Latex

LATEX
Brij Mohan
Hansraj College
(University of Delhi)
Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 1 / 64

Introduction
What is LATEX

Introduction
What is LATEX
LATEX is a document preparation system to produce articles,

research papers, book etc. of high typographical quality.

Introduction
What is LATEX

It is based on TEX, a low-level markup and programming

language.

Introduction
What is LATEX

It is based on TEX, a low-level markup and programming

language.
It is developed by Lesile Lamport in 1982.

Introduction Advantages of LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Advantages of LATEX

It saves time and effort by automating common tasks like page
layout, equation numbering, table of contents, list of figures etc.

Advantages of LATEX

It supports the typesetting of mathematical formulae in a
professional way.

Advantages of LATEX

professional way.
It easily creates footnotes, index and bibliography etc.

Advantages of LATEX

professional way.
It easily creates footnotes, index and bibliography etc.
It is free and portable across different operating systems.

Introduction Basic structure
Basic Structure
The LATEX source file, say myDoc.tex has the following basic
structure:
\ documentclass [ options ]{ c l a s s }
\ u s e p a c k a g e { packageName }
\ b e g i n { document }
Put y o u r t e x t h e r e .
\ end { document }

Basic Structure
The LATEX source file, say myDoc.tex has the following basic
structure:
\ documentclass [ options ]{ c l a s s }
\ u s e p a c k a g e { packageName }
Put y o u r t e x t h e r e .
\ end { document }
class: article, report, book, letter, beamer.

options:
11pt, 12pt, landscape, a4paper, twocolumn, twoside, etc.

A Simple Example
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ 1 2 p t ] { book }
T h i s i s my f i r s t document .
\ end { document }

Text Formatting Setting Font Size
Setting Font Size

Setting Font Size

Command 10pt 11pt 12pt Result
\tiny{Any Text} 5 6 6 Any Text
\scriptsize{Any Text} 7 8 8 Any Text

\footnotesize{Any Text} 8 9 10 Any Text
\small{Any Text} 9 10 11 Any Text
\normalsize{Any Text} 10 11 12 Any Text
\large{Any Text} 12 12 14 Any Text
\Large{Any Text} 14 14 17 Any Text
\LARGE{Any Text} 17 17 20 Any Text
\huge{Any Text} 21 21 25 Any Text
\Huge{Any Text} 25 25 25 Any Text

Setting Font Size
\large{Text with font size large}. Text with font size large.
\begin{LARGE} Text with font size
Text with font size LARGE.
\end{LARGE} LARGE.

Formatting Text

Formatting Text
Command Environment Purpose Result

\textrm{Any Text} \begin{rmfamily} For Roman style Any Text
...
\end{rmfamily}
\textbf{Any Text} \begin{bfseries} For Boldface Any Text
...
\end{bfseries}
\textsf{Any Text} \begin{sffamily} For sans serif Any Text
...
\end{sffamily}
\textit{Any Text} \begin{itshape} For Italic style Any Text
...
\end{itshape}
\underline{Any Text} To underline text Any Text

Text Formatting Making text bold, italic and underline
Formatting Text
\textit{This text is italic}.
\begin{itshape} This text is italic.

This text is also italic.
\end{itshape} This text is also italic.
This text is bold
\textbf{This text is bold}
This text is also bold.
\begin{bfseries} Some of the greatest discoveries
This text is also bold.
\end{bfseries} are made by accident.
Some of the greatest discoveries are
made by \underline{accident}.

Exercise 1: Format the following:
A Latex document is a high typographical quality document

which produces mathematical typesetting and research
document.

A Latex document is a high typographical quality document

which produces mathematical typesetting and research
document.
Answer
A \ underline { Latex document } is a \ textbf { high typographical
quality } document which produces \ textit { mathematical
typesetting and research } document .

Text Formatting Spacing, Line Breaking, Page Breaking
Spacing, Line Breaking and Page Breaking

Spacing, Line Breaking and Page Breaking

Command Purpose
\newpage Start a new page at that point.
\newline or \\ End a line without justifying it.
\linebreak End a line and justifies it.
\hspace{unit} Produce a horizontal space of defined size.
\vspace{unit} Produce vertical space of defined size.
One or more than one blank space will be treated as single blank space.
A single Enter (from keyboard) is also treated as a single blank space.
More than one Enter (from keyboard) marks the beginning of a new
paragraph.

Example: Spacing, Line Breaking and Page

Breaking
Single blank space.

Multiple blank spaces.
Use of hspace \hspace{0.5 cm} for fixed horizontal spacing.\\
Effect of Multiple Enter. \linebreak

Observe effect of linebreak.
Single blank space. Multiple blank spaces.

Use of hspace for fixed horizontal spacing.
Effect of Multiple Enter.

Observe effect of linebreak.

Text color and Background color

Text color and Background color

Include the package ‘color’ by inserting the command
‘\usepackage{color}’ in the preamble of LATEX document (before the
command ‘\begin{document}’).
The syntax to set text color is:
\textcolor{color_name}{text}
The syntax to set background color is:
\colorbox{color_name}{text}
\textcolor{red}{text with red color} text with red color

\colorbox{yellow}{Notice yellow background color} Notice yellow background color

The skilled based papers

introduced under CBCS pattern,
is a good initiative by UGC .


introduced under CBCS pattern,
is a good initiative by UGC .
Answer
introduced under \ textcolor { red }{ CBCS } pattern ,
\ vspace {0.3 in }
is a good initiative by \ colorbox { yellow }{ UGC }.

Text Formatting Making sections, subsections ...
Making Sections, Subsections, ...

Command Purpose
\chapter Starts a new chapter, applicable only in report and book,
not in article.
\part Divide the whole document into the parts.
\section Starts a new section.
\section* Section with no numbering.
\subsection Starts a new subsection.
\subsubsection Starts a new subsubsection.
LATEX automatically generates the numbering for chapters, sections,

subsections and so on. If no section numbering is required then just append
the command with an asterisk (*).

\ s e t c o u n t e r { s e c n u m d e p t h }{3} Chapter 1
\ c h a p t e r { L a t e x and HTML}
Latex and HTML
\ section { Introduction }
1.1 Introduction
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Examples } 1.1.1 Examples
1.1.1.1 Latex Example

\ s u b s u b s e c t i o n { L a t e x Example }
1.1.1.2 HTML Example
\ s u b s u b s e c t i o n {HTML Example } Syntax
\ s u b s e c t i o n ∗{ S y n t a x }
\ end { document }

Environments
Environments
Environment Name Purpose
itemize An unordered list with bullets.
enumerate An ordered list with numbered labels.
tabular To create table.
table Insert a table with caption.
eqnarray Display aligned math formulae.
equation Centered math formula with equation number.
figure Insert a figure with caption.
flushleft Text is aligned on the left, lines end with \\.
flushright Text is aligned on the right, lines end with \\.
theorem Make a numbered theorem.
thebibliography The bibliography or reference section.
titlepage Making a separate title page of your choice.
array Produce arrays in math environment.
A general syntax for an environment is:
\begin{environment_name}
...
\end{environment_name}

Environments Making List
Listing: Ordered List

Listing: Ordered List

LATEX provides the environment ‘enumerate’ to create an ordered list. It
can be nested up to four levels.
The default labeling scheme is:
Arabic number (1, 2, 3, ...) for Level 1

Lowercase letter (a, b, c, ...) for Level 2
Lowercase Roman numeral (i, ii, iii, ...) for Level 3
Uppercase letter (A, B, C, ...) for Level 4.
The command ‘\item’ is used to define a list item.

