AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Chapter 2 解析几何
Analytic Geometry

OVERVIEWS

Basic Knowledge

Coordinate System 坐标系-数轴、平面直角坐标系、空间直角坐标系

Transformation 位置变换-平移、翻折、旋转、伸缩

Core Concept

Linear Function 一次函数-五种直线方程、平行与垂直、距离

Equation of a Circle 圆的方程-标准方程、一般方程

Advanced Strategy

Area of Polygons 求多边形面积-皮克定理、鞋带定理

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Basic Knowledge: Cartesian Coordinate System

1.Axis/Number Line：a picture of a graduated straight line that serves as abstraction for real

numbers, denoted by R . Every point of a number line is assumed to correspond to a real

number, and every real number to a point. The integers are often shown as specially-marked

points evenly spaced on the line.

2.Coordinate System in two dimensions: defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines

(axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The lines are

commonly referred to as the x- and y-axes where the x-axis is taken to be horizontal and the y-

axis is taken to be vertical. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus

turning each axis into a number line. For a given point P, a line is drawn through P

perpendicular to the x-axis to meet it at X and second line is drawn through P perpendicular to

the y-axis to meet it at Y. The coordinates of P are then X and Y interpreted as numbers x and y

on the corresponding number lines. The coordinates are written as an ordered pair (x, y).

3. Coordinate System in three dimensions: defined by an ordered triplets lines (axes) that are

pair-wise perpendicular, have a single unit of length for all three axes and have an orientation

for each axis. The coordinate of the ordered triplets can be interpreted as the distance to

corresponding planes.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Examples
1. (2012 AMC10B Question 3) The point in the xy -plane with coordinates (1000, 2012) is

reflected across line y = 2000 . What are the coordinates of the reflected point?

(A) (998, 2012) (B) (1000, 1988) (C) (1000, 2024) (D) (1000, 4012) (E) (1012,4012)

2. (2017 AMC10B Question 8) Points A(11,9) and B(2, −3) are vertices of ABC with

AB = AC . The altitude from A meets the opposite side at D(−1,3) . What are the coordinates of

point C ?

(A) (−8,9) (B) (−4,8) (C)（-4,9) (D) (−2,3) (E) (−1,0)

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

3. (2015 AMC10B Question 24) Aaron the ant walks on the coordinate plane according to the

following rules. He starts at the origin p 0 = (0, 0) facing to the east and walks one unit, arriving at p1 =

(1, 0). For n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , right after arriving at the point pn , if Aaron can turn 90◦ left and walk

one unit to an unvisited point pn +1 , he does that. Otherwise, he walks one unit straight ahead to

reach pn +1 . Thus the sequence of points continues p2 = (1, 1), p3 = (0, 1), p4 = (−1, 1), p5 = (−1, 0),

and so on in a counterclockwise spiral pattern. What is p2015 ?

(A) (−22, −13) (B) (−13, −22) (C) (−13, 22) (D) (13, −22) (E) (22, −13)

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Basic Knowledge: Transformation

1. Translation
(1)If point (a, b) is translated along the horizontal axis t units, its coordinate will
change to (a + t , b) ;
(2)If point (a, b) is translated along the vertical axis t units, its coordinate will
change to (a, b + t ) .
2. Reflection
(1)If point (a, b) is reflected in the horizontal axis, its coordinate will change to
( a , −b ) ;

(2)If point (a, b) is reflected in the vertical axis, its coordinate will change to
( − a, b) ;

(3)If point (a, b) is reflected in y=x, its coordinate will change to (b, a) ;
(4)If point (a, b) is reflected in y = −x , its coordinate will change to (−b, −a) .
3. Rotation
(1)If point (a, b) is rotated 90 clockwise around the origin, its coordinate will
change to (b, −a) ;
(2)If point (a, b) is rotated 90 counterclockwise around the origin, its coordinate
will change to (−b, a) ;
(3)If point (a, b) is rotated a half turn around the origin, its coordinate will change
to (−a, −b) .
4. Dilation
Dilation is the only transformation that can give an image with a different size.
The image and the object will always be similar.
If the scale factor is p, the image of any point will be p time further from the
center of enlargement.
We need to state the center of enlargement and the scale factor to describe an
enlargement.
The scale p  0 and 0  p  1 is also possible.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Examples
4. (2015 AMC10B Question 8) The letter F shown below is rotated 90 clockwise around the

origin, then reflected in the y-axis, and then rotated a half turn around the origin. What is the final

image?

5. (2016 AMC10A Question 16) A triangle with vertices A(0, 2) , B(−3, 2) , and C (−3,0) is
reflected about the x -axis, then the image A' B ' C ' is rotated counterclockwise about the
origin by 90 to produce A'' B '' C '' . Which of the following transformations will return
A'' B '' C '' to ABC ?
(A) counterclockwise rotation about the origin by 90
(B) clockwise rotation about the origin by 90
(C) reflection about the x -axis

(D) reflection about the line y = x

(E) reflection about the y -axis

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

6. (2016 AMC10B Question 20) A dilation of the plane—that is, a size transformation with a

positive scale factors—sends the circle of radius 2 centered at A(2, 2) to the circle of radius 3

centered at A '(5,6) . What distance does the origin O(0,0) , move under this transformation?

(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 13 (D) 4 (E) 5

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Core Concept: Linear Function

1. Definition: Linear function is polynomials in which largest exponent is 1.

2. The graph is always a straight line.

3. The slope-intercept form y = kx + b is mostly used.

y1 − y2
k= is the slope of the line, where ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are any two points on the line.
x1 − x2
The y -intercept is b (the point where the graph crosses the y -axis).

4. The general form of the equation is Ax + By + C = 0 , where A, B, and C are constants. The

A C
slope is − , and the y-intercept is − .
B B
5. The point-slope form is y − y1 = k ( x − x1 ) , when the slope k and the point ( x1 , y1 ) of the
line are given. If two different points on the line ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are given, the two-point

y − y1 x − x1
form is = .
y2 − y1 x1 − x2

x y
6. The intercept form is + = 1 , where a and b are x-intercept and y-intercept.
a b
7. The equation of l1 is y = k1 x + b1 , and the equation of l2 is y = k2 x + b2 .
Two lines are parallel when the slopes are the same, i.e. k1 = k 2 .
Two lines are perpendicular when the slope of one line is the negative reciprocal of the slope
k2 = −1 .
of the other line, i.e. k1·
8. Distances
(i)The distance between two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) is given by

( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2 ;

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
(ii)the midpoint M of the segment PQ has the coordinates  , .
 2 2 
(iii)Distance between a point ( x1 , y1 ) and a line Ax + By + C = 0 is equal to
| Ax1 + By1 + C |
.
A2 + B 2
(iv)Distance between two parallel line Ax + By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0 is equal to
| C1 − C2 |
.
A2 + B 2
m1 − m2
(v)If  is the angle between two lines with slops m1 and m2 , tan  = .
1 + m1m2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Examples
7. (2017 AMC10B Question 10) The lines with equations ax − 2 y = c and 2x + by = −c are

perpendicular and intersect at (−1,5) . What is c ?

(A) -13 (B) -8 (C) 2 (D) 8 (E) 13

8. (2017 AMC10A Question 12) Let S be the set of points ( x, y) in the coordinate plane such

that two of the three quantities 3, x + 2 , and y − 4 are equal and the third of the three quantities is

no greater than this common value. Which of the following is a correct description of S ?

(A) a single point

(B) two intersecting lines

(C) three lines whose pairwise intersections are three distinct points

(D) a triangle

(E) three rays with a common endpoint

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

9. (2015AMC10B Question 13) The line 12x + 5y = 60 forms a triangle with the coordinate axes.

What is the sum of the lengths of the altitudes of this triangle?

360 107 43 281
(A) 20 (B) (C) (D) (E)
17 5 2 13

10. (2014 AMC10A Question 14) The y-intercepts, P and Q, of two perpendicular lines

intersecting at the point A(6,8) have a sum of zero. What is the area of APQ ?

(A) 45 (B) 48 (C) 54 (D) 60 (E) 72

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

11. (2013 AMC10B Question 14) Define ab = a 2b − ab2 . Which of the following describes the

set of points ( x, y ) for which xy = yx ?

(A)a finite set of points

(B) one line

(C) two parallel lines

(D) two intersecting lines

(E) three lines

12. (2013 AMC10A Question 18) Let points A = ( 0，

0) , B = (1，
2) , C = (3,3) , and D = ( 4,0) .

Quadrilateral ABCD is cut into equal area pieces by a line passing through A. This line

 p r
intersects CD at point  ,  , where these fractions are in lowest terms. What is p + q + r + s ?
q s

(A) 54 (B) 58 (C) 62 (D) 70 (E) 75

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

13. (2014 AMC10A Question 21) Positive integers a and b are such that the graphs of y = ax + 5

and y = 3x + b intersect the x-axis at the same point. What is the sum of all possible x- coordinates

of these points of intersection?

(A) −20 (B) −18 (C) −15 (D) −12 (E) −8

Core Concept: Equation of a Circle

( x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = r 2 is the equation of a circle,

Point (a, b) is the center of the circle, and r is the radius.

It is derived from the distance between the center and any point of the circle is equals to radius.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Examples

14. (2013 AMC10B Question 11) Real numbers x and y satisfy the equation

x2 + y 2 = 10x − 6 y − 34 . What is x + y ?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6 (E) 8

15. (2015 AMC10B Question 12) For how many integers x is the point (x, −x) inside or on the

circle of radius 10 centered at (5, 5)?

(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 14 (E) 15

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

16. (2017AMC10A Question 17) Distinct points P, Q, R, S lie on the circle x2 + y 2 = 25 and

have integer coordinates. The distances PQ and RS are irrational numbers. What is the greatest

PQ
possible value of the ratio ?
RS
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 3 5 (D) 7 (E) 5 2

17. (2016AMC10B Question 21) What is the area of the region enclosed by the graph of the

equation x2 + y 2 = x + y ?

(A)  + 2 (B)  + 2 (C)  + 2 2 (D) 2 + 2 (E) 2 + 2 2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Advanced Strategy: Area of Polygons

1. Pick’s Theorem: Given a simple polygon constructed on a grid of equal-distanced points (i.e.,

points with integer coordinates) such that all the polygon's vertices are grid points, Pick's

theorem provides a simple formula for calculating the area A of this polygon in terms of the

number i of lattice points in the interior located in the polygon and the number b of lattice points
b
on the boundary placed on the polygon's area: A = i + −1
2
2. Shoelace Theorem: To find area of a polygon, given the coordinate of it vertices.

Suppose the polygon P has vertices (a1 , b1 ), (a2 , b2 ), , (an , bn ) listed in clockwise order.

1
Then the area of P is (a1b2 + a2b3 + + anb1 ) − (b1a2 + b2 a3 + + bn a1 )
2
The Shoelace Theorem gets its name because if one lists the coordinates in a column,

(a1 , b1 )
(a2 , b2 )
marks the pairs of coordinates to be multiplied, the resulting image looks like laced-
(an , bn )
(a1 , b1 )

up shoes.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

Examples

18. (2016 AMC10B Question 9) All three vertices of ABC lie on the parabola defined by y = x2 ,

with A at the origin and BC parallel to the x-axis. The area of the triangle is 64. What is the length

of BC?

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10 (E) 16

19. (2013 AMC10A Question 16) A triangle with vertices (6, 5), (8, −3), and (9, 1) is reflected

about the line x = 8 to create a second triangle. What is the area of the union of the two

triangles?
28 31 32
(A) 9 (B) (C) 10 (D) (E)
3 3 3

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

20. (2015 AMC10A Question 17) A line that passes through the origin intersects both the line
3
x = 1 and the line y = 1 + x .The three lines create an equilateral triangle. What is the
3
perimeter of the triangle?
3
(A) 2 6 (B) 2 + 2 3 (C) 6 (D) 3 + 2 3 (E) 6 +
3

21. (2014 AMC10A Question 18) A square in the coordinate plane has vertices whose y-

coordinates are 0, 1, 4, and 5. What is the area of the square?

(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 25 (D) 26 (E) 27

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry 解析几何

22. (2012 AMC10A Question 21) Let points, A = ( 0,0,0) , B = (1,0,0) , C = (0,2,0) , and

D = ( 0,0,3) . Points E, F , G, and H are midpoints of line segments BD, AB, AC, and DC

respectively. What is the area of EFGH ?

2 5 3 5 2 7
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) 3 (E)
3 4 3

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