown for their religious sentiments/ They felt that it was an attempt to make them outcast BEGINNING OF THE UPRISING. The first soldier to protest against the new idges was Mangal Pandey, He was a sepoy in the 5th Company of the 34th Native Infantry Regiment, stationed at Barrackpore. On 29 March 1857, he fired at his British commander and asked the other sepoys to join him to end the rule of the Company. He was, however, soon arrested and hanged on 8 April. (Real) Some years ago, a movie was made on the life of Mangal Pandey. Who played the character of Mangal Pandey? The hanging of Mangal Pandey caused great unrest in army camps across India. On 24 April, 85 sepoys of the 3rd Bengal Light | | | fest [ Af The rebels were emboldened by a prophecy circulating in North India that the British rule would come to an end at the centenary of the Battle of Plassey. A sepoy, Sitaram Pande, wrote ‘Our learned men... told us that the: Company's rule would come to an end in 1857, since this was one hundred years after the Company's first great battle” Cavalry, stationed at Meerut, refused to use the cartridges. On 9 May, they were publicly humiliated, dismissed from service and jailed, This sparked off a mutiny among, the sepoys at Meerut{On 10 May, these soldiers raised the banner of revolt. They killed the British ¢ released the imprisoned sepoys’ seized arms and ammunition, and set fire to British properties.) This was the beginning of the biggest armed resistance since the establishment of Company Raj The sepoys then set off for Delhi. After travelling all night, they reached Delhi the next morning. Here the sepoys belonging to the regiments stationed at Delhi joined them. Main contres of the Rovoltof 1857 Present International Boundary same ) 52Bahadur Shah Zafar The sepoys then took control of Delhi. They declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India and their leader. 3 SPREAD OF THE UPRISING (Erom Meerut and Delhi, the uprising seen Spread to other places in northern and Central India. It was particularly strong in Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Bareilly, Gwalior, Faizabad and Arrahj There were uprisings in other areas also. Even in places where no uprising occurred, unrest prevailed. /APi6&t placés; the civilians also joined the sepoys) Where they actually did not participate, they helped the rebels by giving them food and shelter. 33 Lucknow({n Lucknow, the Residency was the scene of a major battle. On 31 May 1857, the sepoys laid siege to the Residency. The ‘A painting showing a battle between the rebel soldiers and the British, near Lucknow Henry Havelock . British soldiers inside the Residency held on for more than five months. On 23 November, the Residency fell into the hands of the sepoys.) | They held on to it till 16 March 1858) Colin Campbell S Leaders ‘The revolt at various places was led by different leaders. 6 In Delhi, Bakht Khan led the rebel sepoys. ¢ In Kanpur, Nana Sahib proclaimed himself the Peshwa. His troops were led by Tatya Tope and Azimullah, ¢In Lucknow, Begum Hazrat Mahal led the revolt. She was assisted by Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah. ¢ In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai challenged the British authority. ‘Read more Go to rsgr.in/sh0161 and read an inspiring poem on Rani Lakshmi Bai, written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan. ¢ In Bareilly, Khan Bahadur Khan led the rebels, ¢In Arrah and other places in Bihar and | Jharkhand, Kanwar Singh organized and led the revolt. SUPPRESSION OF THE UPRISING By mid-1857 it appeared that the rule of th Company was over, at least in North India. The British, however, soon re-organized and fought back. One by one, they started recapturing th? areas they had lost to the rebel sepoys. Britis! |commanders such as Colin Campbell and Henry Havelock were particularly successful. In September 1857, the British forces re-captured Delhi. This was a big blow to the rebels. Bahadur Shah Zafar was taken prisoner and deported to Rangoon (now Yangon) in Burma (now Myanmar). With this, the rule of the Mughals ended officially. Despite losing Delhi, the rebel soldiers continued to fight. But the British now had the upper hand. Bakht Khan, Rani Lakshmi Ba Khan Bahadur Khan and Kunwar Singh died fighting the British. Nana Sahib and Begum Hazrat Mahal escaped to Nepal and continued the struggle. Tatya Tope was arrested and hanged. So within a year and a half, the British had completely suppressed the uprising The British used terror to prevent another such revolt. The rebels were tied to the mouth of cannons and blown off. Innocent civilians were mercilessly killed on a large scale. Even small children were subjected to inhuman cruelties. Sometimes, entire villages were burnt down and depopulated. WHY DID THE UPRISING FAIL? The Revolt of 1857 was the first big challenge to British rule. It ‘alfhe revolt did inot spread to all parts of the country, Nor was it supported by all groups and sections of society. Many Indian rulers refused to help the rebels. Some were openly hostile to them and helped the British to ppress the revolt of The revolt was nol organized properly. ‘The/) 2 uprisings in different parts of the country / were uncoordinated, ‘The rebels had so proper ideology or progr Ag ¢[The leadership of the movement was wi Most of the leaders fought to liberate their own territories only. No national leader emerged to coordi Lethe movement and give it a purpose and direction. #/The rebels were short of weapons and Yj finances. The Company's army had access to modern weaponry and unlimited funds. 7 NATURE OF THE UPRISING To underplay the importance of the uprising, British historians refer to it as aSepoy Mutiny’, one in which a few sepoys of the English Kast India Company revolted. The facts, however, suggest otherwise. (An uprising as { 5 Jong-lasting and as widespread as this cannot be explai ion that the greased cartridges caused among, the sepoys. The revolt did begin as a mutiny by the sepoys but it was soon supported by people from all sections of sociely. ‘The participation of peasants, iled due to many reasons. Yand artisans made the revolt a widespread and a popular uprising, In some regions, the common people revolted much before the sepoys displayed their rebellious intent./AIl thi shows that it was a popular revolt. 32@ Pe eer ee ee _ went into the Revolt of 1857. In the months _ prior to the outbreak of the uprising, there Bivar roercs of bts ote ed wh Bea eee che oa Ree ages hens vere eared wandering fakirs and sanyasis. Some believed Reis oe ore ea Ee score fel ea Bers nen emie eee uae recta Seer aee ‘The uprising was characterized by Hindu Muslim unity. People of both communities fought together. Unity among different regions also existed. Rebels in one part of the country helped those fighting in other areas. Seeing the spread of the revolt and the participation of people, Indian historians have termed it as the “First War of Independence’. (DWE! Will you term the events of 1857 as just a mutiny by the Company's sepoys or as a ‘war fought by the people of India against the unjust rule of the Company? Justify your view by giving reasons. AFTER THE UPRISING British policies in India underwent major changes after 1858. All these changes were made to strengthen their hold over India and prevent another countrywide uprising, ‘¢ In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an act by which ¢he rule of the English East India’Cbmpany in India came to an end). The Act tyansferred/(all administrative powersyto the'Crown] All UN VU AA ~ hati was captured otra to ood Two cannons spit fire on the British. They were the Bhawani Shankar cannon, operated by Moti Bai and the Kadak Bijli cannon, operated by Ghaus Khan. Bhawani Shankar lal policies concerning India were to be framed | by the government in Britain. The British government accepted direct responsibility for ruling India 4 sanimeavout i Why did the government in Britain want to take away power from the Company? @ By the Act of 1858, a minister of the British Cabinet was appointed to manage affairs in India. He was called the Secretary of State, He was to be assisted by an advisory body | called the India Council. The Secretary fate was responsible to the British | of Parliament # The Act of 1858 also made changes in the functioning of the government in India The Government of India would be headed by the Governor-General. Since he was appointed by the Crown, he was given the tille of Viceroy. He was to be helped by an. Executive Council and a Legislative Council. He would report to the Secretary of State in | England. ‘¢ Queen Victoria assured the rulers of princely states that the government would not annex their territories. Sometimes, they even suppressed the internal revolts to help the rulers stay in power. By stopping all annexations, withdrawing the Doctrine of | Lapse, and rewarding titles and honours to the rulers, the government tried to make them allies. ¢ The Queen promised not to interfere in the social and religious beliefs and | customs of the people. But in the name of non-interference, the government stopped supporting, social reforms. j * The British began to follow the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’. During the uprisings both Hindus and Muslims had fought together. The British disliked this unity: ‘They felt that to strengthen their rule, needed to divide the two communities‘They accused the Muslims of instigating the uprising and began discriminating against them. Changes in the army The army was re-organized to prevent another revolt. The ratio of European soldiers to Indian soldiers was raised. It was fixed at one to two in the Bengal army and two to five in the Bombay and Madras armies. All strategic positions were to be held by European troops. Important divisions, such as the artillery, were totally in the hands of European troops. No Indian could become an officer. The concept of martial and non-martial races was also created. The Sikhs, Pathans and Gurkhas (races which had helped the British to suppress the uprising) were declared martial races. People from these races began to be ‘Queen Victoria recruited in the army in large numbers. People who belonged to the regions where the revolt was strong, such as Awadh, Bihar and Central India, were declared non-martial. They were kept out of the army, ginon Ups To Sum Up # Economic, political, social, religious and military causes were responsible for the Revolt of 1857. ‘The greased cartridges incident was the immediate cause {A large part of North India was affected by the revolt. Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Bareilly, Gwalior, Faizabad and Arrah were the main centres. Some important leaders were Bakht Khan, Nana Sahib, Tatya Tope, Azimullah, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Khan Bahadur Khan and Kunwar Singh ‘The revolt failed to end British rule in India. The major reasons for its failure were—its localized and unorganized nature, weak leadership and lack of weapons and finances. “¢ The Revolt of 1857 began as a sepoy mutiny but soon became a popular revolt. Though the leadership of the revolt was with the sepoys, the movement had the support of the common people. AMM G4 «¢ Many changes were introduced in india affer the suppression of the revolt, he rule of the English ‘ast india Company ended The power to govern India was taken over By the British Pafanent. Fhe Secretary of State in England and the Governor-General (Viceroy) in India became the two imain centres of power. > 7” «¢ The army was re-organized. The concept of martial and non-martial races was introduced. A p= Yb foiiy Yf WALANG D Time to Learn A. Tick (7) the correct answers. 1. This Mughal Emperor had neither territory nor power. 2. Shah Alam 1 6, ahaguf Shah « Bahadur Shah Zafar, Jahandar Shah rb of dolla W2- @ 68@ ( Ys es the laws, the in Inia the Legislature fram Exccutive implements the 1200" and the judiciary interprets them The Legislature is or the| called the Reasons for opting for the Parliamentary system of Government in India India chose the parliamentary government because of the fOF0 iN reas «Being a British colony, India fas influenced by the British parliamentary system of governance. «To give equal representation to the multiph religious and linguistic groups so that they could elect their representatives. «The Executive being responsible to the Parliament, reduces the chances of system of The Indian Parliament consists of the President and the two Houses of Parliament— the (lRUSabHF and the (Rajya SaBHf. The two Houses of Parliament form the The Parliament 3) The Parliam entary System THE PARLIAMENTARY of GOVERNMENT state (President) and the ament (Prime Minister) resident is the nominal rcised by the FEATURES 0 sysTEM the head of the head of the gove are separate. The PI head while all powers are exe Prime Minister ‘There is no clear cut separation of powers be- MMeen the Executive and the LeElslatt™ The Treeutive is responsible to the Leels!ature for its actions. The Lok Sabha is called the Hoasgetine ‘This is because its members are elected directly by the people. The Lok Sabha cannot have ‘more than 352 members. Out of these, 530 members are elected from the states and 20 members are elected from the Union Territories. Seats are alloted to each state on the basis of its population. The President of India can nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he feels that the community is not adequately represented. - ENGIBHW in order to become a member of the Lok Sabha, a ¢ ‘citizen of India. : ‘¢ Not less than 25 wan 25 years of age. - “ candidate can be weed MA le holds an office of profit under the government of Indi ae ia or the government of'; He is of an unsound inind, ‘pHe has acquired the citizenship of another The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a term of five years. If the party in power loses its majority, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha before its term is over. (On the other hand, in case of an emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha can be extended for one year. Elections take place every five years. For the purpose of elections the country is divided into @onstituencies!) A constituency is a geographical area represented by a Member of Parliament. Only one person is elected from each constituency. All citizens above 18 years have the right to vote. People cast their votes through a §€8F@Eballol These days iectroni®’ ROHREMMAcKines are commonly used in elections. You have already read about the lection procedure in Class 7. Can you recall the procedure? Elections in India follow the FE PAs=ERES RBBEclectoral system. It is also called gisnipl@ The fst general election under the new Con- stitution was held in the year 1951-1952. The first elected Parliament came into being in April 1952, Lok Sabha (House of the People) ® Maximum strength—552 members * 530 members —states 20 members—Union Territories 2. members—Angio-Indian community ps @ Maximum strength—250 members ¢ 238 members—states and Union Territories The Lok Sabha is called the Lower House. (FSEEATFOTOHMEIECLGH’ Members of the (platy! In this voting system a single winner Lok Sabha are elected through the @@iiéral’ is chosen in a given constituency by virtue of her/his getting more votes than any other individual representative, However, in a the person or the party that receives more than half of the total votes cast, is declared the winner. After the electoral results are announced, the leader of the party with the maximum number of elected members is invited by the President to form the government. The other parties together form the Gppositiony (GSgqKEE The Members of Parliament elect the @residing|OMicer or the Speake of the Lok Sabha from among, themselves. The Speaker is chosen from the ruling party. He is expected to act in an impartial manner. The Speaker supervises the proceedings and maintains order in the House (GuVEMAVALanKaT WASHOE PARLIAMENT A d eo a Rajya Sabha (Council of States) ; a22 — Saat Find out the name of the present Lok Sabha Speaker. The Council of States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. There can be a maximum of 250 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 238 members represent the states and the Union Territories. Members of the State Legislative Assemblies elect members of the Rajya Sabha. The the Presiding Officer o1 of the Rajya Sabha. e GENGIBINETIn order to become a member of the Rajya Sabha, a candidate must be: + A citizen of India. ¢ Not less than 30 years of age. A candidate can be disqualified if: ¢ He holds any office of profit under the government of India or the government of any state, + He is of an unsound mind, He has acquired the citizenship of another country. QIGHAI The members of the Rajya Sabha are The Rajya Sabha is called the Upper House. lected for a term of six years One-third of its members retire every two years, Thereafter, fresh elections are announced for the seats vacated in the beginning of the third year. The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. Therefore, i is also called the permanent body, The period during which the House meets to condutt its business is ur Constitution empowers the President to summon each House. The Parliament, according to our. Constitution, must meet at least twice a year, There should not be a gap of more than six months between the two sessions. If it so happens then the President has the power to summon either House, ¢ discontinue the meeting of either House, without dissolving it. dissolve the House of the People in consultation with the Prime Minister. Aminimum of one-tenth of the total number of members should be present to transact the business of the Parliament, called a The Parliament performs several functions. Some of them are: The Parliament in sessionduction of new laws nto fete * Money Bills i al control over the government’ pm ent’s ¢ Ordinary Bills Lat over the Executive Constitutional Amendment Bills Cor of information n 1 Org (MGREGIEMIE] Money Bills contain provisions related to tax regulations, regulation of gposetorPoFNewcLciis orrowing of money by the government, sliament can introduce new laws an brine aki) ; the Pa d_ payment to or withdrawal from the Contingency Id ones. A law is first introd range the o is first introduced 6+ the Consoli h a the form of ABA A Dill is the draft of he Consolidated Fund of India. d law. The bills can be broadl 4 propose 4 aQY (QFAGEGNBINS Ordinary Bills are draft tpssifed into three categories. They are proposals for ordinary legislation. FROM BILL TO LAW There are certain stages that a bill has to pass through before it becomes a law. First Reading The person who introduces the bill, delivers a speech to explain the purpose and importance of the bill. Copies of the bill are distributed among all members. Second Reading The bill is discussed in detail. Those who are in favour give their arguments stating why it is necessary. Those who oppose it point out its weaknesses. Members can suggest changes which may or may not be accepted. Sometimes, the bill is sent to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee for further discussion. A Select Committee is a special body which consists of members of the House where the bill has originated. A Joint Committee consists of members of both the Houses of the Parliament. Third Reading In this stage, the final form of the bill is put before the House. Final discussion takes place and the bill is put to vote. if more than 50 per cent of the members vote in favour, the bill is passed. Next the bill is sent to the other House where it goes through the same procedure. The other House may pass the bill or may send it back with some suggestions. Joint sitting A situation of deadlock arises if a bill is returned by the other House with some suggestions but the House where it originated does not accept those suggestions. The President then summons a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament. Such a joint sitting is presided over by the Speaker. The decision at the joint sitting is taken by a majority of the total number of members of both the Houses of Parliament present and voting. I, it is sent to the President for approval. The President ‘end the bill back. However, the Parliament may or may bill back to the President. In such a case, the President ‘Once both the Houses pass the bil Tay also suggest some changes and 5 "Not accept these changes and send the has to sign the bill. After this, the bill becomes a law. Money Bill ‘The procedure for a Money Bill is 2 Ii Lok Sabha only. Unlike other bills, the Ra} ttle different. A Money Bill can be introduced in the ya Sabha has to return it within 14 days from the day it receives the bill. If the Money Bill is not returned by the fale Sabha within 14 days, it : deemed to be passed by both the Houses. Again, ifthe Raye Sabha suggests changes in the bill, _ Its not binging upon the Lok Sabha to accept them. The Lok Sabha ths, hes an upper aaa 56 of a Money Bill. There is no provision of a joint sitting in case of a Money Bill.(EC orstiRatTONaTATHIERaATIEREBHS Constitutional ‘Amendment Bills deal with the amendment of cour Constitution. They can be introduced in ether House of Parliament. (Aingfelal Contronover the’ Government'sincome The Parliament exercises control over the government's income and expenditure. The Parliament provides ways and means to raise s that the revenue required, and also ens! the money so granted has been spent for the authorized purposes. The Parliament thus exercises financial control over the government through the Budget, the Consolidated Fund of India, grants and Contingency Fund. §BUEEEE The government places its annual financial statement or the budget before the Parliament. The budget shows the income of the government in detail and how the money will be spent during a particular year. Who presents the annual budget before the Parliament? isters and their work. Members of Parliament have the right to question the ministers about the ~ During, theZ@EATBHA) which starts immediately after the Question Hour, the members can raise issues of public interest, If the memborg are not satisfied with the functioning of the government, the Lok Sabha can pass a vote to remove the government from power. The Parliament works as an organ of nformation. Members of Parliament can call for any information except that which may threaten the security of the country. The information provided by the Parliament is truthful and precise. This information is collated not only through debates but also through the specific medium of ‘questions’ to ministers. Thus, the Parliament is not just a law-making body, but also a multi-functional institution. The President of India is the head of the State, He is elected by an electoral college which consists of the elected members of both the Houses of Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies of the states and Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. The President is elected for a term of five years. policies and programmes of the government, @ENSIII, This is usually done in the @uestionsi16U% Pratibha Devisingh Patil—the first woman President of India, In order to be elected President, the candidate must be: * A citizen of India. * Above 35 years of age. * Not holding any office of profit under the central, state or local governments, Salary eriatANewanees” he President draws a salary of €5 lakh per month. He is entitled to other allowances as permissible by law in force from time wo time. The salary and the allowance cannot be reduced dui ing, the President's term of office.Fils bing won th Oreaert imstances. During one such debate in _ ~Treent ministerial advice in all cases gq 2322 = the Constituent Assembly, Or Rajendra pracage = thee was no specif provision in the anata ee 3 accept the advice of the ministers, he hoped that we | "4 ic f T "their advice” 'e ministers, neither can he act without: In the course of the debate, Jawaharlal Nehru said, "4 make the President just a figurehead like the French’P, real power but have made his position one of great auth _ meant ‘legal powers’. rior to 1976, there was no titutional provi 7 ae BE wcaiance wih these gem the ose ee 2 ‘ouncil of Ministers, The 42nd Amendment Act sident. * article 74(2), so amended, states, ‘There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his. | functions, act in accordance with such advice’ The word ‘shall’ makes it necessary for the the Constitution. However, if the President asks the Council of Ministers to reconsider its ed- ~ vice on a particular case, and if the Council of Ministers stl insists on the previous advice, the it ssuSRAERES when the Parli ession. An ordinance has and force as the parliamentary law. effective for six months only. The has to be validated by the Parl weeks of its reassembly The powers of the President are discussed Under the following heads. The President can summon or suspend the Parliament. He has the Power to dissolve the Lok Sabha in consultation ne With the Prime Minister. He can address either nt together. power to appoint House or by ; se or both Houses of Parliame' P ass 's the leader of the majo The President addresses a joint sitting of both ¢ the te cot é eginning of the Prime Minist ‘uses of Parliament at the be Bist session @ the Governors of states. election to the of the first : after each gener Sk Sabha, and at the beginning Sssion of each year. The President can alsohe 2s the power —— ce the sentence of a PORE cooviced of any offence He can alo pardon death sentence. ‘Eimear The ennwe! budget is placed before the Parliament in the name of the Presidext. No Money Bill can be introduced im the Pari less recommended by the President In case of any unforeseen expenditure, the President can grant an advance from The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces of India. He has the power to declare war and conclude peace. He appoints the Chiefs of the Army Navy and the Air Force. : Diplomatic powers The President represents indiz at international forums and receives ambassadors. The President appoints the “Ambaseadors and the High Commissioners ty ther countries AIL international treaties ane agreements ane concluded in his name, The President has certain special powers to deat with emengeney tuations He can impose emergency ¢ incase of an external aggression or a rebellion. 2 the constitutional machinery of a state breaks down ¢ if there is a threat to the financial stability of armed the country When a state faces the breakdown of constitutional machinery, the President takes over the rule of the state, This is called President's Rule: The President is the his powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministersy But the President's position is one of authority and prestige. The President can be removed from offi fon grounds of violating the Constitution. The process of removing the President from office 's calleig@mpeachmenty ‘The Prime Minister is the head of the majority Party, He is also the leader of the Lok Sabha: ‘The President acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the link betwee the President and the Legislature, He is also Responsible for the effective fun government oninng of the € Councit of sinistors! Th ‘ouncil of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions, The President acts in accordance with such advice, TheTanda PY Naina jekhar RO Gonde Council of Ministers is divided into: # Cabinet Ministers @ Ministers of State (Independ Ministers of State The fold the highest rank and take important decisions. TRey head different portfolios or departments of the central government like finance and defence, Ministers of State have to abice PY the decisions made by the Cabinet. lent charge) CBgIBIHEG To be eligible for appointment a8 @ ‘a member of either minister, a person must be Ho ewe nder Kumar “Guia pa Manmohan ‘ipa Sh Parliament. However, @ person who ‘can be appointed for has to oblain membership House of is not a member six months. But he of either House during this time of the Council of ‘The Prime Minister isthe head Ministers. The Council wor! under the Prime Minister as a team. Itis ‘ple to the Parliament for any and ig answeral srecision taken by it, Ha vote of no-contidence js passed against the government, the Council ‘of Ministers has ¢ 0 resign To Sum Up Parliament—the Lol functor ne ministers @ There are two Houses of The Parliament performs many government, keeps a check on ul © flaw is introduced as 2 bill. The bills cat the Constitutional ‘Amendment Bills. © The President is the nominal head of th financial, military, diplomatic and emergency Ps © The Prime Minister heads the ‘council of Minis responsibility to the Parliament: k Sabha and the Ral ns. It formulates Ia ‘and serves a5 1 be brow e State. The Presi ower’. ters. The CO! ya Sabha. trols the finances of the fan of information. rdinary Bills and ws, con an ofg: aly classified as—Money Bis oO cent has legislative, executive, judicial wuncil of Ministers holds collective 2Time fo Learn ApTick (/Pthe correct answers. |. Which organ of the government frames the laws? a luiciany b Executive e President =. Le 2. How many times at least should the Parliament meet in 2 year? a Once a Twice ¢ Thrice ¢. Four times 3 Who among the following is not appointed by the President of India? & Chief tinster__b. Chairman of UPSC_« Governor 4 Who is the head of the majority party? ‘& Council of Ministers b. Chief Minister «Prime Minister ¢. President B. Give short answers for the following questions. 1. Why did India opt for parliamentary system of government? 2 Describe the composition of the Rajya Sabha ‘& Distinguish between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. 4 What do you understand by col lective responsibility of the Co Give long answers for the following questions 2. Discuss in detail the functions of the Parliament What is the diff Define—conseit tuency, session, Question Hot Hour and Pre Describe the executive and the emergency powers o 2 x a & Why do people cast th: rercictr Sow ad Ee eRe Pe trod, For more errichmert actvties go to page 235