Simple Ordered List
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item 1 First item
\item Second item
2 Second item
\item Third item
3 Third item
\end{enumerate}

Nested ordered List
\ begin { enumerate }
\ i t e m The f i r s t i t e m .
\ item F i r s t nested l i s t .
\ begin { enumerate } 1. The first item.
\ i t e m Second n e s t e d l i s t . (a) First nested list
\ begin { enumerate } i. Second nested list
\ item Third nested l i s t . A. Third nested list
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
2. The second item.
\ i t e m The s e c o n d i t e m .

Unordered List

Unordered List
LATEX provides the environment ‘itemize’ to create an unordered list. Like
ordered list, it can be nested up to four levels.
The default labeling scheme is:
• for Level 1.
− for Level 2.
∗ for Level 3.
· for Level 4.

Simple Unordered List
\begin{itemize}
\item item 1 item 1
\item item 2 item 2
\item item 3
item 3
\end{itemize}

Nested Unordered List
\ begin { itemize }
\ i t e m The f i r s t i t e m .
\ begin { itemize }
\ item F i r s t nested l i s t
\ begin { itemize } • The first item.
\ i t e m Second n e s t e d l i s t – First nested list
\ begin { itemize } ∗ Second nested list
\ item Third nested l i s t · Third nested list
\ end { i t e m i z e }
• The second item.
\ i t e m The s e c o n d i t e m .


Chapter 1
Mathematics
1.1 Compulsory Papers

1.1.1 Core Papers
1. Analysis 1
2. Calculus 1
1.1.2 Elective Papers

1. History of India
2. Micro Economics
1.2 Optional Papers

• Number Theory
• Bio Mathematics

Answer
Chapter 1
\ c h a p t e r { Mathematics }
\ s e c t i o n { Compulsory Papers } Mathematics
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Core Papers }
\ item A n a l y s i s 1 1.1 Compulsory Papers
\ item C a l c u l u s 1
\ end { e n u m e r a t e } 1.1.1 Core Papers
1. Analysis 1
\ s u b s e c t i o n { E l e c t i v e Papers } 2. Calculus 1
\ begin { enumerate } 1.1.2 Elective Papers

\ item H i s t o r y of I n d i a 1. History of India
\ item Micro Economics 2. Micro Economics
1.2 Optional Papers
\ s e c t i o n { Optional Papers } • Number Theory
\ begin { itemize } • Bio Mathematics
\ i t e m Number The ory
\ item Bio Mathematics
\ end { document }

Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Use command ‘\tableofcontents’ after the command ‘\begin{document}’
to create table of contents.
\ tableofcontents
\ c h a p t e r { Mathematics }
\ s e c t i o n { Compulsory Papers }
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Core Papers }
\ item A n a l y s i s 1
\ item C a l c u l u s 1
\ s u b s e c t i o n { E l e c t i v e Papers }
\ item H i s t o r y of I n d i a
\ item Micro Economics
\ s e c t i o n { Optional Papers }
\ begin { itemize }
\ i t e m Number The ory
\ item Bio Mathematics
Table of Contents
Contents
1 Mathematics 3
1.1 Compulsory Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Core Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Elective Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Optional Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Creating Table

Creating Table
LATEX provides the environment ‘tabular’ to create a table.
The general syntax is: Parameters can take following values:
\begin{tabular}{parameters} The parameters l, c and r are used for a

r11 & r12 & ... & r1m \\ column of left, center and right aligned text
\hline respectively.
r21 & r22 & ... & r2m \\ To put vertical line between columns, use ‘|’
\hline in options.
.... The column entries are separated by & symbol.
\hline
\rm1 & rm2 & ... & rmn \\ \hline to put horizontal line between rows.
\hline
\end{tabular}

Creating Table
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Student Name} & \textbf{Marks} \\
\hline
Student Name Marks
Pawan & 90 \\
Pawan 90
\hline
Naveen 89
Naveen & 89 \\
Deepak 80
\hline
Deepak & 80 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Table with Caption
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Student Name} & \textbf{Marks} \\
\hline Student Name Marks
Pawan & 90 \\ Pawan 90
\hline Naveen 89
Naveen & 89 \\ Deepak 80
\hline
Deepak & 80 \\ Table 1: Marks Details
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Marks Details}
\end{table}

Exercise 4: Create the following table:
Student Name Algebra Marks Analysis Marks

Pawan 90 95
Naveen 89 88
Deepak 80 87

Inserting Images

Inserting Images
To insert images or pdf files, include the package ‘graphicx’ in the preamble of the LATEX
document.
To assign a caption, include the package ‘caption’.
Ensure that the image or pdf file lies in the same folder where the LATEX file lies otherwise
specify the complete path.
The general structure of the figure environment is:
\begin{figure}[float]
\includegraphics[options]{image/file}
\caption{captionText}
\label{labelText}
\end{figure}

Figure Options and Settings

Figure Options and Settings
The parameter ‘float’ can takes following values:
Float Purpose
h (here) Same location
t (top) Top of the page
b (bottom) Bottom of the page
! (override) Force the specified location
H (precised) Placed at precised location
The command ‘\includegraphics’ can take the following options:
option Purpose
width To set width (in cm., inches or fraction of line width)
height (top) To set height
trim To crop image/file (trim = l b r t)
rotate to rotate at specified angle

Inserting Figure
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s { book }
\ usepackage { graphicx }
\ usepackage { caption }
\ begin { f i g u r e }[ h ]
\ i n c l u d e g r a p h i c s [ w i d t h=3cm , h e i g h t =3cm ] { b i r d . j p g }
\ caption { Birds }
\ l a b e l { mark1 }
\ end { f i g u r e }
Figure 1: Birds
C o n s i d e r t h e p i c t u r e shown i n f i g u r e \ r e f { mark1 } .
\ end { document }
Consider the picture shown in

figure 1.

Cropping and Rotating Figure
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s { book }
\ usepackage { graphicx }
\ usepackage { caption }
\ begin { f i g u r e }[ h ]
\ i n c l u d e g r a p h i c s [ t r i m =0 i n 1 i n 0 i n 0 i n , c l i p =t r u e ,
w i d t h= 3 . 5 cm , h e i g h t = 3 . 5 cm , a n g l e = 3 0 ] { b i r d . j p g }
\ caption { Birds }
\ l a b e l { mark2 }
C o n s i d e r t h e p i c t u r e shown i n f i g u r e \ r e f { mark2 } .
\ end { document }
Figure 2: Birds
Consider the picture shown in figure

2.

Cross-Reference

Cross-Reference
In LATEX, you can cross-refer almost everything that is numbered (like chapter,
section, subsection, figure, table etc.).
The required commands for references and cross-references are:
\label{mark}
Put the command \label after the declaration of object, you want to label.
But in case of environments, it should be placed inside the environment.
\ref{mark}
The command \ref is used for referencing the object that has been labeled
earlier with label ‘mark’. This prints the number that was assigned to the
object.

Cross-Reference Chapter 1
faas
\ s e c t i o n { I n t r o d u c t i o n } \ l a b e l { mark3 }
This s e c t i o n i s i n t r o d u c t o r y . 1.1 Introduction
This section is introductory.

\ s u b s e c t i o n { E x a m p l e s } \ l a b e l { mark5 }
1.1.1 Examples
\ begin { f i g u r e } [ ! h ]
\ centering
\ i n c l u d e g r a p h i c s [ w i d t h=3cm ] { b i r d }
\ caption { Birds }
\ l a b e l { mark4 } Figure 1.1: Birds
This is a subsection of section 1.1.
This i s a s u b s e c t i o n of s e c t i o n Refer to figure 1.1.
\ r e f { mark3 } . R e f e r t o f i g u r e \ r e f { mark4 } .

Mathematical Typesetting

For mathematical typesetting, include the package ‘amsmath’ in the preamble of the LATEX
document.
When the mathematical expression appears in the running text, surround the formula
with the dollar sign $.
When the mathematical expression appear in a separate paragraph, surround the formula
with the double dollar sign $$ or within \[ and \].
Equation x + y = 1 and
Equation $x+y=1$ and $$x^2 + y^2=2$$ x2 + y2 = 2
Another way \[ x + y = 1 \] Another way
x +y =1

Mathematical Equation
LATEX provides the environment \begin{equation} to insert mathematical equation.

This environment automatically number each equation. If no equation numbering is
required use the environment \begin{equation*}.
\label command can be used to give a unique label to the equation.
Use the command \ref to refer a labeled equation.
\begin{equation}\label{mark6}
x^{2}+y^{2} = 1.
x 2 + y 2 = 1. (1)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation*} x/4 + y /9 = 1.
x/4+y/9 = 1.
\end{equation*} The equation 1 represents a circle cen-
The equation \ref{mark6} represents a circle ter at (0,0) with radius 1.
center at (0,0) with radius 1.

Mathematical Equations
To write a sequence of equations or inequalities, use the environment \begin{eqnarray}.
\begin{eqnarray}
x + 3y = 2. \label{mark7} \\ x + 3y = 2. (2)
x \leq 3 + 4x + 5y. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray} x ≤ 3 + 4x + 5y .
\begin{eqnarray}
x + 3y &=& 2.\label{mark8} \\
x &\leq& 3 + 4x + 5y. \nonumber x + 3y = 2. (3)
\end{eqnarray}
x ≤ 3 + 4x + 5y .
Consecutive equations are separated by \\ and to align left and right hand side of
equations use &.
Terminate an equation with command \nonumber, if no equation number required.

Creating Matrix
The ‘array’ environment is used to create array. The general syntax is:
\begin{array}{options}.
The options consist of l, r or c for left, right and center aligned text.
Separate each column entry by & and end each row with \\.
$\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 3 & 2\\
3 & 4 & 1\\
1 3 2
2 & 8 & 2
3 4 1
\end{array}$
2 8 2
 
1 3 2
$\left( \begin{array}{ccc}  3 4 1 
1 & 3 & 2\\
2 8 2
3 & 4 & 1\\
2 & 8 & 2
\end{array}\right)$

Greek Symbols
\alpha α \omega ω \Gamma Γ

\beta β \mu µ \Delta ∆
\gamma γ \nu ν \Theta Θ
\delta δ \xi ξ \Lambda Λ
\psi ψ \pi π \Xi Ξ
\zeta ζ \rho σ \Pi Π
\eta η \tau τ \Sigma Σ
\theta θ \upsilon υ \Phi Φ
\chi χ \phi φ \Psi Ψ
\iota ι \varphi ϕ \Omega Ω
\kappa κ \varsigma ς \epsilon

Mathematical Operators
Command Example Result
^{} x^{2} x2
_{} x_{2} x2
1
\frac{}{} \frac{1}{2} 2
√
\sqrt{} \sqrt{2} 2
√
3
\sqrt[n]{} \sqrt[3]{2} 2
P∞
\sum_{}^{} \sum_{x = 0}^{\infty}e^{x} x=0 ex
Qn
\prod_{}^{} \prod_{k=1}^{n} k k=1 k
R1
\int_{}^{} \int_{0}^{1}x dx 0 xdx

Mathematical Functions
Command Display Command Display Command Display

\arg arg \hom hom \sinh sinh
\cos cos \inf inf \sup sup
\cosh cosh \ker ker \tan tan
\cot cot \lg lg \tanh tanh
\coth coth \ln ln \arccos arccos
\csc csc \log log \arcsin arcsin
\det det \max max \arctan arctan
\dim dim \min min \lim lim
\exp exp \sec sec \liminf lim inf
\gcd gcd \sin sin \limsup lim sup

Brackets, Braces and Delimiters

Command Result Command Result Command Result Command Result
( ( ) ) [ [ ] ]
\{ { \} } \lfloor b \rfloor c
\lceil d \rceil e \langle h \rangle i
/ / \backslash \ \underbrace{x} x \| k
|{z}
$$( \frac{n^2+3 n + 2}{n(n+1)} ) = (\frac{n+1}{n})$$.
$$\left ( \frac{n^2+3 n + 2}{n(n+1)} \right ) = \left (\frac{n+1}{n} \right)$$.
n2 + 3n + 2 n+1
( )=( )
n(n + 1) n
.
n2 + 3n + 2

n+1
=
n(n + 1) n
.

Relation Operators, Symbols
Command Relation Command Relation Command Relation

< < > > \equiv ≡
\leq ≤ \geq ≥ \sim ∼
\prec ≺ \succ \simeq '
\preceq \succeq \approx ≈
\cup ∪ \cap ∩ \neq 6=
\subset ⊂ \supset ⊃ \cong ∼
=
\subseteq ⊆ \supseteq ⊇ \infty ∞
\in ∈ \pi π \propto ∝

Arrows
Command Result Command Result Command Result
\leftarrow ← \rightleftharpoons
\leftleftarrows ⇔
\leftarrowtail \Leftarrow ⇐ \hookrightarrow ,→
\rightrightarrows ⇒ \rightarrowtail \rightarrow →
\rightharpoonup * \leftrightarrows \looparrowleft "
\Rightarrow ⇒ \rightharpoondown + \rightleftarrows
\looparrowright # \leftrightarrow ↔ \uparrow ↑
\Lleftarrow W \curvearrowleft x \Leftrightarrow ⇔
\Uparrow ⇑ \Rrightarrow V \curvearrowright y
\mapsto 7→ \downarrow ↓ \leftrightharpoons
\nleftarrow 8 \hookleftarrow ←- \Downarrow ⇓
\rightleftharpoons
\nrightarrow 9 \leftharpoonup (
\upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright \downharpoonright \Lsh
\Rsh \upuparrows \downdownarrows
\updownarrow l \twoheadleftarrow \nLeftarrow :
\leftharpoondown ) \Updownarrow m \twoheadrightarrow
Mathematical Formatting
If $n=4$, then $n^2 + 4 = 20$.
$\lfloor 4.2 \rfloor = 4.$
The nth term of the sequence is $a_n = n^2 + 1$.
Let $\alpha = 3, \beta = 4$ and $\gamma=5$.
If $\sin \theta = 0$, then $\theta = n \pi$ where $n \in \mathbb{N}$.
If n = 4, then n2 + 4 = 20.
b4.2c = 4.
The nth term of the sequence is an = n2 + 1.
Let α = 3, β = 4 and γ = 5.
If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ where n ∈ N.

It is not always true that $$\frac{a+b}{c+d} = \frac{a}{c} + \frac{b}{d}$$.
Triangular Inequality: $|a+b| \leq |a| + |b|$.
$$e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \cdots$$
Use of brackets $2^{xy} \neq 2^xy$.
It is not always true that

a+b a b
= +
c +d c d
.
Triangular Inequality: |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|.
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ···
2! 3!
UseBrijof
Mohan (HRC, DU) 2xy 6= 2x y .
brackets LATEX 49 / 64
$$ \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^3 = \left( \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right )^2$$
$$ 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \underbrace{\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4}} +

\underbrace{\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{8}} + \cdots $$
n 2
X
3 n(n + 1)
k =
k=1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + + + +···
2 |3 {z 4} |5 6 {z 7 8}

$$A_{m,n} =
\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n}
\end{array}
\right]$$
 
a a1,2 · · · a1,n
 1,1 
 a2,1 a2,2 · · · a2,n
 

Am,n =
 .. .. .. ..

.

 . . . 
 
am,1 am,2 · · · am,n

$$\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{0}^{x} f(u) du \right)=f(x)$$.
$$\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0$$.
Z x
d
f (u)du = f (x)
dx 0
.
lim exp(−x) = 0
x→∞
.

Exercise 4: Format the following

√
(1.) x 3 + 5 10
(2.) (a + b)2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2
√
(3.) 2 ≈ 1.414
(4.) A \ (B ∪ C ) = (A \ B) ∩ (A \ C )
(5.)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + · · · + n2 =
2
(6.)
a1 + a2 + · · · + an
(a1 a2 · · · an )1/n ≤
n
.

Answer 4: Format the following
(1.) $x^3 + \sqrt[5]{10}$

(2.) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2$4
(3.) $\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414$
(4.) $A \setminus (B \cup C) = (A \setminus B) \cap

(A \setminus C)$
(5.) $$ 1^2 + 2^2 + \cdots +n^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{2}
(6.) $$(a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n)^{1/n} \leq \frac{a_1 + a_2 +

\cdots +a_n}{n}$$.

Exercise 4: Format the following

(8.)
x = r cos θ sin φ
y = r sin θ sin φ
z = r cos θ
(9.)
e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ
(10.)
d 1 1
=− 2
dx x x
(11.) n
1
lim 1 + =e
n→∞ n
Answer 4: Format the following

(8.) \begin{eqnarray}
x &=& r \cos \theta \sin \phi \nonumber \\
y &=& r \sin \theta \sin \phi \nonumber \\
z & =& r \cos \theta \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
(9.) $$e^{i \theta} = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta$$
(10.) $$\frac{d}{dx} \left ( \frac{1}{x} \right ) =

- \frac{1}{x^2}$$
(11.) $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \left (1 + \frac{1}{n}

\right )^{n} = e$$
Creating Block
A ‘block’ environment can be used to create any kind of named block. A block can be of
theorem, lemma, corollary or example.
Include the package ‘amsthm’ in the preamble of the document before using this environment.
The general syntax for defining a new block is:
\newtheorem{key}{blockName}
where key is used to reference the new block and blockName is the name of this block.
\newtheorem{myDef}{Definition}
\begin{myDef} Definition 1
Write definition here. Write definition here.
\end{myDef}
\begin{myDef} Definition 2
Write another definition here.
Write another definition here.
\end{myDef}

Creating Block
To number blocks according to chapter or section or subsection, use the following:
\newtheorem{key}{blockName}[numberBy]
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ a 4 p a p e r , 1 1 p t ] { book }
\ u s e p a c k a g e {amsthm} Chapter 1
\ newtheorem {thm }{ Theorem } [ c h a p t e r ]
\ newtheorem { examp }{ Example } [ s e c t i o n ]
Introduction
\ chapter { Introduction }
1.1 Section 1
\ s e c t i o n { S e c t i o n 1} Theorem 1.1. First theorem.
\ b e g i n {thm} F i r s t t h e o r e m . \ end {thm} Example 1.1.1. First example.
\ b e g i n { examp } F i r s t e x a m p l e . \ end { examp }
1.2 Section 2
\ s e c t i o n { S e c t i o n 2}
\ b e g i n {thm} Second t h e o r e m . \ end {thm} Theorem 1.2. Second theorem.
\ b e g i n { examp } Second e x a m p l e . \ end { examp } Example 1.2.1. Second example.
\ end { document }
Comments

Comments
The symbol % is used to put a comment line.
For multiple line comment, use the environment ‘comment’. To use
this environment include the package ‘verbatim’ in the preamble of
the document.
%This line will not appear in output.
Or you can leave a note for yourself.
%Complete this section later.
Here is multiple line comment. Or you can leave a note for your-
\begin{comment}
These lines will not appear self.
on the final output. Here is multiple line comment.
If a portion of code gives error
one can comment sub portion
to locate the error
\end{comment}

Footnote

Footnote
Footnote can be produced with command, \footnote. The syntax of this command is:
\footnote[number]{text}
The optional argument number is used to change the default footnote number.
1
Delhi 1 is a historical city of India.

D e l h i \ f o o t n o t e [ 1 ] { The c a p i t a l o f c o u n t r y }
DU 3 is a premier university.
i s a h i s t o r i c a l c i t y of India .
1
DU \ f o o t n o t e [ 3 ] { U n i v e r s i t y o f D e l h i } i s The capital of country
3
a premier u n i v e r s i t y . University of Delhi

Computer Code

Computer Code
LATEX provides the environment lslisting to include computer code in the document.
The required package for this environment is ‘listings’.
\begin{lstlisting}[backgroundcolor=\color{red}]
\documentclass{article} \documentclass{article}
\begin{document} \begin{document}
This is my first document. This is my first document.
\end{document} \end{document}
\end{lstlisting}

The Bibliography

The Bibliography
The environment, ‘thebibliography’ can be used to create bibliography. The structure is:
\begin{thebibliography}{noOfRef}
\bibitem{citationKey} ...
\bibitem{citationKey} ...
\end{thebibliography}
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{san1}Leslie Lamport, Latex, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.
\bibitem{san2}Sandeep Kumar, Latex and HTML, Vardhman Publications, 2016.
\end{thebibliography}
[1] Leslie Lamport, Latex, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.

[2] Sandeep Kumar, Latex and HTML, Vardhman Publications, 2016.

Citation
‘\cite{key1}’ command is used to cite any bibliography reference with citation key ‘key1’.
To cite multiple references, include all the citation keys within the curly brackets separated by
comma, for example, \cite{key1, key2, key3}
For s i n g l e c i t a t i o n \ c i t e { san1 } .
For single citation [1].
For multiple citations [1, 2].
For m u l t i p l e c i t a t i o n s \ c i t e { san1 , s a n 2 } .

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LATEX

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 1 / 64

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 2 / 64

LATEX is a document preparation system to produce articles,

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 2 / 64

LATEX is a document preparation system to produce articles,

It is based on TEX, a low-level markup and programming

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 2 / 64

LATEX is a document preparation system to produce articles,

It is based on TEX, a low-level markup and programming

It is developed by Lesile Lamport in 1982.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 2 / 64

It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 3 / 64

It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 3 / 64

It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 3 / 64

It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 3 / 64

It produces documents of high typographical quality.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 3 / 64

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 4 / 64

class: article, report, book, letter, beamer.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 4 / 64

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 5 / 64

Setting Font Size

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 6 / 64

Setting Font Size

\scriptsize{Any Text} 7 8 8 Any Text

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 6 / 64

Setting Font Size

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 7 / 64

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 8 / 64

Command Environment Purpose Result

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 8 / 64

\textit{This text is italic}.

\begin{itshape} This text is italic.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 9 / 64

Exercise 1: Format the following:

A Latex document is a high typographical quality document

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 10 / 64

Exercise 1: Format the following:

A Latex document is a high typographical quality document

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 10 / 64

Spacing, Line Breaking and Page Breaking

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 11 / 64

Spacing, Line Breaking and Page Breaking

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 11 / 64

Example: Spacing, Line Breaking and Page

Single blank space.

Use of hspace \hspace{0.5 cm} for fixed horizontal spacing.\\

Effect of Multiple Enter. \linebreak

Single blank space. Multiple blank spaces.

Effect of Multiple Enter.

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 12 / 64

Text color and Background color

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 13 / 64

Text color and Background color

The syntax to set text color is:

The syntax to set background color is:

\textcolor{red}{text with red color} text with red color

Brij Mohan (HRC, DU) LATEX 13 / 64

Exercise 2: Format the following: