Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sandeep Kumar
What is LATEX
What is LATEX
What is LATEX
What is LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
Advantages of LATEX
Basic Structure
The LATEX source file, say myDoc.tex has the following basic structure:
\ documentclass [ options ]{ c l a s s }
\ u s e p a c k a g e { packageName }
\ b e g i n { document }
Put y o u r t e x t h e r e .
\ end { document }
Basic Structure
The LATEX source file, say myDoc.tex has the following basic structure:
\ documentclass [ options ]{ c l a s s }
\ u s e p a c k a g e { packageName }
\ b e g i n { document }
Put y o u r t e x t h e r e .
\ end { document }
A Simple Example
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ 1 2 p t ] { book }
\ b e g i n { document }
T h i s i s my f i r s t document .
\ end { document }
\large{Text with font size large}. Text with font size large.
\begin{LARGE} Text with font size
Text with font size LARGE.
\end{LARGE}
LARGE.
Formatting Text
Formatting Text
Command Environment Purpose Result
\textrm{Any Text} \begin{rmfamily} For Roman style Any Text
...
\end{rmfamily}
\textbf{Any Text} \begin{bfseries} For Boldface Any Text
...
\end{bfseries}
\textsf{Any Text} \begin{sffamily} For sans serif Any Text
...
\end{sffamily}
\textit{Any Text} \begin{itshape} For Italic style Any Text
...
\end{itshape}
\underline{Any Text} To underline text Any Text
Formatting Text
\begin{itshape}
This text is also italic.
This text is italic.
\end{itshape} This text is also italic.
This text is bold
\textbf{This text is bold}
This text is also bold.
\begin{bfseries} Some of the greatest discoveries are
This text is also bold.
\end{bfseries} made by accident.
Answer
A \ underline { National workshop } on \ textbf { Latex and Website
Designing } will be held on \ textit { August 11 -12 , 2016} at
\ underline {\ textit { Shaheed Bhagat Singh College }}.
Command Purpose
\newpage Start a new page at that point.
\newline or \\ End a line without justifying it.
\linebreak End a line and justifies it.
\hspace{unit} Produce a horizontal space of defined size.
\vspace{unit} Produce vertical space of defined size.
One or more than one blank space will be treated as single blank space.
A single Enter (from keyboard) is also treated as a single blank space.
More than one Enter (from keyboard) marks the beginning of a new
paragraph.
\textcolor{color_name}{text}
\colorbox{color_name}{text}
Answer
The skilled based papers
\ vspace {0.3 in }
is a good initiative by \ colorbox { yellow }{ UGC }.
Command Purpose
\chapter Starts a new chapter, applicable only in report and book,
not in article.
\part Divide the whole document into the parts.
\section Starts a new section.
\section* Section with no numbering.
\subsection Starts a new subsection.
\subsubsection Starts a new subsubsection.
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ 1 2 p t ] { book }
\ s e t c o u n t e r { s e c n u m d e p t h }{3} Chapter 1
\ b e g i n { document }
\ c h a p t e r { L a t e x and HTML}
Latex and HTML
\ section { Introduction }
1.1 Introduction
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Examples } 1.1.1 Examples
\ s u b s e c t i o n ∗{ S y n t a x }
\ end { document }
Environments
Environment Name Purpose
itemize An unordered list with bullets.
enumerate An ordered list with numbered labels.
tabular To create table.
table Insert a table with caption.
eqnarray Display aligned math formulae.
equation Centered math formula with equation number.
figure Insert a figure with caption.
flushleft Text is aligned on the left, lines end with \\.
flushright Text is aligned on the right, lines end with \\.
theorem Make a numbered theorem.
thebiblipgraphy The bibliography or reference section.
titlepage Making a separate title page of your choice.
array Produce arrays in math environment.
\begin{environment_name}
...
\end{environment_name}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item 1 First item
\item Second item
2 Second item
\item Third item
3 Third item
\end{enumerate}
\ begin { enumerate }
\ i t e m The f i r s t i t e m .
\ begin { enumerate }
\ item F i r s t nested l i s t .
\ begin { enumerate } 1. The first item.
\ i t e m Second n e s t e d l i s t . (a) First nested list
\ begin { enumerate } i. Second nested list
\ item Third nested l i s t . A. Third nested list
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
2. The second item.
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
\ i t e m The s e c o n d i t e m .
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
Unordered List
Unordered List
LATEX provides the environment ‘itemize’ to create an unordered list. Like
ordered list, it can be nested up to four levels.
The default labeling scheme is:
• for Level 1.
− for Level 2.
∗ for Level 3.
· for Level 4.
\begin{itemize}
\item item 1 item 1
\item item 2 item 2
\item item 3
item 3
\end{itemize}
\ begin { itemize }
\ i t e m The f i r s t i t e m .
