PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: DRUGS ACTING ON PEPTIC ULCER

PREPARED BY:
NAME: HAMMAD HUSSAIN SHAH
ENROLLMENT NO: 5-2/2021/098
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. SABA MAJEED

TOPICS CONTENT:
 Anatomy and Physiologic function of the stomach
 Peptic ulcers
 How are they caused
 Signs & Symptoms
 Treatments
 Drugs used for the Treatment
 Drugs effective dosage regimen
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH:
The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ in the upper part of the abdomen.
It is part of the digestive system, which extends from the mouth to the anus.
The size of the stomach varies from person to person, and from meal to
meal.
ANATOMY:
The mucosa (mucous membrane) is the inner lining of the stomach. When
the stomach is empty the mucosa has a ridged appearance. These ridges
(rugae) flatten out as the stomach fills with food.
The next layer that covers the mucosa is the submucosa. It is made up of
connective tissue that contains larger blood and lymph vessels, nerve cells,
and fibers.
The muscularis propria (or muscular externa) is the next layer that covers the
submucosa. It is the main muscle of the stomach and is made up of 3 layers
of muscle.
The serosa is the fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the stomach.
The serosa of the stomach is also called the Visceral Peritoneum.
FUNCTIONS:
The stomach has 3 main functions:
 temporary storage for food, which passes from the esophagus to the
stomach where it is held for 2 hours or longer
 mixing and breakdown of food by contraction and relaxation of the
muscle layers in the stomach
 digestion of food

PEPTIC ULCERS:
Peptic ulcer disease is a condition in which painful sores or ulcers develop in
the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (the
duodenum). Normally, a thick layer of mucus protects the stomach lining
from the effect of its digestive juices. But many things can reduce this
protective layer, allowing stomach acid to damage the tissue.
CAUSES OF PEPTIC ULCERS:
Causes of peptic ulcers include
 long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
such as aspirin NIH external link and ibuprofen NIH external link
 an infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
 rare cancerous and noncancerous tumors in the stomach, duodenum,
or pancreas—known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
 Secretion of gastric juices which can be attributed to the imbalance in
the gastrin and somatostatin hormones is a major cause of peptic
ulcers.
 Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system or cholinergic
dominance also leads to increased gastric secretions.

TYPES OF PEPTIC ULCERS: