ESSENTIAL
ENG ES
RAMMAR
with Answer Key
prehensive Reference and
ook for English Language Learners
Jennifer Wilkin - David Charlton
Compass
Publishing THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
SSSR Per
PRESENT.
Unit 1 Simple Present
Unit 2 Present Progressive
Unit 3 Stative Verbs
Unit 4 Present Perfect .
Unit § Present Perfect Progressive
PAST
Unit 6 Simple Past
Unit 7 Past Progressive
Unit 8 Past Perfect :
Unit 9 Past Perfect Progressive
FUTURE
Unit 10 Simple Future ~Be going to and Will
Unit 11. Simple Future ~Present Progressive and Simple Present
Unit 12 Future —Intend to, Hope to, Plan to, Be to, Be about to
Unit 13 Future Progressive
Unit 14. Future Perfect -...
Unit 15 Future Perfect Progressive
ESET
Unit 16 Modal Auxiliary Verbs I ~Advice :
Unit 17 Modal Auxiliary Verbs II ~Ability and Necessity
Unit 18 Modal Auxiliary Verbs Ill ~Probability and Permission -...
Unit 19 Modal Auxiliary Verbs IV ~Used to and Would
Unit 20 Non-Modal Auxiliary Verbs Be, Do, and Have
B=cie ee ed
Unit 21 Verb Types 1
Unit 22 Verb Types Il
Unit 23. Verb + Infinitive
Unit 24 Verb + Gerund
Unit 25 Verb + Infinitive or Gerund
Unit 26 Verbs with the Subjunctive
Unit 27 Phrasal Verbs I
Unit 28 Phrasal Verbs
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
48
48
50
82
54
56
- 58
60
62 Ea
Unit 28: Countable and Uncountable Nouns : 64
Unit 30. Partitives with Countable énd Uncountable Nouns ” if 66
Unit 31 Collective Nouns and Their Equivalents z 68
Unit 32 Plural Nouns : 70
Unit 33. Possessives : nm
Se ee)
Unit 34 Articles I vs 7 soe 14
Unit 35. Articles IT 76
Unit 36 Demonstratives - This, That, These, and Those -------~ 78
Unit 37 Quantifiess I-Some, Any, No, None, etc. z 80
Unit 38 Quantifiers Il—Another, Other, etc. v= 82
Unit 39 Quantifiers Ill — Few/Little, A fewllittle, A lot of, Lots of, Many, and Much 84
Unit 40 Quantifiers IV —All, Each, Every, etc. en 86
Unit 44 Quantifiers V Both, Either, and Neither : oe
Seen eed
Unit 42 Personal and Possessive Pronouns 90
Unit 43. Special Uses of It 92
Unit 44 Reflexive Pronouns hh
Gaara an Peano)
Unit 45 “Adjectives I -Function, Position, and Form 7 96
Unit 46. Adjectives Il -Word Order 98
Unit 47 Adverbs I Manner, Place, and Direction see 100
Unit 48 Adverbs II ~Time, Frequency, and Possibility 102
Unit 49 Adverbs III ~Too and Enough so se 104
Unit 50 Adverbs IV ~Adverbs of Degree a ' 106
ESE)
Unit 51 Comparatives — Adjectives and Adverbs ee : 108
Unit 52 Superlatives — Adjectives and Adverbs : = 110
Unit 53 Comparative and Superlative Modifiers : 112 cm
Sc TO eee ke eee eas)
Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions es 114
Unit §5 Subordinating Conjunction -.-é Eas 116
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs : 18
Unit 57 Parallel Structure sve 120
BSc ea aes uen
Unit 58 Prepositional Phrases z 122
Unit 59 Verb + Preposition : nee
Unit 60 Adjective + Preposition :: 126
Unit 61 Other Prepositions ~By, Until, For, During, Regarding, On account of, etc. 128
THE SENTENCE
SSSI eRe aed
Unit 62 Subjects and Objects ensue sr 0 130
Unit 63 Subject and Object Complements : 132
Unit 64 Subject-Verb Agreement y A 134
Unit 65 Subject-Verb Inversion 2 186
Unit 66 Passive I —Active and Passive z 138
Unit 67 Passive I —Verb Tenses ses 140
Unit 68 Passive IM —Verb Types in the Passive : : 142
Unit 69 Passive IV -Modals and Get . 144
Sou E EME Ore sen ka
Unit 70 Noun Clauses - ren 148
Unit 71 Adjective Clauses I —Relative Clauses ats _ 148
Unit 72 Adjective Clauses II ~Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses 150
Unit 73 Adjective Clauses III -Formality and Omission of Relative Pronouns Hap 152 ESS RL MM ea kee eae ee
Unit 74 To-Infinitives 154
Unit 75. Gerunds = s eat
Unit 76. Present and Past Participles 7 158
Unit 77 Participle Clauses ererernnsnen 160
SS ee ees
Unit 78 Adverb Clauses I —Time vel
Unit 79 Adverb Clauses II ~Reason and Condition 164
Unit 80 Adverb Clauses III -Contrast 166
SSC E CME eee)
Unit 81 Conditionals I ~Real Conditionals 168
Unit 82 Conditionals Il -Unreal Conditionals si : 170
Unit 83 Conditionals Il - Wish and Other Conditional Words 172
Sac enaee =o
Unit 84 Indirect Speech I -Basic Points -.. 174
Unit 85 Indirect Speech Il ~Say and Tell «~ 176
Unit 86 Indirect Speech III - Advanced Points 178
SZ ROM
Unit 87 Yes/No Questions eee eee : 180
Unit 88 Tag Questions a eae : 182
Unit 89 Information Questions 184
Unit 90 Negative Questions aon lerer iis
Index eno ee 188
Answer Key eed 2 191 1. _ Forms of Simple Present (the base form of a verb in all but the third-person singular)
: = al
| _Affirmatives
‘He/Shellv/A person works ..
ee
Does he/shefit/a person
work ...? work...
| trvowWerThey livehere. | Do Vyou/welthey live here? | IYou/We/They don't live here,
‘The be-ves changes form:
Fire-person: Iam... Second-persoa: You are... Thid-pereon: He(Shelt is.
‘Fisse/Third person plural: WelThey are
HelShe/I/A person doesn't |
UL. Spelling for regular verbs in the third-person singular
1. Regular verbs: add -s. John works for Microsoft.
work —+ works, eat + eats, like + likes, bury —+ buys | She plays the violin for a living
| 2. ‘Verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -s, or -x: add -es. | Larry teaches French at college.
___ teach + teaches, wash ~ washes, fix + fixes ___- Gary washes regularly.
3. Verbs ending in a consonant + -y: change y to iand | Liz studies Korean every day.
add -es. She always tries to practice with
study ~ studies, try ~+ tres, carry ~ carries __ me. msi
IN. Spelling for irregular verbs in the third-person singular
“The third-person singular forms of iregular verbs do, | Dave docs the washing himself.
0, and have are as follows: do does, go» goes, | He goes to work every two days.
have -+ has |The machine has ots of functions.
IV. Use of Simple Present
Tlive on Cumberland Street,
| express true statements or She has a blue car.
facts. Michigan is in the United States. |
i Saree sek — ey
2. Use the simple present to | You drink coffee every morning.
express actions that happen | He plays tennis on Thursdays.
regularly, | They walk ro school
The bus runs from 6 i 10
|
1", Use the simple present with | We usually eat at home on weekends.
| adverbs of frequency, such as_| She ofter talks on the phone at night.
always, never, often, rarely, It never rains here in summer.
| sometimes, and usuall | Sometimes, I read mystery novels.
4. Use the simple present instead | The moment I arrive home, I will call you
of will in temporal and | The moment I will arrive home, I will call you. (X)
conditional adverb clauses. ‘He will join us when he finishes his homework.
that refer to the future. He will join us when he will finish his homework. (X)
If it rains, the game will have to be delayed.
| Kit will rain, the game will have to be delayed. (x) Simple Present Unit
. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given.
1. Werarely__in Florida. (snow)
2. Michael__to the gym on weekends. (e0)
3. The movie theater usually at midnight. ~ (close)
4. Kelly TV all the time. (watch)
5. Lalways late on Saturdays. (sleep)
6. Mark his bike to work every day. (ride)
7. My father often __work at 8 p.m. (finish)
8, She at the library on weekday mornings. (study)
Correct the underlined words in the sentences. if the word is correct, write OK.
1. My cousin always crys at movies
2. Jack likes to go for walks in the park.
3. They wears boots to work when it’s cold. __ ‘
4. He faxes us an invoice every week.
5. Italians kisses each other on the cheek to say hello.
6. A plane flys over our house every day at 1 p.m.
7. We read a book every week in history class.
8. Marie washs her face before she gocs to bed,
‘Complete the sentences with the words in the box . Use the correct form of the
verb. Use each verb only once.
go watch eat play speak teach visit make close have
. On Sundays, John his family.
. Jobn and his family games and things together
1, Janet works at a language school. She English.
2. She ‘a new winter coat.
3. John English-language movies on TV.
4. John’s girlfriend English and Spanish.
5. They __at their favorite restaurant on Friday nights.
6. The restaurant at 11 p.m. on weekends. *
7. Joho usually toa club on Saturday nights.
z
9. SSM
‘eating.
| They are working, | Are they working
1. Use of Present Progressive
| Lam studying at my | She is eating in atte They are waiting It’s snowing. |
desk. | cafeteria for the bus. |
| 2. Use the present progressive ro express | Tim secing my Bend off tomorzow moming,
fature actions and events that are When are we starting for London?
already planned or decided |
3. Use the present progressive to express | Kelly is teaching English part time.
|
| _ shore duration | (temporary work)
| MESH Recall ha he simple preset i wed for Cf. Kelly teaches English at a school.
Jong-lasing or regulary occuring stations (wher joy.
Circle the correct word or words to complete each sentence.
1, The hotel (stands / is standing) on a hill outside the town.
2. My brother (lives / is living) with us for a while. @
3. School (starts / is starting) at 8:30 a.m. tide ania REE
4, For negatives, place not besween be and the verb. Be and not can be contracted
( aren't; the exception is for am = I’m not, not | amn't).
eae ee |
i 2 |
| |
| tes snowing. ‘We're reading. Tm langhing.
fereeeree | We're not watching TV. ‘I'm not crying.
| (ieisn’e raining.) (We aren't watching TV.) |
J. "Some verbs are not normally used in progressive forms. For rexample:
* verbs of mental and emotional | I believe he isthe right person for this position.
states: believe, doubt, hate, Tam believing he is the right person for this
suppose, know, want, like, etc. | position. (X) Prasent Progressive Unit
+ verbs of the senses: appear, He appears healthy.
look(seem), hear, see, etc. ‘He is appearing healthy. (x)
+ others: consist, owm, possess, ete. | My father owns a huge truck.
‘See Uni 3 for longer lis of the words My father is owning a huge truck. (X)
thar do net allow progressive forms.
6. Frequency adverbs can be used with | I'm always meeting Larry at this coffee shop.
4 progressive form to represent (accidental and unplanned meetings)
unexpected or unplanned actions. CE. I always meet Larzy at this coffee shop.
shat happen very often. (regular and planned meetings)
always
be + { continuous} + verb + ing
frequently
A. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences, Use the words in the box.
fix wear do watch = eat_—s win. dance talk
7. Mia and Kit | 8 Ron
. Amy and Jun | 6, Larry
pe a coat.
on the phone.
B. Look at the picture and write true sentences about it. Use the words given.
1 (it rain)
Z {Jane - sit down)
3 (Mark - wear - sweater)
4 (lane - carry - bag)
(Mark and Jane - walk)
(Paula and Jim - eat)
(Paula - talk - phone)
(Jira - watch - TV)
ry
th |, Stative verbs are verbs that describe a state or situation, not an action or process.
Stative verbs generally do not take progressive forms.
Affirmative x Negative
Hes loving her (x) 1s he loving her? (x) He is not loving her. (X)
[= He loves her. = Docs he love her? = He does not love her.
Il. Use of Stative Verbs
1. Stative verbs are generally Laurie likes the cooking class she is taking. (i-Liking)
not used in the progressive Peter recognizes all the people at the party. (is secognizing)
because they describe Josef envies Sari for all the attention she is getting. |
conditions or states rather (ie envying]
than actions. |
2. Some verbs can represent I imagine you are enjoying your time off. (state)
both states and actions. Right now, I am imagining you sitting on the beach. (action)
You look tired. (state)
_She is looking at the pictures in my photo album. (action)
3. Study the following categories of stative verbs. Verbs in italics can have a progressive
meaning, too.
Be
| Knowledge/ | Sensory |
Description | Baie ees | sein
appear believe | hear belong t0
be doubt | feel have
exist forget dislike | see own
Took imagine | enjoy | smell possess
| Took like know | eavy taste — a
resemble wale fear Physical ‘Measurement
sound remember like een oe lea
think love ache owe
understand need burn weigh
prefer | burt measure
surprise itch consist of
want sting include
A. Complete the sentences with the simple present or present progressive form of the
verbs given.
1. Please don’t turn off the radio.I___to it. (listen)
2. Please don’t shut down the computer. I it. (need)
3. This book is fantastic. 1__ it immensely. {enjoy}
|
| rT
StatveVerbs__Unit
. This movie is great. I ita lot (like)
Because of recent events, I more about the Middle East. (learn)
Theard the news.I___ how you feel. (know)
. Took like my mom, but my brother our dad. (cesemble)
. Jo____alor less these days chan she did a year ago. (weigh)
. You__upset. Have I offended you? (seem)
|. He is a gentleman, but he rade to me today. (be)
1. Tcan't talk right now; I 1 peanut butter sandwich. (eat)
12. My peanut butter sandwich so good! (taste)
13. Mario 1 peanut butter sandwich for the first time. (caste)
14, The wedding guestlist every one of my 42 cousins. (include)
B. Look at the pictures. Then complete the sentences with the simple present or
present progressive form of the verbs given.
| |
GA
|1. zachis his | 2, Pamela happy. | 3. Bridger the
face. His face She fat pictures | tea, The tea
| rough. feel) | of her family. (look) _|_delicious. (smell
if i
5. Sam to be
4, The coffee ee ae 6. Giraffes long
| one kilo, Grant eee aa bd necks. This giraffe
| the coffee. (weigh) area seat a Junch, (have)
L (appear)
7. Sally ee | |
company can save alot 8. Kyle the pie. | 9. Feathers Jane
of money. She The pie good. her mother
about how to present (taste) with a feather. (tickle)
her ideas. (chink) Backs ike
Questions’ ‘Negatives |
Have we seen this...? | We have not seen this
He has seen this... Has he seen this... ? He has not seen this... |
He's seen this... Hasn't he seen this « He hasn't seen this...
Tl, Use of Present Perfect
| 1. The present perfect is often used with | He has just come from the supermarket.
adverbs of time: just, already, recently, | They have already eaten,
before, and yet. Thave recently noticed a lot of traffic on this
street
2. The present perfect is often used with Tes the first ime she has eaten sushi.
expressions like the first/second time. | This is the second time they have
Choose the correct verb form for the sentence. If both are possible, write both.
1. This is the third time I (run / have run) a marathon,
2. 1 (didn’t finish / haven't finished) my homework yet.
Thave been a vegetarian for fifteen years.
“3. Present perfect + for / since /
up 10 mow / so far describes an | She has had a cold for several days. |
action that began in the past and We have known her since high school. i
continues to the present. They have been out since 3 p. i
4. Use the present perfect in Have you ever been to Africa? }
questions with ever. Use never No, I've riever been. / Yes, I have. |
for negative responses. Has she ever ridden the bus? |
|__No, she has never ridden
bus. / Yes, she has. | |
Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs given.
1. He The Lord of the Rings five times. (see)
21 10 class since Monday. (not be)
3 ‘you ever London or Paris? (visit)
IIL Difference Between Present Perfect and Simple Past
1. Sometimes, either the simple | They have gone to the theater. / They went to the theater.
past or the present perfect. | He has lost his backpack. / He lost his backpack.
| canbe used with litte Thave written my paper. / wrote my paper.
change in meaning.
14 unit
2, For events that started and | Ihave met him last week. (X) ~+ I met him last week.
finished in the past, do not He has gone to that restaurant yesterday. (X)
use the present perfect, such —+ He went o that restaurant yesterday.
as with past time indicators They have studied French on Tuesday. (X)
like some time ago, yesterday, + They studied French on Tuesday.
last night, then, when, in
. 2008, etc.
, 3. A sentence in the present ‘He has lived in Seoul for two years. (He stil lives in Seoul.)
perfect can have a different He vein Seoul fortwo years. (Fe lves somewhere now)
‘meaning from a sentence in Mozart has written a lot of music. (Mozart is still alive.)
Mozart wrote a lot of music. (Mozart no longer writes music.)
‘A. Unscramble the sentences. Put the verbs in the present perfect form,
for / It/ have / two weeks / not rain /
Indian food / Have / ever / you / try /?
never /1/ have / his parents / meet /. ea
the first time /a marathon /I/run/It’s/have/.
not buy /have / She / yet /her textbooks /. | ___
ever / Have / break / his leg / he /?
c
on ko Se
B. Rewrite the sentences. Use the simple past tense.
& } 1. She has just climbed Mount Raines. draco steam alts Mania
mbt 2. Lhave already told her to come inside. hd sco
+3. We have finished our homework.
v 4. He has forgotten how to make pancakes.
"
9
Correct the underlined parts of the sentences. If the sentence is correct,
Yesterday, I have decided to sell my car.
‘She was out of town since Friday.
‘They have been angry with her this morning.
Have yon already seen this show?
or
‘We were here for three hours. pie ae
‘He has not left last week pat Sen ee
. Did he eat the last piece of cake yesterday? |
. He went to the beach last weekend. Se
). We lived in the mountains for fifteen years.
‘We love it!
c
S eNom & sous Tl, Use of Present Perfect Progressive
1
The present perfect progressive describes | You have been watching TV for three
| an action that began in the past and hours. It’s time to study!
continues to the present. Its often used Jeri needs to hang up now. She has been
with for and since and other time indicators, talking on the phone all morning.
such as all day, all week, all afternoon, etc. | Where have you been? I have been
Dieses bared gedaan waiting for you since noont
‘ear been ping me oc ox contnuoosecivt)
Heat heed me focus on conpesog
2. The present perfect progressive describes an Bill looks great. He has been taking
activity in general that has been in progress good care of himself recently:
recently or lately. Joan has a toothache. She has been
eating too much candy.
| David has been traveling a lot lately.
He starts a new job next week.
3. Stative verbs, such as like, know, want, Jonathan introduced me to his best
believe, and understand, are not generally friend. He has known him for 16
used in the progressive. To describe a state years.
that began in the past and continues to the | Even though I have belonged to the gym
present, use the present perfect. since last year, I usually exercise in
‘See Unit 3 fora lise of stative verbs, | _ the park.
4. Look at the following timeline to learn when the present perfect progressive is used.
| Karl is saving money. | Karl is saving money. | Karl is buying a car.
Activity 1 Activity 1 Continues Now
‘January, year 1 November, year 2 December, year 2
————
| Kar! is finally buying a car. He has been saving money for two years. STeeT Sse es
rT rr
¢
rYTTie:t tf" Tae eS
C
A
Present Perfect Progressive Unit
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given.
1. Ann wishes she had a car. She for the bus for an hour. (wait)
2. Brie doesn’t look well. He alot of junk food lately. (eat)
3. Alexis is getting tired. She since early this morning. (study)
4, Chris wants to get married. He Emma for three years. (date)
5.1 about quitting my job, but I'm too scared. (chink)
6. We want to go out, but it all morning. (snow)
Read the situations. Then make sentences with the words given.
1, Jill started applying for jobs a month ago. She is still looking for a job.
(apply for jobs - all month)
2. Daniel started learning English last year. He is still studying English
(learn English - since last year)
3. We started walking two hours ago. We are still walking.
(walk - for two hours)
4, Jessica went shopping at 1 p.m. She is still shopping.
(shop - since 1 p.m.)
. Imet Rick in fourth grade. We are now roommates in college.
(know Rick - since fourth grade)
6. Neal started playing the violin when he was 12. He still plays. He is 22 years old now.
(play the violin - for ten years)
.. Write sentences using the present perfect progressive. Choose information from
each column. You may use words more than once.
1 drink lots of water all (moming, week, etc.)
my classmate date for.
my mother/father help {someone) [laters
my gitfriend/boyfriend | practice yoga / kung fu | recently
Lai chi study | since
EXAMPLE: My mother has been helping her best friend since high school. Ease k Gao kr=
I. Forms of Simple Past
i Affirmatives ” i Questions ‘Negatives ef f
| She fixed the bike. Did she fix the bike? | She did not fix the bike. |
‘They played baseball. Did they play baseball? They did not play baseball.
She was upset. Was she upsec? She was not upset.
They were upset. Were they | They were not upset. |
1 Spelling for Regular and irregular Verbs
1. Regular verbs: add -ed or -d.
work + worked talk + talked open ~» opened
live + lived smile —+ smiled __move-+moved
2. Verbs ending in a consonant + -y: change y to and add -ed. |
cry > cried study + studied
i - Verbs ending in ane stressed vowel + one consonant: double the consonant and add ed. 1
| stop + stopped ban — banned bose
| prefer + preferred occur + occurred i i
(EEHT Do not double w, x, 9. i
Example esjoy~» eajoyed, wax waxed, bow —+ bowed
be was, were [sit sat i
| buy + bought | | speak + spoke i
| bring brought sakestook
come—+came | ese
|
Il, Use of Simple Past {
to erie einnie rateer pence I parked the car in the garage. |
actions that started and She fixed my bike. i
finished in the past. - | They stayed in a hotel while in New York
2. Use the simple past with past | We cooked dinner lastnight.
time indicators like yesterday, The bank opened three hours ago.
last, ago. We can also use the | You talked on the phone for 15 minutes.
simple past with for, and from | They lived in Paris from 1999 to 2005.
to.
the simple present to make a | I wondered if you could help me. (=1 wonder if.
|__ request more tentative.
3. Use the simple past instead of | Did you want to sec me? (= Do youwant...?) coe
crrrcrrtrr§
Perey
eae c
‘A. Look at Paul's diary from last week. Complete tt
‘Simple Past Unit
he sentences in the simple past.
Monday “Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
zaioo history «8:00 yoga = =atoa history azsoo-Engish —a00 history
ie ricoh a ame ad eee
See en ce ane
4:00 book dub | 700 dines
1. Paul to history class on Monday, Wednesday; and Friday. (go)
2. Last Monday, he Junch with Judy. (have)
3. Paul a book club meeting on Monday. (attend)
4, On Tuesday, he a yoga class. (cake)
5. He Dr. West on Tuesday. (see)
6. On Wednesday and Friday, Paul with a group of students. (study)
7. David and Paul __ tennis on Tuesday. (play)
8. On Thursday, Paul English class. (skip)
9. Paul at the gym once last week. (exercise)
10. He dinner with Michi on Friday night. (eat)
B. Write sentences in the simple past. Use the woi
. (I drink - hot chocolate - last night)
. (Kun - forget - my phone number)
. (Sally - win - the chess game}
(It - rain - last week)
(We - sell - our sofa)
(The phone - ring - a minute ago)
(They - hear - a strange noise)
(You - drink - all the milk)
. (Kelly - bring - wine - to the party)
per anneene
10. (We - pay - attention - to the message)
11. (Alonso - be - late for class}
12. (ake and I - go - to the movies - last weekend)
13, (Paula - make - macaroni - for dinner)
14, (Ana - speak - to her Grandmother - this morning)
15, (1- think - you - be - at school)
rds SECTION1 TIME AND TENSE
Re t
Twas talking. ‘Was I talking? I was not talking, |
‘They were running. Were they running? They were not running, |
IL Use of Past Progressive |
1. The past progressive is used to describe It. was snowing this morning.
actions that were in progress for a period of We were living in Florida last year.
time in the past. I was talking to my professor before
|
a class yesterday. |
The past progressive is used to describe an | He was watching TV at 7 p.m.
action that was in progress ata particular They were riding the subway home at
time in the past. 3pm.
I iw ‘My friends were playing tennis at 9 a.m.
3. The past progressive is used to describe an_| He was running when he tripped and
action that was in progress when another, fell. '
shorter action suddenly happened. While we were eating, my phone rang. i
AISUTN In this case, the past progressive describes the longer | I was asking her a question when you
accion, andthe simple pas deseabes he shores | interrupted.
a As she was explaining the task, the |
lights went out |
4. Look at the following timeline to learn when the past progressive is used. t
aN
| 10:00 | 12:00 2:00 8:00
Jim began studying at 10 a.m.
‘At 11 am, he was studying at the library.
At 2 p.m.,, Jim stopped studying and left the library.
| At 3 p.m., he was exercising at the gym.
‘The phone rang at 8 p.m. Jim was cooking dinner at home when the phone rang. |
N
° ‘A. Complete the sentences with the past progressive.
1. Helen an email when her computer broke.
2. Maureen a book when someone knocked on the door.
3. Joey home from work at 6 p.m.
4. We breakfast at the diner at 10 am.
5. While I 4 nap, the mail came.
PestProgressive Unit
(send)
(read)
(drive)
(have)
(take)
B. Look at the pictures. Then complete the sentences with the words in the box. Use
the correct form of the ver’. Use each verb only once.
3:45-5:30 p.m.
study exercise clean have coffee __ cook dinner
1. fill at 8:40 a.m,
2, At 9:30 a.m., she her apartment.
3. She at the library at 12:15 p.m.
4, At2 pm, Jil at a café with a friend.
5. She at the gym at S p.m,
6. Ar 6:30 pim,, she at home.
C. Complete the paragraphs using the words
use the simple past.
i, Ateight o'clock this morning, I's
eat lunch
in. In some cases, you will need to
(eat) breakfast when my friend
2 (call). She asked me to meet her for lunch at a café. Later, while
Is____(wait) for my roommate, I« (run into) my English
professor. We s (talk) when my roommate 6 (attive).
fi, Carla's (run) in the park when she 2 (see) Kevin.
Hes (exercise), 100, so Carla ¢ (invite) him to ran
with her. While they s (talk), Kevin’s friends « __ (walk) by.
They all 7 (decide) to run together Easel
Oey
le
Affirmati Negatives
‘We had done... a ‘We had not done...
| He had done... ; He had not done . .
He'd done... Hadn't he done... He hadn't done .
M.
Use of Past Perfect
1. The past perfect describes an event | When Bil arrived atthe mesg, he realced chat
that was completed before another | he had forgotten his briefcase, (Firs, Bll forgot
event in the past. I is often used his briefease. Then, he arrived at the meeting and
with the simple past. |__ realized he didn’t have his briefcase with him.)
Circle the correct word or words to complete each sentence.
2. The past perfect is often used
1. He (lost / had lost) his bike two years ago.
=
2. He gor to te aepor, ut he org ha forgotten) his passport.
‘Katie had just left the park when it started to rain,
with just, already, and by the (First, Katie left the park. Then, it started to rain.)
time, Thad already voted, so I waited outside.
By the time Sam got to his car, the meter had expired.
ZT simple past can be used with | John had done the laundry before Susan got home
before ox after when the sequence | (= John did the laundry before Susan got home)
of events is already clear. The | After John had done the laundry, Susan put it away.
‘meaning does not change. (= After John did the laundry, Susan put it away.)
} The past perfect can express an Thad hoped it would start to rain soon, but it didn't.
unrealized hope or wish, Thad intended to do the laundry before Susan got
home, but she arrived earlier
ze — i |
| Mary left the club. Steve arrived at the club. | [A] Where's Mary?
[B)_ She went home.
Event 1 Event 2
10:15 p.m, 10:30
| When Steve
By the time Steve arrived at the club, Mary had left.
Mary had just left when Steve arrived at the cub.
Mary had left before Steve arrived at the club. OR Mary left before Steve artived at the club |
After Mary had left, Steve arrived at the club,
arrived at the club, Mary had already left. |
After Mary left, Steve arrived at the club. PestPefes unt 8
. Read each sentence. Check (v) the event that happened first.
1. By the time Pat arrived at the party, many people had already gone home.
___Pat arrived atthe party. __ Many people left the party
2, After Mika had read the book, she lent it to Julia.
Mika read the book. __Julia borrowed the book.
3, Bob had already seen the movie, so he went to the gym instead.
Bob saw the movie. __Bob went to the gym.
4, When Lara got to the library, she realized she had left her notebook at home.
__Lara arrived at the library. ___Lara forgot her notebook.
5. Chris had just fallen asleep when the doorbell rang,
Chris fell asleep. __ The doorbell rang.
B. Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use one past perfect verb in each.
1. George went grocery shopping. Then, he cooked dinner.
‘, After he
2. Frank left the library. Then, Suzanne got to the library.
i. ‘When _, Frank Ase just)
‘ 3, Jenny made other plans. Then, James asked her to go to a museum.
James “_jbutshe (use ready)
rc 4, The concert began. Then, Beth arrived at the concert
By the time Beth it
i
S ©. Complete the paragraph with the past perfect or the simple past.
A.
L
i Thad a terrible day. 14 (invite) Cara out to Tunch, but she 2
¢ (emake) other plans. Then, Is (call) Steve, but he « (leave) tte house
already. SoIs_____(g0) to the movie theater alone, but when T¢_ (arrive),
e T7____ (realize) that I__(forget) my wallet! I decided to go home and
pe (get) home, my favorite show 10 (end).
watch TV, but by the time Is Boi eee
{ Quesions |
Had Carl been working for
ae 2 SOB ass: |
‘Tom and Carl had been ‘Had Tom and Carl been Tom and Carl had not been
|__ working for __ working for. .? ‘working for |
Il. Use of Past Perfect Progressive
1. “The past perfect progressive describes an | The last time I saw Makiko, she looked |
event that was in progress before another reat. She had been exercising.
event in the past. It is often used with the | When I arrived, everyone was quiet. They
simple past had been discussing something serious.
sed Dies beoeers een alse Jim was upset. He had been talking to his
‘When I srived icy ad been discussing something boss.
Serious. forus on consnuason of an activi)
‘When Iarved, John had dove the laundry and was
"about t les (fous on completion)
2. The past perfect progressive is often used | Our plane finally took off. We had been
| "with for and since. waiting for 1w0 hours.
‘When he arrived at his home, he was
feeling tired. He was tired because he
had been traveling since 3 am.
3. Stative verbs, such as like, know, want, | Pam and Donald finally went out on a date.
believe, and understand, are not used in the | They had liked each other for months.
progressive. To describe a state that was | I met her husband last night, but I had
in progress before an event in the past, use | known Ricki for two years.
the past perfect.
See Unit 3 fora list of sative vec
| 4. Look at the following timeline ¥o leamn when the past perfect propre
Stan and Jo were sitting in | The train left the station. | Stan and Jo arrived at the
traffic. | stato
Event 1 Event 2 Now
2:45-3:30 p.m. 3:40 pm. 341 pm.
Stan and Jo missed their train. They had been sitting in traffic for 45 minutes. ast Perfect Progressive Unit
=D
‘A. Complete the sentences with the past perfect progressive.
1. Iwas wide awake at midnight because I (drink) coffee for hours.
2, Maria and Sun Hee finally met at college in New York. They (write) to
‘each other since they were in high school.
3. When Gary went to bed, we (watch) TV for four hours.
4, Kim (wait) for Ben since 10 a.m. It was 10:45 a.m., and she was angry.
5. Nancy was out of breath when she got to class. She was late, so she (ran),
8. Complete the sentences. Choose a or b. é
1. Jonathan could speak fluent Italian because he in Rome since he was a kid.
a. has lived b. had been living
2. Jordan the newspaper, so he gave it to me.
a. had already read b. had already been reading
3. Natasha wanted to change careers. She the same class for nine years.
a. has taught b. had been teaching
4, They were exhausted. They tennis since 8 a.m.
a. were playing ». had been playing
5. By the time I renewed my driver's license, my old one
a. had already expired b. had already been expiring
Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1, Betty bought a motorcycle to ride to work. Four years later, it broke down.
At the time her motorcycle _, Betty i to work for four years.
2. Karen went to study at the library after lunch. Tom found her there at 6 p.m.
‘When Tom her at the library, Karen____all afternoon.
3. Ella began cleaning her apartment. Then, her mother called.
Ella her apartment when her mother
4, Jonah went to meet Lucy at the park. He waited for her by the fountain. Lucy arrived
30 minutes later
‘When Lucy Jonah by the fountain for 30 minutes.
5. Our plane took off at noon. We landed at 4 p.m. We got our suitcases and took a taxi
to the hotel. We arrived at the hotel at 5 p.m.
‘When we ___at the hotel, we for five hours. | She will Begin ‘Will she begin... ? She will not begin .
She is going to begin .... Is she going to begin... ? | She is not going to begin . .
‘They will try Will they try They will not try
‘They are going to try Are they going to try...? | They are not going to try...
U. Use of Simple Future (distinction between will and be going to)
1. The simple future describes an
‘That box is heavy. I will help you carry it.
‘event that has not yet begun but He will graduate in May.
that will happen at some time in Tt is going to rain this weekend. |
the furure,
2. Use be going to to express Tam going to take a yoga class this fall.
intention or to announce plans _He is going to study English in college. |
that have already been decided | They are going to move to California next year.
3. Use will to express a decision | The car is already here. I'l finish this later.
made in the present moment. Ihave an extra hour. I'l take a nap before class.
think, I guess, and I don't think — Thave a three-day weekend. I ¢hink Pil work in the garden.
are often used in this context. I'm hungry. I think I'll have some noodl
on. ‘We are going to buy a new computer. |
|
in the blank with will or be going to.
1. Mr. Liang ____teach our conversation class next spring.
2. Idon’t have much time this morning, so I guess I ‘wait until later.
3. Ies late. [don’t think T call him tonight.
4, Use will wo express I know you're busy, so I'l do the shopping today. (offer) |
willingness to do something, Ask John to fix the sink. He'll help you. (agree)
or to offer, agree, or promise I promise I'll water the plants twice a week. (promise)
ee =
5. Use be going to to express an | I missed my bus! Now I’m going to be late.
action that is sure to happen Look at that man on the bike! He is going to have an
| imthenear fur. |accident, veeuiiaee, a
6. Willis often used to express | We told him about the party, so maybe he'll come. }
predictions with maybe, _| If it rains, she'll probably cancel her trip to the beach. j
probably, I doubt, Ibet, | I doubt he'll go to class if the weather is nice today. j
|
| Tguess, Fahink, Idon't think, | I guess I won't see you before you leave.
| and I'm sure | Sere cr
ECFEES
Simple Future —Be gang tne Unit
‘A. Complete the sentences with be going to + the base form of the verbs given.
pO) 1. Kevin Mandarin at the Institute for Chinese Studies.
2. Marianne a new coat this winter.
3. Anna and Kat ____me how to make portery.
4, Lonis is a terrible driver. He an accident one of
these days.
$. Sunny sews very well. She me a skirt.
6. If they don’t fix the sidewalk, someone
B. Correct the underlined parts of the sentences. If the sentence is correct, write OK.
. Thave ten minutes before class. I think I am going to study my verbs. __
Minnie will play basketball at the sports club this summer
Kerry's suitcase is heavy. Maybe Mare is going to carry it for her,
I doubt Garret is going to spend a lot of money on a DVD player.
. Soon Mi will move to Toronto after the school year. ie ofiradl) LET
Iwill probably bring my lunch tomorrow. I eat out too much!
aoe ea oP
. Can you help me with my paper? Yes, I am going to look at it tonight.
©. Look at Katie's daily planner and “to-do” list. Then complete the sentences.
Gadib= Orta 0020-0 078-06 oa eg
co Wednesday | Thursday xo
400 4130 5:0 3200 790 1. register for fall
De Kin take Mom to | soacer practice | English cass dinner at Mom painting cass
5:00 hospital for | 8:00, 230 ‘andDegs 2. clan the bathroom
soccer practice ye tmatment dinner with Jen | study group 3.90 tothe post ofce
1200 ‘and Michael 4, deposit checks st
Engh class thebark
1. Maybe she to soccer practice after her doctor's appointment on Monday.
(be late)
2. She doesn’t think she +o English class on time this Tuesday. (make it)
3. She______probably__a shower before dinner on Wednesday. (rake)
4, This Thursday, she 1a study group after English class. (attend)
5. On Friday, she _dinner at her parents’ house. (have)
6. Katie painting class this fall. (take)
7. Her roommate cleaned the bathroom last week, so Katie it this week. (clean)
8. The post office and bank are on the same street. Maybe she to both on
the same day. (go) Bae flu kia
L._ The simple present and present progressive can be used to express future time.
Question
sour train leave at 8:30 | Our tain does not leave at
am? | 8:30 a.m. Iris delayed a litte
| Mia is coming to visit Is Mia coming to visit next bit. Mia is not coming to visit
| next week. | we next week.
11, _Use of Simple Future (distinction between present progressive and simple present)
1. The present progressive can be used | We are now leaving. Put on your hat.
to talk about actions that are just | Are you coming? Before you leave, don't forget
starting, It is common with verbs of | to lock all the windows
|__ movement. Get int Bm taking you to school
2. The present progressive is used to He is chairing a meeting tomorrow morning.
describe furure plans. They are eating fifo dinner onight
My parents are coming to vist next week
‘Use the simple present to describe | The bank closes at 4 p.m.
Simes and schedales in the furure. The play starts at 8 p.m. and ends at 10:30 pm.
My train arrives at
Co Tuesday Coa
700 | 1200 10.00 800
‘@ Indian cooking | massage at | yoga class et lunch with Mom
fe class with Hapou Day Spa | 330-800 |" "a's party | 55
Wendy movie with John pick up Jacob |
a iS eet with boss from the train i
° | | | Sretion
1. On Monday, Maggie and Wendy Indian cooking. (study) |
2. Maggie ‘a massage on Tuesday. (get) {
3. She ‘with her boss later that day. (meet) i
4, Her yoga class __ at 10 a.m. on Wednesday. (start) |
5. The movie _at 3:30 pum. and até pms (start end)
6. On Thursday night, Maggie_____to a party (0)
7. She lunch with her mother on Friday. (eat)
8, Jacob’s rain at 3:05 p.m. on Friday. (arrive) ‘Simple Future — reset rrss ane Sma ret Unit
B. Complete the sentences about the future. Choose a or b.
1. Mary ____ married in the fall.
a. gets b. is gerting
2. We _____in the marathon this Saturday.
a. run b. are running,
3. Chris Laura to a movie this weekend.
a. takes b. is taking
4. My plane__at noon on Wednesday.
a. leaves b. is leaving
zk to the bank this afternoon.
a. 80 b. am going
6, The meeting ‘at 5 p.m. on Thursday.
a. ends b. is ending
7. Ellen home tonight.
a. stays b. is staying
8. Jeri 10 a play tomorrow night.
a. goes b. is going
C. Look at the pictures. Then complete the sentences with the present progressive
or the simple present form of the verbs given.
8am. |
On Saturday, Hannah :__ (go) out with her friends. They 2__(see) a
‘movie at the campus theater, The movie __(stait) at 4 p.m. and «__(end)
at 6:30 pum, After that, Hannah s. (meet) her boyfriend, Jim, at the train station.
Jim’s train 6___(arrive) at 7:15 pm. Then Hannah and Jim >___(eat) at their
favorite restaurant. On Sunday, Hannah » (tide) the bus. She »__(visit)
her parents in another town. Her bus 10 (leave) at 10:30 a.m, She 13
(come) back early to study with her friends. Hannah +2 (go) to bed early Sunday
night because her English class +3 (begin) at 8 a.m. on Monday. SECTION 1
1. Future in the Present Tense
1. The verbs intend, Jack intends to meet all his sales goals this spring.
hope, plan, be to, and Lhope to see you at the retreat next month.
be about to express ‘Judith plans to graduate next year.
plans or goals for the _Ican’t eat now; I'm about to go swimming.
future. They are used (= Pm going swimming in a few minutes / very soon.)
|__with an infinitive
|2. Note the position of Harry intends not to be home when the tax assessor comes.
| ~ not in negative (= does not intend to be)
| sentences using these Dee hopes not to have to work on New Year's Eve this year.
| verbs. Luke plans not to pay sales tax by ordering online.
Pm not about to leave. I have to take a shower first.
Il, Future in the Past (Perfect) Tense
1. When intend, hope, plan, be to, Helen had intended to go to the gym, but she was
and be about to are used in the too busy.
past (perfect) tense, they reflect We had hoped to see Mary, but she didn’t show up,
plans that were supposed t0 Joe was planaing to surprise you, and he di
happen or goals that were expected ‘The train was to arrive at 10 a.m., but it didn’t.
to be met at a point in the future. 1 was about to call you when you called me.
2. Note that different past tenses | intend: had intended (past perfect)
can be used with the different hope: had hoped (past perfect), was hoping (past
verbs. The meaning remains the | progressive) \
same despite the use of the two | plan: had planned (past perfect), was planning
different tenses. (past progressive)
be to: was to (simple past)
bout to (simple past)
‘A. Read the quotes. Complete the sentences with the verbs given. Add any
necessary words.
[x 2 Bs 4
j a
| 7 a
| ee S,
| want to be a | rwittinot be here | Wewere supposed | Tam going to take |
| veterinarian. | when Sal gets home. | to retire soon, but | a vacation this
| Ls Sleieen| ees
= | ‘eg 8
Jam working hard, | I am not going to
| so Pll get promoted. | have lunch right
| now.
am leaving,
S. Francis ‘a promotion, (intend / get)
6. Ben Junch. {not be about to / eat)
7. Marta home. (be about to / go)
8. Seung__
EXAMPLE: I had planned _10 drive Christy to
lass, but the car broke down
1. Thad intended
2. Thad planned
3. Thad hoped
Iwas about to
5. Thad intended
6. Iwas planning
7. Lwas hoping —
8. Thad intended
9. Twas about to
10. Thad planned
Ina few minutes, I
Future pri Pr ein Beaute Un
1, Li Fen a veterinarian one day. (hope / become)
2. Ricky home when Sal arrives. (not intend / be)
3. The Wilsons but they can’t. (hope / retire) (use progressive)
4, Julio ‘on vacation this summer. (plan /g0)
| Thad planned to
stay home, but Yuri
called.
___, bur a friend called. (not plan / go out) (use progressive)
Read the “To-do” list from yesterday and note why each item on the list did not
get done, Then write sentences using the prompts given.
PEEL LERE LEE,
Todo
the car brobe down
EXAMPLE: deve Christyto-eless
00 tired
x
an out of time
2
Nico called me
3. eall Nico
could’ find che ticket
the store was out of them
5. buy AA bacesee
could’t get an appoinment
forget
7, Sean he badhvoor
did't hove ony packing tape
smal judys bite package
James canceled the dere
dide's fel like it Ezek) TIME AND TENSE
a. ee
‘Will Jane be teaching I will not be teaching |
Engli English .. . ? English . . . . |
John is going to be teaching Is ha going to be teaching John is not going to be |
at college .... [__“ateollege...? |” teaching English |
|
|
Use of Future Progressive
1. The future progressive He will be watching TV at 7 p.m. tonight.
describes actions that will be They are going to be riding the subway home at
in progress at a specific point 3 p.m. tomorrow afternoon.
in the future.
2. The future progressive “Sheila is going to be studying art and French in Paris
describes future plans or next summer.
regular activities in the future. | Will you be going skiing every day during the winter |
| break? }
| John isn’t going to be taking Chemistry 102 next |
| _semesees beeanse i filed Chemistry 102)
3. The future progressive ‘Mom will be waiting at the airport when my plane '
describes one or more actions lands.
that will be in progress when I am going to be practicing the trumpet when you get t
place. The interrupting action | When you wake up in the morning, Lara will be taking
uses the present simple ter
a shower and Mom will be cooking breakfast,
another future action takes home from work, so don’t be alarmed at the noise. |
Now | 1:00 2:00 | 3:00 | 4:00
‘Victoria is going to have a busy afternoon,
At 1:15 p.m, she will be driving her son to an appointment.
At 2:30 pm., she is going to be shopping for groceries at the supermarket.
She will be cooking dinner when Future Progressive Unit 13
A. Complete the sentences with the future progressive using will.
1. Marlene __for her midterm tonight, so don’t try to call her. (study)
2. We dinner at Cher Nous at 8 p.m. (have)
3. While you clear the table, 1 the dishes. (wash)
B. Read Fred’s weekend plans. Then complete the sentences with the future
\ | 4, At 6 p.m., Helen home andEric______dinner, (drive, cook)
\ | Deas) ‘shop for groceries
k | it ces paves wihAcis | 390 atcha |
v | 1. Fred Diana for dinner at 7 p.m. Friday evening.
ee 2. On Saturday, he for groceries in the morning,
- 3. On Sunday morning, he the lawn.
Pri 4, He_ with Alexis on Saturday afternoon, and he lunch
7 j at his Aunt Gail’s on Sunday afternoon.
- | 5. He the football game with Guy on Saturday evening.
4 | 6. On Sunday evening, he ‘a movie with Emma.
ee
| ©. Complete the dialog using the words given.
r j [A] Hey, Malik, what are you doing tonight?
i [B] Hey, Jane. Not much.
[Al Lers get together for dinner. Are you free around 6 p.m.?
n | [B] Hmm. At 6 p.m. 11 (exercise) at the gym.
a [A] OK. I could meet you at 7 p.m.
oe [B] Ubb, 7 p.m. is no good either. 12 (belp) my roommate study for his
| Spanish midterm.
\ [A] Isee.2______you still_help) him at 8 p.m.?
\ | [B] No, bur 14__(drrive) my sister home from her ballet class.
[A] I thought you said you weren't doing anything this evening!
| [B] Oops. I guess I was wrong. Well, how about 5 p.m.? What 5 (do) then?
\ [A] 1s____(have) dinner with yout aoe Gwe
[Affirmative | Question) Negative)
| We will have finished it by ‘Will we have ees it by | We won't have finished it
the time .... the time... by the time i
U. Use of Future Perfect
| 1. The furure perfect describes an event | ‘The store coos a6 p.m. John is leaving work at
that will be complete before another 6:30 p.m. When John leaves work, the store
event or time in the future. It is will have closed.
| usually used in conjunction with the Next month, Linda and Jack will have saved
| __simple present. _enough to buy an apartment,
| 2. The future perfect is often used with By June, Nancy will have earned enough credits
by, already, until, and by the time. to graduate.
‘When Kai buys a car next year, he will already
have gotten his driver's license.
| By the time Mara gets home, her husband will
have started cooking dinner.
Twon’t have finished it until next week.
| 3. Look at the following timeline to learn when the future perfect is used. ak
Past Now Future
+-——____,-—_+—__,—_,
Jimstarts doing Jim finishes doing _Jim’s mother
homework homework, comes home.
By the time Jim’s mother comes home, Jim will have finished his homework.
| Past Now Future
Jane's brother Jane goes to
goes home. volleyball practice.
Wher Jane goes to volleyball practic, her brother will have already gone home, Furue Perfect Unit
‘A. Read each sentence. Check (7) the event that happened first.
1. By the time Tonya arrives at the theater, the play will already have started.
Tonya will arrive at the theater. The play will stare.
2. When George gets married, he will already have graduated from college:
George will graduate from college. George will get married.
3. By this winter, Barbara will have sold her house.
Winter will arrive. Barbara will sell her house.
4, When Professor Harris gives the next exam, I will already have dropped the class.
Professor Harris will give the next exam. __I will drop the class.
B. Help these people with their new year's resolutions. Write sentences using the
future perfect and the information given.
EXAMPLE: Hannah wants to lose five pounds before summer. (by)
By sunmer, | will have lost five pounds. a
1. Paul wants to save enough money for a bike before his birthday. (by)
I
2, Mimi and Frank want to take a trip before school starts (by the time}
we
3. Ned and Lily want to find the perfect house before they have a baby. (when)
4, Tim wants to organize the closets in his apartment before spring arrives. (by the time)
5. Lisa wants to take a painting class before she starts a new job in April. (when)
C. Look at the timeline and complete the sentences using the future perfect tense,
eeeececseceoseoeee
April May June July ‘August
Jacksaves $50. | Jacksaves $50. | Jack saves sso. | lacksaves sso. | Jacksaves $50.
Carolstartsa Kelly goesto _ Carolquitsher Kelly returns
ew jb. Brasil ob. from Braz
1. By July, Jack $150.
2. By September, Jack enough to buy a new bike.
3. When Kelly goes to Brazil, Carol ‘a new job.
4, By the time Kelly returns from Brazil, Carol her job. 1. Forms of Future Perfect Progressive (will have been + verb + -ing)
=
Carter will have been ‘Will Carter have been Carter won't have been
working here for 20 years working here for 20 working here for 20
when years whe 2 years when
Il. Use of Future Perfect Progressive
1. The furure perfect progressive describes the | When Fran gets her master’s degree, she
|
duration of an action or activity that will will have been going to school for. |
be in progress before a specific time or 25 years.
event in the future. In general, it is used | When the alarm goes off at 6 a.m., Jim will |
with the simple present. have been sleeping for only two hours. |
When you call me at noon tomorrow, I will
have been studying for an hour.
ty summer, Carter will have been studying,
used with by and by the time. English for a year.
By the time Jill retires, she will have been
working for 30 years.
By next year, Cindy and Phillip will have
| know, want, believe, and understand, in known each other for 15 years.
| the progressive. To describe a state that
| began in the past and continues into the
| future, use the future perfect.
|
|
|
3. Do not use stative verbs, such as like,
ERI See Ui 3 fore lt of naive ere.
4. Look at the following timeline to learn when the future perfect progressive is used.
eee eae RT
| 8:00 Now 12:00 5:00
| Mary begins Conference call Mary stops |
working. with Mary's client working.
‘When Mary’s client calls, Mary will have been working for four hours.
By 5 p.m. Mary will have been working for nine hours.
tt
January Now September December |
John starts studying John goes on John’s class
Spanish, a trip to Mexico, ‘ends, |
| By the time John goes to Mexico, he will have been studying Spanish for eight months. |
| When John’s Spanish class ends, he will have been studying for a year.
36 Future Pefect Prowressive Unit |
‘A. Complete the sentences with the future perfect progressive.
1, By two o'clock, we here for three hours, (stand)
2. When Dean gets home, the babysitter the baby for an hour, (watch)
3. By this time next week, my uncle for the marathon for a year (train)
4, When the movie ends, I for two hours. (sir)
5. Priscilla for the city’s opera house for 20 years (sing)
by next summer.
6. Ben about ordering pizza for an hour by the time he orders it. (think)
B. Look at the timeline and complete the sentences using the future perfect
progressive and the information given.
— tt tt
M T w Th F Sa Su
Carrie flies| John goes Care John
to Seattle. to Paris. returns ‘returns
home. home.
1, By the time John goes to Paris, Carrie _in Seattle for (stay)
2. When Carrie returns home, John in Paris for__ (sightsee)
3. By the time he returns home, John in Paris for (sightsee)
4, By the time John returns home, Carrie at home for (relax)
C. Read the situations. Then make sentences using the future perfect progressive and
the words given.
EXAMPLE: Jill started applying for jobs a month ago, She will graduate in two months.
By the time vill graduates, she will have been appluing for jobs for three months.
(by the time)
1. My ride will get here in five minutes. I started waiting ten minutes ago.
(by the time)
2, The hikers started walking at 6 a.m. Sunset is at 6 p.m. They will walk until 7 p.m.
(by sunset)
3. I moved to Paris in February. I will go home in August.
(aa A es AOU sine SSI ents eh ae a
(when)
4. The Grants started building their house in spring. It will be finished in fall.
(by winter)
37 Baan
w
‘AUXILIARY VERBS
1. Modal verbs give more information wil
about the main verb that follows. c may
| Modals do not change farm according | : might | go to the park |
| to the subject heft be going to the park.
ee rust | have been going to
a imitans | te pak
should
ought to
2. Modals donot generally have tense, but (Will you go to the park today?)
some modals add time meanings tothe I may go.
tain verb. Do not use more than one | -I will may go. (X)
‘modal with one main verb. |
Correct the errors.
1. He may goes to the park.
2. He musts not stay out late.
3. They will ro get out of the dilemma successfully.
Il. Should, Ought to, and Had better tor Advice
4. Should and ought to express the advisability | If you're unhappy at work, you should
‘of doing something. They mean the same look for a new job.
thing and can be a suggestion, an opinion, People shouldn't waste valuable resources: |
| oradvie. When asking a question, ‘should is Matt paints well. He ought to enter a
the preferred form. competition.
Kim is beautiful. She ought to be
‘modeling in magazines.
© Should Ibuy the green dress or the purple |
cone?
2. Use should (or ought to) + have + past | ‘Jeri is sruck in traffic. She should have |
participle to talk about past events which | taken the subway.
| did not happ (implies “she didn’t take the subway”)
| 3. Use should not (or ought not to) have + past ‘You should not have “dropped out of
participle to refer to unwanted events that school,
did happen. {implies “you dropped out of school”) |
| 4. Had better is stronger in meaning than ‘You'd better dose the windows. Irs going
should and ought to. Had better implies the | to rain.
danger of bad consequences ifthe advice We'd better take a cab. Its going to be
(ina specific situation) isnot followed. difficult to find parking.
“The negative form is had better not. ‘You'd better not forget to take your essay
| tocass. Moca AuiiaryVerbe Irene Unt
A. Underline the incorrect word. Write the correction on the line. If there is no mistake,
put a check (V7) on the line.
She cans speak Spanish, Italian, and French,
Gerald might runs for student council next year.
Ramon must attend his friend’s graduation ceremony today.
Oslando will might be late for tomorrow's meeting.
. You had better not eats that last cookie.
ee Pre
Renata oughts to practice driving more before she takes her/exam.
B. Complete the sentences with ought to (1-4) or should (6-9) + the correct form of the
verb given.
1. Jasper_______his friend at 3 a.m. last night. (not call)
2. Ryan ‘a comedian. He's always telling funny stories. (be)
3. Lost my passport. I it in the hotel safe. (left)
4, Kelly is untrustworthy. You anything she says. (not believe)
5. We a table at Café Varga. Saturday night is going to be
busy. (reserve)
6. Henry those things about Mary. They weren’t true. (not say)
7. You your cell phone bill. Now your service is cut off. (pay)
8. Anne is always traveling. She __ articles for travel magazines.
(write)
9. They to bed so late. Now they're exhausted. (not go)
C. Read the situations. Write sentences using should, ought to, or had better + the
words given.
1. Joan wants to go out in a bad thunderstorm. You think it’s a bad idea.
Joan weg scsi, Pee ee oe eee ot
2. If Raj doesn’t pay his parking ticker, the city will tow his car.
Raj - (pay)
3. Carla is a talented designer. She wants to work for a web design company.
Caria rir tral . (apply for)
4, Harry ran a red light in his car. This caused an accident.
Harry (run)
5. IE Otto doesn’t mow his lawn, his neighbors will complain to the city.
Otto (mow)
6. Svetlana wants to be a doctor, but she can’t decide whether to take a class on poetry
or a class on biology.
Svetlana (take) a PO area
1. Cam describes ability. Lancen can play the cello and piano.
can count to 20 in four languages.
Vince can't ski anymore—he has bad knees.
I'm sorry, but I can’t remember your name.
_| Can you drive?
| 2. The past tense of can (meaning | I could speak Mandarin when Iwas lite, but not |
i
|
“ability”) is could. There are no |__ anymore.
other forms of can. For other My grandfather couldn't hear well when he got oldez
tenses, use be able to. | Jared hasn't been able to access his emails all week.
My cat got stuck in a tree, but later he was able to
| dimb down,
3. Cond is used to describe general | We arrived late, but we were able to get in t0 see
ability, as in 2 above, but was/ | __ the show. (we-could-getin)
| were able to is used to describe a We arrived late, so we couldn't get in to see the
particular situation. Couldn't is show. (or we weren't able to get in)
| used in general and specific |
ations in the past.
i
Correct the errors. }
1. Vince left early and could catch the first train.
2. You will can find a solution to the problem after all
| 4. Have to and must indicate Robert has to take one more class before he ]
| obligation or necessity: graduates. (= It is necessary for Robert to take |
+ obligation: it is necessary to ‘one more class . . . .) |
(Negation: doesn’t have to) People must pay more attention to the
+ necessity: itis certain that environment.
| _ (Negation: cannot be) Ji Ling doesn't have to work full time.
For obligation, must not means You must not put metal containers in the i
| “is importantinecessaty not-o.* |. microwave. |
Have Hove: He must be busy now with his paper work. |
Mas he ihoty come from eepeskst (= Its certain that he is busy’... .) |
Hawes tn who’ comes fom somewhere | He cannot be busy now because he almost
Bons or other source. finis work last week,
sus oficial eatns oo ished the last week. 14
| 5. Must is not used in the past tense. | Today, we must take out the garbage and recycling,
| Use had to instead. ____ Yesterday, we had to clean the house.
6. Must have + past participle Robert looks so upset; he must have failed the test.
expresses ideas about the past. Its | _(= It is certain that he (has) failed the test.)
negation replaces must with carot. | Well, he cannot have failed the est because he
has prepared for the test for over six months.
40 Modal Auslory Verbs sty anteaty Unit
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with the correct modal.
3. My ancestors _____
speak French, Dutch,
4, Juliet hear | 5. We getttickets | 6. Mike fix any
‘what John is saying. to the concert yesterday. | kind of caz
Rewrite the sentences indicating necessity.
. Iris necessary for me to go to work.
. Irs not necessary for me to make lots of money.
. e's important for you to save money.
pepe
. Tt was essential for Amy to graduate from high
school.
5. Irs important for people to recycle and
conserve energy:
Complete the sentences with can, could, or be able to.
I called five times and finally ___get through on the last try.
1
2. Steve was really good at chess. He beat anyone.
3. Linda play the piano very well. Let's ask her to play.
4, Idon’t want to go to the beach. I swim.
5. The store closed at 7 p.m., but we shop an extra 15 minutes,
6.
‘When I was litde, I do backélips. Not anymore!
Complete the sentences with must and the correct form of have to. Use negatives
if necessary.
ve saved enough money for school, s0 I take out 2 loan.
‘You have a high fever. You see a doctor immediately.
. Frank is tired. He stay at work late last night.
. The next time you're in town, you really stay with us. We insist!
fo » sea
5. Kevin picked me up, so 1 walk to class yesterday.
41 "Henry may graduate this spring.
‘We may not go to the mountains this weekend.
(= We thought we were going, but maybe we won't)
‘You might receive your check today.
Susan might not come over after class tomorrow.
(= She planned to come, but maybe she'll decide
not to.)
‘They must not be at home—their car is gone.
(¢ it's not probablelliely.)
‘Look at those clouds. It should start raining in a few
‘minutes. (= It looks probable that it will rain soon.)
NI Masi pot is occasional wedi | He could be on his way right now. Pm not sure.
‘neta English in the seme of |. She couldn't be swimming right now. Her swimsuit is
However, cannot or can't is preferred: right here. (= It’s not logically possible.)
Semone ioabice |S a
2. To describe a past probability, | Kimberly may have driven the car to the mall.
use may/might/must have + (= Perhaps Kimberly has driven the car to the mall.)
past participle. | She might not have taken the bus.
‘They're not here. They must have gone home
Il. Can, Could, May, and Might for Permission
1. Can and may can indicate Julie can borrow my car if she needs to.
permission. Could and might can | You can’t take food on the subway.
also be used to ask for permission. May I use your cell phone to make a quick call?
‘Order of politeness (least to most) | My children may not play in the street.
when asking for permission: Could | borrow your cell phone for a moment?
can
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