\ begin { itemize }
\ item F i r s t nested l i s t
\ begin { itemize } • The first item.
\ i t e m Second n e s t e d l i s t – First nested list
\ begin { itemize } ∗ Second nested list
\ item Third nested l i s t · Third nested list
\ end { i t e m i z e }
• The second item.
\ end { i t e m i z e }
\ end { i t e m i z e }
\ i t e m The s e c o n d i t e m .
\ end { i t e m i z e }
Chapter 1
Mathematics
Answer
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ 1 1 p t ] { book }
\ b e g i n { document }
Chapter 1
\ c h a p t e r { Mathematics }
\ s e c t i o n { Compulsory Papers } Mathematics
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Core Papers }
\ begin { enumerate }
\ item A n a l y s i s 1
1.1 Compulsory Papers
\ item C a l c u l u s 1
\ end { e n u m e r a t e } 1.1.1 Core Papers
1. Analysis 1
\ s u b s e c t i o n { E l e c t i v e Papers } 2. Calculus 1
\ end { document }
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Use command ‘\tableofcontents’ after the command ‘\begin{document}’ to
create table of contents.
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ 1 1 p t ] { book }
\ b e g i n { document }
\ tableofcontents
\ c h a p t e r { Mathematics }
\ s e c t i o n { Compulsory Papers }
\ s u b s e c t i o n { Core Papers }
\ begin { enumerate }
\ item A n a l y s i s 1
\ item C a l c u l u s 1
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
\ s u b s e c t i o n { E l e c t i v e Papers }
\ begin { enumerate }
\ item H i s t o r y of I n d i a
\ item Micro Economics
\ end { e n u m e r a t e }
\ s e c t i o n { Optional Papers }
\ begin { itemize }
\ i t e m Number The ory
\ item Bio Mathematics
\ end { i t e m i z e }
Sandeep
\ end Kumar }(SBSC, DU)
{ document LATEX July 23, 2017 26 / 64
Environments Making List
Table of Contents
Contents
1 Mathematics 3
1.1 Compulsory Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Core Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Elective Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Optional Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Creating Table
Creating Table
Creating Table
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Student Name} & \textbf{Marks} \\
\hline
Student Name Marks
Pawan & 90 \\
Pawan 90
\hline
Naveen 89
Naveen & 89 \\
Deepak 80
\hline
Deepak & 80 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Student Name} & \textbf{Marks} \\
\hline Student Name Marks
Pawan & 90 \\ Pawan 90
\hline Naveen 89
Naveen & 89 \\ Deepak 80
\hline
Deepak & 80 \\ Table 1: Marks Details
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Marks Details}
\end{table}
Inserting Images
Inserting Images
To insert images or pdf files, include the package ‘graphicx’ in the preamble of the LATEX
document.
Ensure that the image or pdf file lies in the same folder where the LATEX file lies otherwise
specify the complete path.
\begin{figure}[float]
\includegraphics[options]{image/file}
\caption{captionText}
\label{labelText}
\end{figure}
Float Purpose
h (here) Same location
t (top) Top of the page
b (bottom) Bottom of the page
! (override) Force the specified location
H (precised) Placed at precised location
option Purpose
width To set width (in cm., inches or fraction of line width)
height (top) To set height
trim To crop image/file (trim = l b r t)
rotate to rotate at specified angle
Inserting Figure
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s { book }
\ usepackage { graphicx }
\ usepackage { caption }
\ b e g i n { document }
\ begin { f i g u r e }[ h ]
\ i n c l u d e g r a p h i c s [ w i d t h=3cm , h e i g h t =3cm ] { b i r d . j p g }
\ caption { Birds }
\ l a b e l { mark1 }
\ end { f i g u r e }
Figure 1: Birds
C o n s i d e r t h e p i c t u r e shown i n f i g u r e \ r e f { mark1 } .
\ end { document }
Consider the picture shown in
figure 1.
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s { book }
\ usepackage { graphicx }
\ usepackage { caption }
\ b e g i n { document }
\ begin { f i g u r e }[ h ]
\ i n c l u d e g r a p h i c s [ t r i m =0 i n 1 i n 0 i n 0 i n , c l i p =t r u e ,
w i d t h= 3 . 5 cm , h e i g h t = 3 . 5 cm , a n g l e = 3 0 ] { b i r d . j p g }
\ caption { Birds }
\ l a b e l { mark2 }
\ end { f i g u r e }
C o n s i d e r t h e p i c t u r e shown i n f i g u r e \ r e f { mark2 } .
\ end { document } Figure 2: Birds
Cross-Reference
Cross-Reference
In LATEX, you can cross-refer almost everything that is numbered (like chapter, section,
subsection, figure, table etc.).
\label{mark}
Put the command \label after the declaration of object, you want to label. But
in case of environments, it should be placed inside the environment.
\ref{mark}
The command \ref is used for referencing the object that has been labeled earlier
with label ‘mark’. This prints the number that was assigned to the object.
Cross-Reference Chapter 1
faas
\ s e c t i o n { I n t r o d u c t i o n } \ l a b e l { mark3 }
This s e c t i o n i s i n t r o d u c t o r y . 1.1 Introduction
Mathematical Typesetting
Mathematical Typesetting
For mathematical typesetting, include the package ‘amsmath’ in the preamble of the LATEX
document.
When the mathematical expression appears in the running text, surround the formula with
the dollar sign $.
When the mathematical expression appear in a separate paragraph, surround the formula
with the double dollar sign $$ or within \[ and \].
Equation x + y = 1 and
x +y =1
Mathematical Equation
\begin{equation}\label{mark6}
x^{2}+y^{2} = 1.
x 2 + y 2 = 1. (1)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation*} x/4 + y /9 = 1.
x/4+y/9 = 1.
\end{equation*} The equation 1 represents a circle cen-
The equation \ref{mark6} represents a circle ter at (0,0) with radius 1.
center at (0,0) with radius 1.
Mathematical Equations
\begin{eqnarray}
x + 3y = 2. \label{mark7} \\ x + 3y = 2. (2)
x \leq 3 + 4x + 5y. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray} x ≤ 3 + 4x + 5y .
\begin{eqnarray}
x + 3y &=& 2.\label{mark8} \\
x &\leq& 3 + 4x + 5y. \nonumber x + 3y = 2. (3)
\end{eqnarray} x ≤ 3 + 4x + 5y .
Consecutive equations are separated by \\ and to align left and right hand side of
equations use &.
Terminate an equation with command \nonumber, if no equation number required.
Creating Matrix
The ‘array’ environment is used to create array. The general syntax is:
\begin{array}{options}.
The options consist of l, r or c for left, right and center aligned text.
Separate each column entry by & and end each row with \\.
$\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 3 & 2\\
3 & 4 & 1\\
1 3 2
2 & 8 & 2
3 4 1
\end{array}$
2 8 2
1 3 2
$\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 3 4 1
1 & 3 & 2\\
2 8 2
3 & 4 & 1\\
2 & 8 & 2
\end{array}\right)$
Greek Symbols
Mathematical Operators
^{} x^{2} x2
_{} x_{2} x2
1
\frac{}{} \frac{1}{2} 2
√
\sqrt{} \sqrt{2} 2
√
3
\sqrt[n]{} \sqrt[3]{2} 2
P∞
\sum_{}^{} \sum_{x = 0}^{\infty}e^{x} x=0 ex
Qn
\prod_{}^{} \prod_{k=1}^{n} k k=1 k
R1
\int_{}^{} \int_{0}^{1}x dx 0 xdx
Mathematical Functions
n2 + 3n + 2 n+1
( )=( )
n(n + 1) n
.
n2 + 3n + 2
n+1
=
n(n + 1) n
.
Arrows
Command Result Command Result Command Result
\leftarrow ← \rightleftharpoons
\leftleftarrows ⇔
\leftarrowtail \Leftarrow ⇐ \hookrightarrow ,→
\rightrightarrows ⇒ \rightarrowtail \rightarrow →
\rightharpoonup * \leftrightarrows \looparrowleft "
\Rightarrow ⇒ \rightharpoondown + \rightleftarrows
\looparrowright # \leftrightarrow ↔ \uparrow ↑
\Lleftarrow W \curvearrowleft x \Leftrightarrow ⇔
\Uparrow ⇑ \Rrightarrow V \curvearrowright y
\mapsto 7→ \downarrow ↓ \leftrightharpoons
\nleftarrow 8 \hookleftarrow ←- \Downarrow ⇓
\rightleftharpoons
\nrightarrow 9 \leftharpoonup (
\upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright \downharpoonright \Lsh
\Rsh \upuparrows \downdownarrows
\updownarrow l \twoheadleftarrow \nLeftarrow :
\leftharpoondown ) \Updownarrow m \twoheadrightarrow
\nRightarrow ; \to → \nLeftrightarrow <
Sandeep Kumar (SBSC, DU) LATEX July 23, 2017 47 / 64
Mathematical Typesetting
Mathematical Formatting
If n = 4, then n2 + 4 = 20.
b4.2c = 4.
The nth term of the sequence is an = n2 + 1.
Let α = 3, β = 4 and γ = 5.
If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ where n ∈ N.
Mathematical Formatting
It is not always true that $$\frac{a+b}{c+d} = \frac{a}{c} + \frac{b}{d}$$.
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ···
2! 3!
Use of brackets 2xy 6= 2x y .
Sandeep Kumar (SBSC, DU) LATEX July 23, 2017 49 / 64
Mathematical Typesetting
Mathematical Formatting
n 2
X
3 n(n + 1)
k =
2
k=1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + + + +···
2 |3 {z 4} |5 6 {z 7 8}
Mathematical Formatting
$$A_{m,n} =
\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n}
\end{array}
\right]$$
a1,1 a1,2 ··· a1,n
a2,1 a2,2 · · · a2,n
Am,n =
.. .. .. ..
.
. . .
am,1 am,2 · · · am,n
Mathematical Formatting
Z x
d
f (u)du = f (x)
dx 0
.
lim exp(−x) = 0
x→∞
.
√
(1.) x 3 + 5
10
(2.) (a + b)2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2
√
(3.) 2 ≈ 1.414
(4.) A \ (B ∪ C ) = (A \ B) ∩ (A \ C )
(5.)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 2 2 + · · · + n 2 =
2
(6.)
a1 + a2 + · · · + an
(a1 a2 · · · an )1/n ≤
n
.
(8.)
x = r cos θ sin φ
y = r sin θ sin φ
z = r cos θ
(9.)
e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ
(10.)
d 1 1
=− 2
dx x x
(11.) n
1
lim 1+ =e
n→∞ n
Sandeep Kumar (SBSC, DU) LATEX July 23, 2017 55 / 64
Mathematical Typesetting
(8.) \begin{eqnarray}
x &=& r \cos \theta \sin \phi \nonumber \\
y &=& r \sin \theta \sin \phi \nonumber \\
z & =& r \cos \theta \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Creating Block
A ‘block’ environment can be used to create any kind of named block. A block can be of
theorem, lemma, corollary or example.
Include the package ‘amsthm’ in the preamble of the document before using this environment.
The general syntax for defining a new block is:
\newtheorem{key}{blockName}
where key is used to reference the new block and blockName is the name of this block.
\newtheorem{myDef}{Definition}
\begin{myDef} Definition 1
Write definition here. Write definition here.
\end{myDef}
\begin{myDef} Definition 2
Write another definition here.
Write another definition here.
\end{myDef}
Creating Block
To number blocks according to chapter or section or subsection, use the following:
\newtheorem{key}{blockName}[numberBy]
\ d o c u m e n t c l a s s [ a 4 p a p e r , 1 1 p t ] { book }
\ u s e p a c k a g e {amsthm} Chapter 1
\ newtheorem {thm }{ Theorem } [ c h a p t e r ]
\ newtheorem { examp }{ Example } [ s e c t i o n ]
Introduction
\ b e g i n { document }
\ chapter { Introduction }
1.1 Section 1
\ s e c t i o n { S e c t i o n 1} Theorem 1.1. First theorem.
\ b e g i n {thm} F i r s t t h e o r e m . \ end {thm} Example 1.1.1. First example.
\ b e g i n { examp } F i r s t e x a m p l e . \ end { examp }
1.2 Section 2
\ s e c t i o n { S e c t i o n 2}
\ b e g i n {thm} Second t h e o r e m . \ end {thm} Theorem 1.2. Second theorem.
\ b e g i n { examp } Second e x a m p l e . \ end { examp } Example 1.2.1. Second example.
\ end { document }
Sandeep Kumar (SBSC, DU) LATEX July 23, 2017 58 / 64
Mathematical Typesetting
Comments
Comments
Footnote
Footnote
Footnote can be produced with command, \footnote. The syntax of this command is:
\footnote[number]{text}
The optional argument number is used to change the default footnote number.
1
Computer Code
Computer Code
LATEX provides the environment lslisting to include computer code in the document.
\begin{lstlisting}[backgroundcolor=\color{red}]
\documentclass{article} \documentclass{article}
\begin{document} \begin{document}
This is my first document. This is my first document.
\end{document} \end{document}
\end{lstlisting}
The Bibliography
The Bibliography
The environment, ‘thebibliography’ can be used to create bibliography. The structure is:
\begin{thebibliography}{noOfRef}
\bibitem{citationKey} ...
\bibitem{citationKey} ...
\end{thebibliography}
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{san1}Sandeep, Practical for Calculus-I, Vardhman Publications, 2014.
\bibitem{san2}Sandeep, Graph Theory, Vardhman Publications, 2015.
\end{thebibliography}
Citation
‘\cite{key1}’ command is used to cite any bibliography reference with citation key ‘key1’.
To cite multiple references, include all the citation keys within the curly brackets separated by
comma, for example, \cite{key1, key2, key3}
For s i n g l e c i t a t i o n \ c i t e { san1 } .
For single citation [1].
For multiple citations [1, 2].
For m u l t i p l e c i t a t i o n s \ c i t e { san1 , s a n 2 } .
To be continued with
Beamer and PsTricks