MAK 478 – Power & Propulsion Systems I

MAK 478 – Power & Propulsion Systems I

2022 – Summer Semester

Sıtkı UsLu
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 MAK 478 – Power & Propulsion Systems I

26 May 2022

1 ‐ Induction
2 ‐ Compression
3 ‐ Power
4 ‐ Exhaust
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26 May 2022
Firing Order
1-3-4-2
1-3-2-4
1-4-3-2
1-2-4-3

26 Mayıs
26 May 2022
2022 TOBB
TOBB ETÜETÜ - Mech.Engineering[
– Mechanical Eng. – CSL - Sıtkı
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] 33
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Power, Torque, Rotational Speed

𝑷𝑷 = 𝑻𝑻. 𝟐𝟐π.Ν
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ω is the shaft angular velocity in units rad/s

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It works on the principle of converting

power into heat by dry friction.

In this method of measuring horsepower

is to attempt to stop the engine by means
of a brake on the flywheel and measure
the weight which an arm attached to the
brake will support, as it tries to rotate with
the flywheel.
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imep=pi

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

Pressure in the cylinder of an engine is continuously changing
during the cyle. An average or mean effective pressure (mep)
is defined by:

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Mean effective pressure is a good parameter to eompare engines for

design or output because it is independent of engine size and/or speed.
If torque is used for engine comparison, a larger engine will always
look better. If power is used as the comparison, speed beeomes very
impor.
Various mean effeetive pressures can be defined by using different
work terms in Eq. (2-29). If brake work is used, brake mean effective
pressure is obtained

Indicated work gives indicated mean effective pressure

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Typical maximum values of bmep

SI Engines: 8.0 – 12 bar

CI Engines
7 – 9 bar Naturally aspirated
10 – 12 bar Turbocharged

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TOROUE AND POWER

Torque is a good indicator of an engine's ability to do work. It is
defined as force acting at a moment distance and has units of
N.m. Torque T is related to work by

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Many modern automobile engines have maximum

torque in the 200 to 300 N.m range at engine speeds
usually around 4000 to 6000 RPM. The point of maximum
torque is called maximum brake torque speed (MBT). A
major goal in the design of a modern automobile engine
is to flatten the torque-versus-speed curve as shown in
Fig. 2-11, and to have high torque at both high and low
speed. CI engines generally have greater torque than SI
engines. Large engines often have very high torque
values with MBT at relatively low speed.

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Power is defined as the rate of work of the engine.

n = number of revolutions per cycle, and
N = engine speed, then:

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Torque: indicates an engine’s ability to do work and is a function of

engine size
Mean pressure: average pressure acting on the piston surface over
the power stroke
imep: A fictitious constant pressure that would have to exist to do
the same work over Vd , as is done by the actual cycle

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Can use bmep in design calculations to estimate

engine displacement required to provide a given
torque or power at a specified speed.

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Maximum bmep

Closing the throttle decreases the bmep

For a given displacement, a higher maximum bmep means
more torque
For a given torque, a higher maximum bmep means smaller
engine
Higher maximum bmep means higher stresses and
temperatures in the engine hence shorter engine life, or
bulkier engine.
For the same bmep 2-strokes have almost twice the power of
4-stroke

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Road Load Power

Comparing the power required to drive a vehicle on a level road at steady
speed is a useful reference point for testing automobile engines
Taking into account the vehicle’s characteristics (frontal area, drag
coefficient, weight, gear ratio, etc.)
The road-load power, Pr , is the engine power needed to overcome rolling
resistance (friction of the tires) and the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle.

*Modern midsize aerodynamic cars only need 5-6 kW (7-8 HP) power to cruise at
90 km/hr, hence the attraction of hybrid cars 
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Specific fuel consumption

For transportation vehicles fuel economy is generally given as mpg
(mile per gallon), or L/100 km
In engine testing the fuel consumption is measured in terms of the
fuel & mass flow rate mf per unit power output
The specific fuel consumption, sfc, is a measure of how efficiently
the fuel supplied to the engine is used to produce power

Clearly a low value for sfc is desirable since for a given power
level less fuel is consumed

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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Engine Size

Bsfc decreases with increase of engine size due to reduced heat losses from gas to
cylinder wall (large engine – higher volume to surface area ratio of the combustion
chamber).

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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Engine Speed

There is a minimum in the bsfc versus engine speed curve

At high speeds the bsfc increases due to increased friction i.e. smaller Pb
At lower speeds the bsfc increases due to increased time for heat losses from the
gas to the cylinder and piston wall, and thus a smaller Pi
Bsfc improves with compression ratio due to higher thermal efficiency
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Different Engine Efficiencies

The time for combustion in the cylinder is very short so not all the
fuel may be consumed
A small fraction of the fuel may not react and exits with the
exhaust gas
The combustion efficiency is defined as:

where
Qin = heat added by combustion per cycle
mf = mass of fuel added to cylinder per cycle
QHV = heating value of the fuel (chemical energy per unit mass)

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Engine Efficiencies (cont’d)

The thermal efficiency is defined as:

or in terms of rates

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Thermal efficiencies can be given in terms of brake or indicated

values and can be related to mechanical efficiency

Indicated thermal efficiencies are typically 50% to 60% and brake

thermal efficiencies are usually about 30%

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Engine Efficiencies (cont’d)

Engine efficiency or fuel conversion efficiency is defined as:

Relates power output to

rate of energy input

ηf is very similar to ηth , difference is ηth takes into account actual fuel
combusted.
Recall

Therefore, the fuel conversion efficiency can also be obtained from:

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Volumetric Efficiency
Due to the short cycle time at high engine speeds and flow
restrictions through the intake valve less than ideal amount of air
enters the cylinder

Volumetric efficiency:
Means of indicating the effectiveness of an engine’s intake system
for 4 stroke engines with a distinct air intake system. The intake
system design and valving restrict the air flow into the cylinder
during the intake stroke, in comparison to the amount of air that
could be taken into the cylinder by its displacement if there were no
restrictions. It is a measure of losses in the intake system (e.g. air
filter, throttle plate, ports, valves, ducts)

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The effectiveness of an engine to induct air into the cylinders is

measured by the volumetric efficiency:

where ρa is the density of air at atmospheric conditions Po , To

and for an ideal gas ρa =Po /RaTo and Ra = 0.287 kJ/kg-K (at
standard conditions ρa = 1.181 kg/m3 )

• Typical values for WOT are in the range 75%-90%, and lower
when the throttle is closed
• Can be greater than 100% for turbocharged engines !!

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25 Feb 2021
Firing Order
1-3-4-2
1-3-2-4
1-4-3-2
1-2-4-3

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Air-Fuel Ratio & Fuel-Air Ratio

• For combustion to take place the proper relative amounts of air
and fuel must be present in the cylinder.

The Air-Fuel Ratio is defined as = AFR

Or Fuel-Air Ratio is given = FAR

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Equivalence Ratio, φ
Equivalence ratio: shows the deviation of an actual
mixture from stoichiometric conditions.

( FA) actual ( AF ) stoich

φ= =
( FA) stoich ( AF ) actual

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You are safer

If you use
FAR instead of AFR

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The ideal AF is about 15:1, with combustion possible

in the range of 6 to 19.

SI CI
A/F 12 – 18 18 - 70
F/A 0.056 – 0.083 0.014 – 0.056

the mixture is highly

non-homogeneous can
burn lean mixture

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Relationships Between Engine Operating Parameters

By combining equations presented in this section the

following additional working equations are obtained:

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ηv

P = ηf mf QHV
AF = ma / mf  mf= ma / AF ma = ηv . ρa⋅Vd .N / nR
mf= ma / AF= ηv . ρa⋅Vd .N / nR

P = ηf ηv ρa Vd QHV N / (nR AF)

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Relationships Between Engine Operating Parameters

Torque, Power and Other Parameters

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Relationships Between Engine Operating Parameters

Torque, Power and Other Parameters

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Specific emission
The level of NOx, CO and HC and particulates are measured by the
specific emissions

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Emission index
Another evaluation method is to use the amount of pollutants
generated by unit amount of fuel consumption.
Emission Index

For example, for NOx emission, the emission index is:

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2-2

The engine in Example Problem 2-1 is connected to a dynamometer
which gives a brake output torque reading of 205 N-m at 3600 RPM.
At this speed air enters the cylinders at 85 kPa and 60°C, and the
mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85%. Calculate:

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AIR-FUEL RATIO AND FUEL-AIR RATI

Energy input to an engine Qin comes from the combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel. Air is used to supply the oxygen needed for this
chemical reaction. For combustion reaction to occur, the proper
relative amounts of air (oxygen) and fuel must be present. Air-
fuel ratio (AF) and fuel-air ratio (FA) are parameters used to
describe the mixture ratio

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The ideal or stoichiometric AF for many gasoline-type hydrocarbon

fuels is very close to 15:1, with combustion possible for values in the
range 6 to 19. AF less than 6 is too rich to sustain combustion and AF
greater than 19 is too lean. The fuel input system of an engine, fuel
injectors or carburetor, must be able to regulate the proper amount of
fuel for any given air flow. Gasoline-fueled engines usually have AF
input in the range of 12 to 18 depending on the operating conditions at
the time (e.g., accelerating, cruising, starting, ete.

CI engines typically have AF input in the range of 18 to 70, which appears to be outside the
limits where combustion is possible. Combustion occurs because the cylinder ofa CI engine,
unlike an SI engine, hasa very non-homogeneous air-fuel mixture, with reaction only
occurring in those regions where a combustible mixture exists, other regions being too rich or
too lean

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The ideal or stoichiometric AF for many gasoline-type

hydrocarbon fuels is very close to 15:1, with combustion
possible for values in the range 6 to 19. AF less than 6 is too rich
to sustain combustion and AF greater than 19 is too lean. The
fuel input system of an engine, fuel injectors or carburetor, must
be able to regulate the proper amount of fuel for any given air
flow. Gasoline-fueled engines usually have AF input in the
range of 12 to 18 depending on the operating conditions at the
time (e.g., accelerating, cruising, starting, ete.).
CI engines typically have AF input in the range of 18 to 70,
which appears to be outside the limits where combustion is
possible. Combustion occurs because the cylinder ofa CI
engine, unlike an SI engine, hasa very non-homogeneous air-
fuel mixture, with reaction only occurring in those regions
where a combustible mixture exists, other regions being too rich
or too lean.
Equivalence ratio φ is defined as the actual ratio of fuel-air
to ideal or stoichiometric fuel-air:

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Equivalence ratio φ is defined as the actual

ratio of fuel-air to ideal or stoichiometric
fuel-air ratio

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SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION - SFC

Other examples of specific fuel consumption parameters can be

defined as follows
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26 May 2022
Firing Order
1-3-4-2
1-3-2-4
1-4-3-2
1-2-4-3

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The engine in Example Problem 2-2 is running with

an air-fuel ratio AF = 15, a fuel heating value of
44,000kJ/kg, and a combustion efficiency of 97%
Calculate:

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N rev  1 sec
t=2/N sec
2 rev  t sec

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CONCLUSIONS WORKING EQUATIONS

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