CHAP. 20, DIV.
II
2010.1.9
2011.4
nominal bolt diameter. In built-up compression members, the
pitch in the direction of stress shall be such that the allowable
stress on the individual outside sheets and shapes treated as col-
umns having a length equal to the rivet or bolt pitch exceeds the
calculated stress. The gage at right angles to the direction of stress
shall be such that the allowable stress in the outside sheets, calcu-
lated from Specification 9 of Table 20-I-C exceeds the calculated
stress. In this case the width, b, may be taken as 0.8s where s is the
gage in inches (mm).
2010.1.10 Stitch rivets and bolts. Where two or more web
plates are in contact, there shall be stitch rivets or bolts to make
them act in unison. In compression members, the pitch and gage of
such rivets or bolts shall be determined as outlined in paragraph 9.
In tension members, the maximum pitch or gage of such rivets or
bolts shall not exceed a distance, in inches, equal to (3 + 20t) in
which t is the thickness of the outside plates, in inches (mm).
2010.1.11 Edge distance of rivets or bolts. The distance from
the center of rivet or bolt under computed stress to the edge of the
sheet or shape toward which the pressure is directed shall be twice
the nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt. When a shorter edge
distance is used, the allowable bearing stress as determined by
Table 20-I-C shall be reduced by the ratio: actual edge
distance/twice rivet or bolt diameter. The edge distance shall not
be less than 1.5 times the rivet or bolt diameter to sheared, sawed,
rolled or planed edges.
2010.1.12 Blind rivets. Blind rivets may be used only when the
grip lengths and rivethole tolerances are as recommended by the
respective manufacturers.
2010.1.13 Hollow-end rivets. If hollow-end rivets with solid
cross sections for a portion of the length are used, the strength of
these rivets may be taken equal to the strength of solid rivets of the
same material, provided that the bottom of the cavity is at least
25 percent of the rivet diameter from the plane of shear as
measured toward the hollow end; and, further, provided that they
are used in locations where they will not be subjected to apprecia-
ble tensile stresses.
2010.1.14 Lock bolts. Lock bolts may be used when installed in
conformance with the lock bolt manufacturer’s recommended
practices and provided the body diameter and bearing areas under
the head and nut, or their equivalent, are not less than those of a
conventional nut and bolt.
2010.2 Thread Forming (Tapping) Screws and Metal Stitch-
ing Staples. If joints carrying calculated loads are to be made
with thread-forming screws or metal stitches, allowable strength
values for these connections shall be established on the basis of
specific acceptable tests.
2010.3 Fasteners for Structural Formed Sheet Roofing and
Siding.
2010.3.1 General. Fasteners shall have tensile and tensile an-
chorage strengths in resisting back loads, or uplift, in excess of the
strength of the connection between fastener and sheet.
2010.3.2 Allowable loads for fasteners. The allowable tensile
load per fastener shall be:
Pt = (1/2.2) × (minimum strength of connection between fas-
tener and sheet).
2010.3.3 Allowable loads for specific fasteners. The allowable
loads for the specific fasteners listed, expressed in pounds (N),
shall be used unless other allowable loads can be justified. Allow-
able loads for fasteners not listed shall be based on the results of
2–196
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
tests and shall comply with the provisions of Sections 2010.3.1
and 2010.3.2 above.
1. No. 14 stainless steel alloy self-tapping screws, hex head,
cadmium plated, with composite aluminum-neoprene washer, the
aluminum portion of which has minimum dimensions of
0.050-inch (1.27 mm) thickness and 5/8-inch (16 mm) OD, or with
a stainless steel neoprene washer, the stainless steel portion of
which has minimum dimensions of 0.038-inch (0.965 mm) (No.
20 gage) thickness and 5/8-inch (16 mm) OD. In crowns,
Pt = 140t Fty
For SI: Pt = 3.56t Fty
and in valleys,
Pt = 170t Fty
For SI: Pt = 4.32t Fty
For steel supporting members, screw holes should be made with a
No. 8 drill for No. 14-gage through No. 11-gage material, a No. 4
drill for No. 10-gage up to 3/16 inch (4.76 mm) and a No. 1 drill for
3/ inch (4.76 mm) and thicker.
16
2. Stainless steel alloy welded studs, 5/16-inch-diameter (7.9
mm) base, 3/16-inch-diameter (4.76 mm) serrated top, with
field-installed swaged aluminum cap of 1/2-inch (13 mm) diame-
ter,
Pt = 230
For SI: Pt = 1023 N
SECTION 2011 — FABRICATION
2011.1 Laying Out. Hole centers may be center punched and
cutoff lines may be punched or scribed. Center punching and
scribing shall not be used where such marks would remain on fab-
ricated material.
A temperature correction shall be applied where necessary in
the layout of critical dimensions. The coefficient of expansion
shall be taken as 0.000013 per °F (0.0000072 per °C).
2011.2 Cutting. Material may be sheared, sawed, cut with a
router or arc cut. All edges which have been cut by the arc process
shall be planed to remove edge cracks.
Cut edges shall be true, smooth and free from excessive burrs or
ragged breaks.
Re-entrant cuts shall be avoided wherever possible. If used,
they shall be filleted by drilling prior to cutting.
Oxygen cutting of aluminum alloys shall not be permitted.
2011.3 Heating. Structural material shall not be heated.
EXCEPTION: Material may be heated to a temperature not ex-
ceeding 400°F (204°C) for a period not exceeding 30 minutes in order
to facilitate bending. Such heating shall be done only when proper tem-
perature controls and supervision are provided to ensure that the limita-
tions on temperature and time are carefully observed.
2011.4 Punching, Drilling and Reaming. The following rules
for punching, drilling and reaming shall be observed:
1. Rivet or bolt holes may be either punched or drilled. Punch-
ing shall not be used if the metal thickness is greater than the diam-
eter of the hole. The amount by which the diameter of a
sub-punched hole is less than that of the finished hole shall be at
least one fourth the thickness of the piece and in no case less than
1/ inch (0.8 mm).
32
2. The finished diameter of holes for cold-driven rivets shall
not be more than 4 percent greater than the nominal diameter of
the rivet.

1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
3. The finished diameter of holes for hot-driven rivets shall not
be more than 7 percent greater than the nominal diameter of the
rivet.
4. The finished diameter of holes for bolts shall not be more
than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) larger than the nominal bolt diameter.
5. If any holes must be enlarged to admit the rivets or bolts, they
shall be reamed. Poor matching of holes shall be cause for rejec-
tion. Holes shall not be drifted in such a manner as to distort the
metal. All chips lodged between contacting surfaces shall be re-
moved before assembly.
2011.5 Riveting.
2011.5.1 Driven head. The driven head of aluminum alloy riv-
ets shall be of the flat or the cone-point type with dimensions as
follows:
1. Flat heads shall have a diameter not less than 1.4 times the
nominal rivet diameter and a height not less than 0.4 times the
nominal rivet diameter.
2. Cone-point heads shall have a diameter not less than 1.4 times
the nominal rivet diameter and a height to the apex of the cone not
less than 0.65 times the nominal rivet diameter. The included
angle at the apex of the cone shall be approximately 127 degrees.
2011.5.2 Hole filling. Rivets shall fill holes completely. Rivet
heads shall be concentric with the rivet holes and shall be in proper
contact with the surface of the metal.
2011.5.3 Defective rivets. Defective rivets shall be removed by
drilling.
2011.6 Painting.
2011.6.1 General. Structures of the alloys covered by these
standards are not ordinarily painted (with the exception of
2014-T6 when exposed to corrosive environments). Surfaces
shall be painted where:
1. The aluminum alloy parts are in contact with, or are fastened
to, steel members or other dissimilar materials.
2. The structures are to be exposed to extremely corrosive con-
ditions, or for reason of appearance. Painting procedure is covered
in the following paragraphs and methods of cleaning and
preparation are found in Section 2011.7. (Treatment and painting
of the structure in accordance with United States Military
Specification MIL-T-704 is also acceptable.)
2011.6.2 Contact with dissimilar materials. Where the alumi-
num alloy parts are in contact with, or are fastened to, steel
members or other dissimilar materials, the aluminum shall be kept
from direct contact with the steel or other dissimilar material by
painting as follows:
1. Aluminum surfaces to be placed in contact with steel shall be
given one coat of zinc chromate primer in accordance with
Federal Specification TT-P-645 or the equivalent, or one coat of a
suitable nonhardening joint compound capable of excluding
moisture from the joint during prolonged service. Where severe
corrosion conditions are expected, additional protection can be
obtained by applying the joint compound in addition to the zinc
chromate primer. Zinc chromate paint shall be allowed to dry hard
(air dry 24 hours) before assembly of the parts. The steel surfaces
to be placed in contact with aluminum shall be painted with good
quality priming paint, such as zinc chromate primer in accordance
with Federal Specification TT-P-645, followed by one coat of
paint consisting of 2 pounds of aluminum paste pigment (ASTM
Specification D 96266, Type 2, Class B) per gallon (0.24 kg/L) of
varnish meeting Federal Specification TT-V-81d, Type II, or the
CHAP. 20, DIV. II
2011.4
2012.2
equivalent. Stainless steel, or aluminized, hot-dip galvanized or
electrogalvanized steel placed in contact with aluminum need not
be painted.
2. When aluminum is in direct contact with wood, fiberboard or
other porous material that may absorb water, an insulating barrier
shall be installed between the aluminum and the porous material.
Such aluminum surfaces shall be given a heavy coat of alkali-
resistant bituminous paint or other coating providing equivalent
protection before installation. Aluminum in contact with concrete
or masonry shall be similarly protected in cases where moisture is
present and corrodents can be entrapped between the surfaces.
3. Aluminum surfaces to be embedded in concrete ordinarily
need not be painted, unless corrosive components are added to the
concrete or unless the concrete is subjected for extended periods to
extremely corrosive conditions. In such cases, aluminum surfaces
shall be given one coat of suitable quality paint, such as zinc
chromate primer conforming to Federal Specification TT-P-645
or equivalent, or shall be wrapped with a suitable plastic tape
applied in such a manner as to provide adequate protection at the
overlap.
4. Water that comes in contact with aluminum after first running
over a heavy metal such as copper may contain trace quantities of
the dissimilar metal or its corrosion product, which will cause
corrosion of the aluminum. Protection shall be obtained by
painting or plastic coating the dissimilar metal or by designing the
structure so that the drainage from the dissimilar metal is diverted
away from the aluminum.
2011.6.3 Overall painting. Structures of the alloys covered by
this standard are either not ordinarily painted for surface
protection (with the exception of 2014-T6 when exposed to
corrosive environments) or are made of prepainted aluminum
components. There may be applications where the structures are
to be exposed to extremely corrosive conditions. In these cases
overall painting shall be specified.
2011.7 Cleaning and Treatment of Metal Surfaces. Prior to
field painting of structures, all surfaces to be painted shall be
cleaned immediately before painting by a method that will remove
all dirt, oil, grease, chips and other foreign substances.
Exposed metal surfaces shall be cleaned with a suitable
chemical cleaner such as a solution of phosphoric acid and organic
solvents meeting United States Military Specification
MIL-M-10578. If the metal is more than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) thick,
sandblasting may be used.
SECTION 2012 — WELDED CONSTRUCTION
2012.1 Filler Wire. Verification shall be provided to show that
the choice of filler metal for general purpose welding is appropri-
ate.
2012.2 Columns and Single-web Beams with Welds at Loca-
tions Other than Ends and Cantilever Columns and
Single-web Beams. The allowable stresses determined in
accordance with the provisions of Division I apply to members
supported at both ends with welds at the ends only (not farther
from the supports than 0.05 L from the ends).
For columns with transverse welds at locations other than the
supports, cantilever columns with transverse welds at or near the
supported end and columns with longitudinal welds having Aw
equal to or greater than 15 percent of A, the effect of welding on
column strength shall be taken into account by using an increased
slenderness ratio, L w /r, in the column formula, as follows:

250, 000 L w
If Lr
; r L
r
F cyw
2–197
CHAP. 20, DIV. II
2012.2 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
2013.2

For SI: If Lr  24.4E

F
L
; r
cyw
w

Lr
carrying members. Tests shall be conducted by an independent
testing laboratory or by a manufacturer’s testing laboratory.

If Lr   250, 000
F cyw
; 2013.2 Test Loading and Behavior. In order to test a structure
or load-carrying member adequately, the loading shall be applied

For SI: If Lr  24.4E

F
;
cyw
in a fashion that reasonably approximates the application of the
loading during service. Further, the structure or member shall be


supported in a manner that is no more sustaining to the structure
Lh than the supports available will be when the structure is in service.
Lw L 1 100
r
r
L

1     
Lh
L
L
r
2 F cyw
2500
Determination of allowable load-carrying capacity shall be
made on the basis that the member, assembly or connection shall


be capable of sustaining during the test without failure a total load,
Lh including the weight of the test specimen, equal to twice the live
Lw L 1 100
r
r
L load plus one and one-half the dead load. Furthermore, harmful lo-
For SI:
1    
Lh
L
L
r
2 4.1F cyw
E
 cal distortions shall not develop during the test at a total load, in-
cluding the weight of the test specimen, equal to the dead load plus
one and one-half times the live load.
The above formulas assume that the entire cross section within
the length, L h , is affected by the heat of welding. If only part of the
cross section is so affected, the allowable stress based on L w /r The factors by which the design live and dead loads are multi-
shall be substituted for Fw in the formula in Section 2002.2. plied to determine the test loads are reduced to three fourths of the
values given in the preceding paragraph when wind or seismic
2012.3 Welding Fabrication. Welding of aluminum shall be in forces represent all or a portion of the live load, provided the struc-
accordance with approved nationally recognized standards. ture or member meets the test requirements with the full load fac-
tors applied to the dead load and to that portion of the live load not
attributable to wind or seismic forces.
SECTION 2013 — TESTING
2013.1 General. Testing shall be considered an acceptable Differences that may exist between nominal section properties
method for substantiating the design of aluminum alloy load- and those of tested sections shall be considered.

2–198
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 20-II-A
TABLE 20-II-A

TABLE 20-II-A—MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Values Are Given in Units of ksi (1,000 lb/in2)
COMPRESSIVE
COMPRES- MODULUS OF
TENSION2 SION SHEAR BEARING ELASTICITY3
THICKNESS
RANGE1 Ftu Fty Fcy Fsu Fsy Fbu Fby E
(inch) ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
ALLOY AND
TEMPER PRODUCT1 × 25.4 for mm × 6.89 for MPa
1100 -H12 Sheet, plate All 14 11 10 9 6.5 28 18 10,100
-H14 Rolled rod and bar All 16 14 13 10 8 32 21 10,100
Drawn tube
2014-T6 Sheet 0.040-0.249 66 58 59 40 33 125 93 10,900
-T651 Plate 0.250-2.000 67 59 58 40 34 127 94 10,900
-T6,
-T65101 Extrusions All 60 53 55 35 31 114 85 10,900
-T6, Rolled rod and bar
-T651 Drawn tube All 65 55 53 38 32 124 88 10,900
Alclad
2014-T6 Sheet 0.020-0.039 63 55 56 38 32 120 88 10,800
-T6 Sheet 0.040-0.249 64 57 58 39 33 122 91 10,800
-T651 Plate 0.250-0.499 64 57 56 39 33 122 91 10,800
3003-H12 Sheet and plate 0.017-2.000 17 12 10 11 7 34 19 10,100
-H14 Sheet and plate 0.009-1.000 20 17 14 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 24 21 18 14 12 46 31 10,100
-H18 Sheet 0.006-0.128 27 24 20 15 14 49 34 10,100
3003-H12 Drawn tube All 17 12 11 11 7 34 19 10,100
-H14 Drawn tube All 20 17 16 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Drawn tube All 24 21 19 14 12 46 31 10,100
-H18 Drawn tube All 27 24 21 15 14 49 34 10,100
Alclad
3003-H12 Sheet and plate 0.017-2.000 16 11 9 10 6.5 32 18 10,100
-H14 Sheet and plate 0.009-1.000 19 16 13 12 9 38 24 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 23 20 17 14 12 44 30 10,100
-H18 Sheet 0.006-0.128 26 23 19 15 13 47 32 10,100
Alclad
3003-H14 Drawn tube 0.010-0.500 19 16 15 12 9 38 24 10,100
-H18 Drawn Tube 0.010-0.500 26 23 20 15 13 47 32 10,100
3004-H32 Sheet and plate 0.017-2.000 28 21 18 17 12 56 36 10,100
-H34 Sheet and plate 0.009-1.000 32 25 22 19 14 64 40 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 35 28 25 20 16 70 45 10,100
3004-H34 Drawn tube 0.018-0.450 32 25 24 19 14 64 40 10,100
-H36 Drawn tube 0.018-0.450 35 28 27 20 16 70 45 10,100
Alclad
3004-H32 Sheet 0.017-0.249 27 20 17 16 12 54 34 10,100
-H34 Sheet 0.009-0.249 31 24 21 18 14 62 38 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 34 27 24 19 16 68 43 10,100
-H14 Sheet 0.009-0.249 32 26 22 19 15 64 39 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.050 35 30 28 20 17 66 45 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.051-0.162 35 30 26 20 17 66 45 10,100
-H131,
-H241, Sheet 0.024-0.050 31 26 22 18 15 62 39 10,100
-H341
-H151,
-H261, Sheet 0.024-0.050 34 30 28 19 17 66 45 10,100
-H361
3005-H25 Sheet 0.013-0.050 26 22 20 15 13 49 35 10,100
3006-H391 Sheet 0.010-0.050 31 27 27 20 16 60 44 10,100
3105-H25 Sheet 0.013-0.080 23 19 17 14 11 44 28 10,100
5005-H12 Sheet and plate 0.018-2.000 18 14 13 11 8 34 22 10,100
-H14 Sheet and plate 0.009-1.000 21 17 15 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 24 20 18 14 12 48 30 10,100
-H32 Sheet and plate 0.017-2.000 17 12 11 11 7 34 20 10,100
-H34 Sheet and plate 0.009-1.000 20 15 14 12 8.5 40 24 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 23 18 16 13 11 48 29 10,100
5050-H32 Sheet 0.017-0.249 22 16 14 14 9 44 27 10,100
-H34 Sheet 0.009-0.249 25 20 18 15 12 50 32 10,100
Rolled rod and bar
-H32 Drawn tube All 22 16 15 13 9 44 27 10,100
Rolled rod and bar
-H34 Drawn tube All 25 20 19 15 12 50 32 10,100
5052-H32 Sheet and plate All 31 23 21 19 13 60 39 10,200
-H34 Rolled rod and bar All 34 26 24 20 15 65 44 10,200
Drawn tube
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 37 29 26 22 17 70 46 10,200
(Continued)

2–199
TABLE 20-II-A 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 20-II-A

TABLE 20-II-A—MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS—(Continued)

Values Are Given in Units of ksi (1,000 lb/in2)
COMPRESSIVE
COMPRES- MODULUS OF
TENSION2 SION SHEAR BEARING ELASTICITY3
THICKNESS
RANGE1 Ftu Fty Fcy Fsu Fsy Fbu Fby E
(inch) ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
ALLOY AND
TEMPER PRODUCT1 × 25.4 for mm × 6.89 for MPa
5083-H111 Extrusions up to 0.500 40 24 21 24 14 78 41 10,400
-H111 Extrusions 0.501 and over 40 24 21 23 14 78 38 10,400
-H321 Sheet and plate 0.188-1.500 44 31 26 26 18 84 53 10,400
-H323 Sheet 0.051-0.249 45 34 32 26 20 88 58 10,400
-H343 Sheet 0.051-0.249 50 39 37 29 23 95 66 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 41 29 24 24 17 78 49 10,400
5086-H111 Extrusions up to 0.500 36 21 18 21 12 70 36 10,400
-H111 Extrusions 0.501 and over 36 21 18 21 12 70 34 10,400
-H112 Plate 0.250-0.499 36 18 17 22 10 72 31 10,400
-H112 Plate 0.500-1.000 35 16 16 21 9 70 28 10,400
-H112 Plate 1.001-2.000 35 14 15 21 8 70 28 10,400
-H112 Plate 2.001-3.000 34 14 15 21 8 68 28 10,400
-H32 Sheet and plate All 40 28 26 24 16 78 48 10,400
-H34 Drawn tube All 44 34 32 26 20 84 58 10,400
5154-H38 Sheet 0.006-0.128 45 35 33 24 20 81 56 10,300
5454-H111 Extrusions up to 0.500 33 19 16 20 11 64 32 10,400
-H111 Extrusions 0.501 and over 33 19 16 19 11 64 30 10,400
-H112 Extrusions up to 5.000 31 12 13 19 7 62 24 10,400
-H32 Sheet and plate 0.020-2.000 36 26 24 21 15 70 44 10,400
-H34 Sheet and plate 0.020-1.000 39 29 27 23 17 74 49 10,400
5456-H111 Extrusions up to 0.500 42 26 22 25 15 82 44 10,400
-H111 Extrusions 0.501 and over 42 26 22 24 15 82 42 10,400
-H112 Extrusions up to 5.000 41 19 20 24 11 82 38 10,400
-H321 Sheet and plate 0.188-1.250 46 33 27 27 19 87 56 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.251-1.500 44 31 25 25 18 84 53 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 41 29 25 25 17 82 49 10,400
-H323 Sheet 0.051-0.249 48 36 34 28 21 94 61 10,400
-H343 Sheet 0.051-0.249 53 41 39 31 24 101 70 10,400
6005-T5 Extrusions up to 0.500 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
6061-T6, Sheet and plate 0.010-4.000 42 35 35 27 20 88 58 10,100
-T651
-T6, Extrusions up to 3.000 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
-T65101
-T6, Rolled rod and bar up to 8.000 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T651
-T6 Drawn tube 0.025-0.500 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T6 Pipe up to 0.999 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T6 Pipe over 0.999 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
6063-T5 Extrusions up to 0.500 22 16 16 13 9 46 26 10,100
-T5 Extrusions over 0.500 21 15 15 12 8.5 44 24 10,100
-T6 Extrusions All 30 25 25 19 14 63 40 10,100
Pipe
6351-T5 Extrusions up to 1.00 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
1Values also apply to -T6511 temper.
2F and F are minimum specified values (except for Alclad 3004-H14, -H16 and F for Alclad 3003-H18). Other strength properties are corresponding minimum
tu ty ty
expected values.
3For deflection calculations an average modulus of elasticity is used; numerically this is 100 ksi (689 MPa) lower than the values in this column.

2–200
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 20-II-B
TABLE 20-II-B

TABLE 20-II-B—MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR WELDED ALUMINUM ALLOYS1

(Gas Tungsten Arc or Gas Metal Arc Welding with No Postweld Heat Treatment)
COMPRES-
TENSION SION SHEAR BEARING
PRODUCT AND THICKNESS
RANGE Ftuw 1 Ftyw 2 Fcyw 2 Fsuw Fsyw Fbuw Fbyw
(inch) ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
ALLOY AND TEMPER × 25.4 for mm × 6.89 for MPa
1100 -H12, -H14 All 11 4.5 4.5 8 2.5 23 8
3003-H12, -H14, -H16,
-H18 All 14 7 7 10 4 30 12
Alclad
3003-H12, -H14, -H16, All 13 6 6 10 3.5 30 11
-H18
3004-H32, -H34, -H36 All 22 11 11 14 6.5 46 20
Alclad
3004-H32, -H34, -H14, All 21 11 11 13 6.5 44 19
-H16
3005-H25 Sheet 0.013-0.050 17 9 9 12 5 36 15
5005-H12, -H14, -H32,
-H34 All 14 7 7 9 4 28 10
5050-H32, -H34 All 18 8 8 12 4.5 36 12
5052-H32, -H34 All 25 13 13 16 7.5 50 19
5083-H111 Extrusions 39 21 20 23 12 78 32
-H321 Sheet and plate 0.188-1.500 40 24 24 24 14 80 36
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 39 23 23 24 13 78 34
-H323, -H343 Sheet 40 24 24 24 14 80 36
5086-H111 Extrusions 35 18 17 21 10 70 28
-H112 Plate 0.250-0.499 35 17 17 21 9.5 70 28
-H112 Plate 0.500-1.000 35 16 16 21 9 70 28
-H112 Plate 1.001-2.000 35 14 14 21 8 70 28
-H32, -H34 Sheet and plate 35 19 19 21 11 70 28
5086-H111 Extrusions 35 18 17 21 10 70 28
-H112 Plate 0.250-0.499 35 17 17 21 9.5 70 28
-H112 Plate 0.500-1.000 35 16 16 21 9 70 28
-H112 Plate 1.001-2.000 35 14 14 21 8 70 28
-H32, -H34 Sheet and plate 35 19 19 21 11 70 28
5154-H38 Sheet 30 15 15 19 8.5 60 23
5454-H111 Extrusions 31 16 15 19 9.5 62 24
-H112 Extrusions 31 12 12 19 7 62 24
-H32, -H34 Sheet and plate 31 16 16 19 9.5 62 24
5456-H111 Extrusions 41 24 22 24 14 82 38
-H112 Extrusions 41 19 19 24 11 82 38
-H321 Sheet and plate 0.188-1.500 42 26 24 25 15 84 38
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 41 24 23 25 14 82 36
-H323, -H343 Sheet 42 26 26 25 15 84 38
6005-T5 Extrusions 24 17 17 15 10 50 30
Up to 0.250
6061-T6, -T6513 All 24 20 20 15 12 50 30
-T6, -T6514 Over 0.375 24 15 15 15 9 50 30
6063-T5, -T6 All 17 11 11 11 6.5 34 22
6351-T51 Extrusions 24 20 20 15 12 50 30
-T54 Over 0.375 24 15 15 15 9 50 30
1Values of F
tuw are ASME weld qualification test values.
20.2 percent offset in 10-inch (254 mm) gauge length across a butt weld.
3Values when welded with 5183, 5356 or 5556 alloy filler wire regardless of thickness. Values also apply to thicknesses less than 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) when welded
with 4043, 5154, 5254 or 5554 alloy filler wire.
4Values when welded with 4043, 5154, 5254 or 5554 alloy filler wire.

2–201
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
Chapter 21
MASONRY
SECTION 2101 — GENERAL
2101.1 Scope. The materials, design, construction and quality
assurance of masonry shall be in accordance with this chapter.
2101.2 Design Methods. Masonry shall comply with the provi-
sions of one of the following design methods in this chapter as well
as the requirements of Sections 2101 through 2105.
2101.2.1 Working stress design. Masonry designed by the
working stress design method shall comply with the provisions of
Sections 2106 and 2107.
2101.2.2 Strength design. Masonry designed by the strength
design method shall comply with the provisions of Sections 2106
and 2108.
2101.2.3 Empirical design. Masonry designed by the empirical
design method shall comply with the provisions of Sections
2106.1 and 2109.
2101.2.4 Glass masonry. Glass masonry shall comply with the
provisions of Section 2110.
2101.3 Definitions. For the purpose of this chapter, certain
terms are defined as follows:
AREAS:
Bedded Area is the area of the surface of a masonry unit which
is in contact with mortar in the plane of the joint.
Effective Area of Reinforcement is the cross-sectional area of
reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the
reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be
determined.
Gross Area is the total cross-sectional area of a specified sec-
tion.
Net Area is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of
ungrouted cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the
actual surface area of a cross section of masonry.
Transformed Area is the equivalent area of one material to a
second based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first mate-
rial to the second.
BOND:
Adhesion Bond is the adhesion between masonry units and
mortar or grout.
Reinforcing Bond is the adhesion between steel reinforcement
and mortar or grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry
in which reinforcement is embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area
greater than 11/2 square inches (967 mm2).
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of
sufficient size and spacing to allow the removal of debris.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between
wythes of masonry.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in
which both the reinforcement and masonry resist compression.
2101
2101.3
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural mem-
ber whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the
thickness does not exceed three times the thickness.
DIMENSIONS:
Actual Dimensions are the measured dimensions of a desig-
nated item. The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified
dimension by more than the amount allowed in the appropriate
standard of quality in Section 2102.
Nominal Dimensions of masonry units are equal to its speci-
fied dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit
is laid.
Specified Dimensions are the dimensions specified for the
manufacture or construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or
any other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total
grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be
grouted prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or more grout lifts.
GROUTED MASONRY:
Grouted Hollow-unit Masonry is that form of grouted
masonry construction in which certain designated cells of hollow
units are continuously filled with grout.
Grouted Multiwythe Masonry is that form of grouted
masonry construction in which the space between the wythes is
solidly or periodically filled with grout.
JOINTS:
Bed Joint is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the
masonry units are placed.
Head Joint is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse
a
plane.
MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass block or concrete
block conforming to the requirements specified in Section 2102.
Hollow-masonry Unit is a masonry unit whose net cross-
sectional areas (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface con-
taining cores, cells or deep frogs is less than 75 percent of its gross
cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
Solid-masonry Unit is a masonry unit whose net cross-
sectional area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the
cores or cells is at least 75 percent of the gross cross-sectional area
measured in the same plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or
without grout used as a test specimen for determining properties of
the masonry.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry
construction in which reinforcement acting in conjunction with
the masonry is used to resist forces.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed
in masonry.
WALLS
Bonded Wall is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes
are bonded to act as a structural unit.
Cavity Wall is a wall containing continuous air space with a
minimum width of 2 inches (51 mm) and a maximum width of
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2101.3
2101.4
41/2 inches (114 mm) between wythes which are tied with metal
ties.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener which connects
wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials.
WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as
placed in masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall which is one masonry unit in
thickness. A collar joint is not considered a wythe.
2101.4 Notations.
Ab = cross-sectional area of anchor bolt, square inches
(mm2).
Ae = effective area of masonry, square inches (mm2).
Ag = gross area of wall, square inches (mm2).
Ajh = total area of special horizontal reinforcement through
wall frame joint, square inches (mm2).
Amv = net area of masonry section bounded by wall thickness
and length of section in direction of shear force consid-
ered, square inches (mm2).
Ap = area of tension (pullout) cone of embedded anchor bolt
projected onto surface of masonry, square inches (mm2).
As = effective cross-sectional area of reinforcement in col-
umn or flexural member, square inches (mm2).
Ase = effective area of reinforcement, square inches (mm2).
Ash = total cross-sectional area of rectangular tie reinforce-
ment for confined core, square inches (mm2).
Av = area of reinforcement required for shear reinforcement
perpendicular to longitudinal reinforcement, square
inches (mm2).
Ais = effective cross-sectional area of compression reinforce-
ment in flexural member, square inches (mm2).
a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, inches
(mm).
Bsn = nominal shear strength of anchor bolt, pounds (N).
Bt = allowable tensile force on anchor bolt, pounds (N).
Btn = nominal tensile strength of anchor bolt, pounds (N).
Bv = allowable shear force on anchor bolt, pounds (N).
b = effective width of rectangular member or width of
flange for T and I sections, inches (mm).
bsu = factored shear force supported by anchor bolt, pounds
(N).
bt = computed tensile force on anchor bolt, pounds (N).
btu = factored tensile force supported by anchor bolt, pounds
(N).
bv = computed shear force on anchor bolt, pounds (N).
bi = width of web in T or I section, inches (mm).
Cd = nominal shear strength coefficient as obtained from
Table 21-K.
c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, inches (mm).
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
d = distance from compression face of flexural member to
centroid of longitudinal tensile reinforcement, inches
(mm).
db = diameter of reinforcing bar, inches (mm).
dbb = diameter of largest beam longitudinal reinforcing bar
passing through, or anchored in, a joint, inches (mm).
dbp = diameter of largest pier longitudinal reinforcing bar
passing through a joint, inches (mm).
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments
and forces.
Em = modulus of elasticity of masonry, pounds per square
inch (MPa).
e = eccentricity of Puf , inches (mm).
emu = maximum usable compressive strain of masonry.
F = loads due to weight and pressure of fluids or related
moments and forces.
Fa = allowable average axial compressive stress in columns
for centroidally applied axial load only, pounds per
square inch (MPa).
Fb = allowable flexural compressive stress in members sub-
jected to bending load only, pounds per square inch
(MPa).
Fbr = allowable bearing stress in masonry, pounds per square
inch (MPa).
Fs = allowable stress in reinforcement, pounds per square
inch (MPa).
Fsc = allowable compressive stress in column reinforcement,
pounds per square inch (MPa).
Ft = allowable flexural tensile stress in masonry, pounds per
square inch (MPa).
Fv = allowable shear stress in masonry, pounds per square
inch (MPa).
fa = computed axial compressive stress due to design axial
load, pounds per square inch (MPa).
fb = computed flexural stress in extreme fiber due to design
bending loads only, pounds per square inch (MPa).
fmd = computed compressive stress due to dead load only,
pounds per square inch (MPa).
fr = modulus of rupture, pounds per square inch (MPa).
fs = computed stress in reinforcement due to design loads,
pounds per square inch (MPa).
fv = computed shear stress due to design load, pounds per
square inch (MPa).
fy = tensile yield stress of reinforcement, pounds per square
inch (MPa).
fyh = tensile yield stress of horizontal reinforcement, pounds
per square inch (MPa).
f ig = specified compressive strength of grout at age of 28
days, pounds per square inch (MPa).
f im = specified compressive strength of masonry at age of 28
days, pounds per square inch (MPa).
G = shear modulus of masonry, pounds per square inch
(MPa).
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
related internal moments and forces.
h = height of wall between points of support, inches (mm).
hb = beam depth, inches (mm).
hc = cross-sectional dimension of grouted core measured
center to center of confining reinforcement, inches
(mm).
hp = pier depth in plane of wall frame, inches (mm).
hi = effective height of wall or column, inches (mm).
I = moment of inertia about neutral axis of cross-sectional
area, inches4 (mm4).
Ie = effective moment of inertia, inches4 (mm4).
Ig , Icr = gross, cracked moment of inertia of wall cross section,
inches4 (mm4).
j = ratio or distance between centroid of flexural compres-
sive forces and centroid of tensile forces of depth, d.
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
K = reinforcement cover or clear spacing, whichever is less,
inches (mm).
k = ratio of depth of compressive stress in flexural member
to depth, d.
L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
Lw = length of wall, inches (mm).
l = length of wall or segment, inches (mm).
lb = embedment depth of anchor bolt, inches (mm).
lbe = anchor bolt edge distance, the least distance measured
from edge of masonry to surface of anchor bolt, inches
(mm).
ld = required development length of reinforcement, inches
(mm).
M = design moment, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Ma = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is
computed, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Mc = moment capacity of compression reinforcement in flex-
ural member about centroid of tensile force, inch-
pounds (N·mm).
Mcr = nominal cracking moment strength in masonry, inch-
pounds (N·mm).
Mm = moment of compressive force in masonry about centroid
of tensile force in reinforcement, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Mn = nominal moment strength, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Ms = moment of tensile force in reinforcement about centroid
of compressive force in masonry, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Mser = service moment at midheight of panel, including P∆
effects, inch-pounds (N·mm).
Mu = factored moment, inch-pounds (N·mm).
n = modular ratio.
= Es /Em .
P = design axial load, pounds (N).
Pa = allowable centroidal axial load for reinforced masonry
columns, pounds (N).
Pb = nominal balanced design axial strength, pounds (N).
Pf = load from tributary floor or roof area, pounds (N).
Pn = nominal axial strength in masonry, pounds (N).
Po = nominal axial load strength in masonry without flexure,
pounds (N).
Pu = factored axial load, pounds (N).
Puf = factored load from tributary floor or roof loads, pounds
(N).
Puw = factored weight of wall tributary to section under con-
sideration, pounds (N).
Pw = weight of wall tributary to section under consideration,
pounds (N).
r = radius of gyration (based on specified unit dimensions or
Tables 21-H-1, 21-H-2 and 21-H-3), inches (mm).
rb = ratio of area of reinforcing bars cut off to total area of
reinforcing bars at the section.
S = section modulus, inches3 (mm3).
s = spacing of stirrups or of bent bars in direction parallel to
that of main reinforcement, inches (mm).
T = effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage and differential
settlement.
t = effective thickness of wythe, wall or column, inches
(mm).
2101.4
2102.2
U = required strength to resist factored loads, or related
internal moments and forces.
u = bond stress per unit of surface area of reinforcing bar,
pounds per square inch (MPa).
V = total design shear force, pounds (N).
Vjh = total horizontal joint shear, pounds (N).
Vm = nominal shear strength of masonry, pounds (N).
Vn = nominal shear strength, pounds (N).
Vs = nominal shear strength of shear reinforcement, pounds
(N).
Vu = required shear strength in masonry, pounds (N).
W = wind load, or related internal moments in forces.
wu = factored distributed lateral load.
∆ s = horizontal deflection at midheight under factored load,
inches (mm).
∆ u = deflection due to factored loads, inches (mm).
ρ = ratio of area of flexural tensile reinforcement, As , to area
bd.
ρb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain condi-
tions.
ρn = ratio of distributed shear reinforcement on plane perpen-
dicular to plane of Amv.
Σo = sum of perimeters of all longitudinal reinforcement,
inches (mm).
Ǹf Ȁ m
= square root of specified strength of masonry at the age of
28 days, pounds per square inch (MPa).
φ = strength-reduction factor.
SECTION 2102 — MATERIAL STANDARDS
2102.1 Quality. Materials used in masonry shall conform to the
requirements stated herein. If no requirements are specified in this
section for a material, quality shall be based on generally accepted
good practice, subject to the approval of the building official.
Reclaimed or previously used masonry units shall meet the
applicable requirements as for new masonry units of the same
material for their intended use.
2102.2 Standards of Quality. The standards listed below
labeled a “UBC Standard” are also listed in Chapter 35, Part II, and
are part of this code. The other standards listed below are recog-
nized standards. See Sections 3503 and 3504.
1. Aggregates.
1.1 ASTM C 144, Aggregates for Masonry Mortar
1.2 ASTM C 404, Aggregates for Grout
2. Cement.
2.1 UBC Standard 21-11, Cement, Masonry. (Plastic
cement conforming to the requirements of UBC Stand-
ard 25-1 may be used in lieu of masonry cement when it
also conforms to UBC Standard 21-11.)
2.2 ASTM C 150, Portland Cement
2.3 UBC Standard 21-14, Mortar Cement
3. Lime.
3.1 UBC Standard 21-12, Quicklime for Structural Pur-
poses
3.2 UBC Standard 21-13, Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
poses. When Types N and NA hydrated lime are used in
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 2102.2
2103.4.1
masonry mortar, they shall comply with the provisions
of UBC Standard 21-15, Section 21.1506.7, excluding
the plasticity requirement.
4. Masonry units of clay or shale.
4.1 ASTM C 34, Structural Clay Load-bearing Wall Tile
4.2 ASTM C 56, Structural Clay Nonload-bearing Tile
4.3 UBC Standard 21-1, Section 21.101, Building Brick
(solid units)
4.4 ASTM C 126, Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing
Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Masonry Units. Load-
bearing glazed brick shall conform to the weathering
and structural requirements of UBC Standard 21-1,
' Section 21.106, Facing Brick
4.5 UBC Standard 21-1, Section 21.106, Facing Brick
(solid units)
4.6 UBC Standard 21-1, Section 21.107, Hollow Brick
4.7 ASTM C 67, Sampling and Testing Brick and Structur-
al Clay Tile
4.8 ASTM C 212, Structural Clay Facing Tile
4.9 ASTM C 530, Structural Clay Non-Loadbearing
Screen Tile
5. Masonry units of concrete.
5.1 UBC Standard 21-3, Concrete Building Brick
5.2 UBC Standard 21-4, Hollow and Solid Load-bearing
Concrete Masonry Units
5.3 UBC Standard 21-5, Nonload-bearing Concrete
Masonry Units
5.4 ASTM C 140, Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry
Units
5.5 ASTM C 426, Standard Test Method for Drying Shrink-
age of Concrete Block
6. Masonry units of other materials.
6.1 Calcium silicate.
UBC Standard 21-2, Calcium Silicate Face Brick
(Sand-lime Brick)
6.2 UBC Standard 21-9, Unburned Clay Masonry Units
and Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Un-
burned Clay Masonry Units
6.3 ACI-704, Cast Stone
6.4 UBC Standard 21-17, Test Method for Compressive
Strength of Masonry Prisms
7. Connectors.
7.1 Wall ties and anchors made from steel wire shall con-
form to UBC Standard 21-10, Part II, and other steel
wall ties and anchors shall conform to A 36 in accord-
ance with UBC Standard 22-1. Wall ties and anchors
made from copper, brass or other nonferrous metal shall
have a minimum tensile yield strength of 30,000 psi
(207 MPa).
7.2 All such items not fully embedded in mortar or grout
shall either be corrosion resistant or shall be coated after
fabrication with copper, zinc or a metal having at least
equivalent corrosion-resistant properties.
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1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
8. Mortar.
8.1 UBC Standard 21-15, Mortar for Unit Masonry and
Reinforced Masonry other than Gypsum
8.2 UBC Standard 21-16, Field Tests Specimens for Mortar
8.3 UBC Standard 21-20, Standard Test Method for Flexu-
ral Bond Strength of Mortar Cement
9. Grout.
9.1 UBC Standard 21-18, Method of Sampling and Testing
Grout
9.2 UBC Standard 21-19, Grout for Masonry
10. Reinforcement.
10.1 UBC Standard 21-10, Part I, Joint Reinforcement for
Masonry
10.2 ASTM A 615, A 616, A 617, A 706, A 767, and A 775,
Deformed and Plain Billet-steel Bars, Rail-steel
Deformed and Plain Bars, Axle-steel Deformed and
Plain Bars, and Deformed Low-alloy Bars for Con-
crete Reinforcement
10.3 UBC Standard 21-10, Part II, Cold-drawn Steel Wire
for Concrete Reinforcement
SECTION 2103 — MORTAR AND GROUT
2103.1 General. Mortar and grout shall comply with the provi-
sions of this section. Special mortars, grouts or bonding systems
may be used, subject to satisfactory evidence of their capabilities
when approved by the building official.
2103.2 Materials. Materials used as ingredients in mortar and
grout shall conform to the applicable requirements in Section
2102. Cementitious materials for grout shall be one or both of the
following: lime and portland cement. Cementitious materials for
mortar shall be one or more of the following: lime, masonry
cement, portland cement and mortar cement. Cementitious mate-
rials or additives shall not contain epoxy resins and derivatives,
phenols, asbestos fibers or fireclays.
Water used in mortar or grout shall be clean and free of deleteri-
ous amounts of acid, alkalies or organic material or other harmful
substances.
2103.3 Mortar.
2103.3.1 General. Mortar shall consist of a mixture of cementi-
tious materials and aggregate to which sufficient water and
approved additives, if any, have been added to achieve a workable,
plastic consistency.
2103.3.2 Selecting proportions. Mortar with specified propor-
tions of ingredients that differ from the mortar proportions of
Table 21-A may be approved for use when it is demonstrated by
laboratory or field experience that this mortar with the specified
proportions of ingredients, when combined with the masonry
units to be used in the structure, will achieve the specified com-
pressive strength f ′m . Water content shall be adjusted to provide
proper workability under existing field conditions. When the pro-
portion of ingredients is not specified, the proportions by mortar
type shall be used as given in Table 21-A.
2103.4 Grout.
2103.4.1 General. Grout shall consist of a mixture of cementi-
tious materials and aggregate to which water has been added such
that the mixture will flow without segregation of the constituents.
The specified compressive strength of grout, f ig, shall not be less
than 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa).