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    Ultimate Work

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    A Shirt in the Market This chapter tells us the story of a shirt ! It begins with the production of cotton and:ends with the sale of the shirt We shall see that a chain of markets links the producer of cotton to'the buyer of the shirt in the supermarket Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain Does everyone benefit equally from this? Or do some people benefit more than others? We shall find out. Scanned with CamScanner A cotton farmer in Kurnool Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton? ‘Swapna, a small farmer in Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh) grows cotton on her small piece of land. The bolls of Why did the trader pay Swapna the cotton plant are ripe and some have already a low price? burst, so Swapna is busy picking cotton. The bolls, which carry the cotton in them, do not burst open Where do you think large farmers all at once so it takes several days to harvest the — would sell their cotton? How Is cotton, their situation different from ‘Swapna? Once the cotton is collected, instead of selling it at Kurnool cotton market, Swapna and her husband take the harvest to the local trader. At the beginning of the cropping season, Swapna had borrowed Rs 2,500 from the trader at a very high interest rate to buy seeds, fertilisers, pesticides for cultivation. At that time, the local trader made Swapna agree to another condition. He made her promise to sell all her cotton to him. Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides and the farmers have to incur heavy expenses on account of these: Most often, the small farmers fieed to borrow moriey into bales. to meet these expenses. At the trader’s yard, two-of his men weigh the bags of cotton. At a price of Rs 1,500 per quintal, the cotton fetches Rs 6,000. The trader deducts Rs 3,000 for repayment of loan andinterest and pays Swapna Rs 3,000. Swapna: Rs 3,000 only! ‘Trader: Cotton i8 selling cheap. There is a lot of cotton in the market. Swapna: I have toiled so hard for four months to grow this cotton. You can see how fine and clean the cotton is this time. I had hoped to get a much better price. Scanned with CamScanner 4 shop in Erode 106 Social and Political Life ‘Trader: Amma, I am giving you a good price. Other traders are not even paying this much. You can check at the Kurnool market, if you do not believe me. Swapna: Don't be angry. How can I doubt you? I had only hoped that we would earn enough from the cotton crop to last us a few months. Though Swapna knows that cotton will sell for at least Rs 1,800 per quintal, she doesn't argue further. The trader is a powerful man in the village and the farmers have to depend on him for loans not only for cultivation, but also to meet other exigencies such as illnesses, children’s school fees. Also, there aré times in the year when there is no‘work and’ no income for the farttiers, so borrowing money is the only means of survival. ‘Swapna’s eahiing from cotton cultivation is barely more/than what she might have earned as a wage labourer. ‘The cloth market of Erode Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one ofthe largest cloth markets in the world. A large variety of cloth is sold in this market. Cloth that is made by weavers in the villages around is also brought here for sale. Around the market are offices of cloth merchants who buy this cloth. Other traders from many south Indian towns also come and purchase cloth in this market. On market days, you would also find weavers bringing cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country. They purchase the yarn and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made. In the following example, we can see how this is done. Scanned with CamScanner 1.This is a merchant's shop in the bard Oter the years, these traders have developed extensive contacts with garment firms around the conntey from om they get orders. Thafe ders purchase the yarn (thréad) Jropr others. D The weavers lige 1 ridages around cand take the Yarn Supplied by these tradePs¢ Pig Iomes where the looms are Josate in sbeds adjacent to their InusesDhis photograph shows a ipoilertoom in one such ome. Dhe wearers and their families spend Jong hours working on these looms. Most weaving units hare about 2-8 Putting-out system- weavers producing cloth at home powerlooms on which the yarn is woven into cloth, A variety of sarees, towels, shirting, ladies dress material and The merchant distributes work among the weavers based on the orders he has received for cloth. The weavers get the yarn fromi the merchant and supply him the cloth. For the weavers, this arrangement seemingly has two advantages. The weavers do not have to spend their money on purchase of yarn. Also, the problem of selling the finished cloth is taken care of. Weayers know from the outset what cloth they should make’and how much of it is to be woven. bedsheets are produced in these looms, 3. They then bring back the finished cloth to the traders. Here, they can be seen setting ready to go to the merchant in the town, The trader keeps an account of the yarn given and pays them money for wearing this into cloth What are the following people However, this dependence on the merchants both doing at the Erode cloth market~ for raw materials and markets means that the — merchants, weavers, exporters? merchants have a lot of power. They give orders for what is to be made and they pay a very low price for _ In what ways are weavers making the cloth. The weavers have no way of — dependent on cloth merchants? Scanned with CamScanner If the weavers were to buy yarn on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more, Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss. Do you find similar ‘putting-out’ arrangements in making papads, masalas, beedis? Find out about this in your area and discuss in class. You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up? Weaver's cooperative knowing who they are making the cloth for or at what price it will be sold. At the cloth market, the merchants sell the cloth to the garment factories. In. this way, the market works more in favour of the merchants Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money at high interest rates to buy looms. Each loom costs, Rs 20,000, so a small weaver with two looms has to invest Rs 40,000. The work on these looms cannot be done alone. The weaver and another adult member of his family work upto 12 hours a day to produce, cloth. For all this work, they earn about Rs 3,500 per month. ‘The arrangement between the merchant ahd the weavers is an example of putting-out system, whereby the merchant suppliés the raw material and receives,the finished product, Ibis prevalent in the weaving industry in most regions of India. We have seen that the weavers are paid very little by che merchant under the putting out system. Weaver's cooperatives are one way to reduce the dependence on tie merchant and to earn a higher income for the weavers. in 2 cooperative, people ‘with common interests come together and work for their mutual benefit.In a weaver's cooperative, the weavers form a group and take up certain activites collectively. They procure yarn from the yarn dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The cooperative also does the marketing So, the role of the merchant is reduced, and weavers get a fair price on the cloth. At times, the government helps the cooperatives by buying cloth from them at a reasonable price. For instance, the Tamil Nadu government runs a Free School Uniform programme in the state: The government procures the cloth for this programme from the powerloom weaver's cooperatives. Similarly, the government buys cloth from the handloom weaver's cooperatives and sells it through stores known as Co-optex. You might have come across one of these stores in your town. 108 Social and Political Life Scanned with CamScanner ‘The garment exporting factory near Delhi The Erode merchant supplies the cottoH cloth produced by the weavers to a garment exporting factory near Delhi. The garfiiént, éxporting factory will use the cloth to make Shirts. The shirts‘will be exported to foreign buyers. Among the foreign buyers are businesspersons from the US and Europe who run a chain of stores. These large storés do business strictly on their own terms. They demand the lowest prices from the supplier. In addition, they set high standards for quality of production and timely delivery. Any defects or delay in delivery is dealt with strictly. So, the exporter tries his best to meet the conditions set by these powerful buyers Faced with\such pressures from the buyers, the garmefit exporting factories, in turn, try to cut costs. They get the maximum work out of the workers at the lowest possible wages. This way they can maximise their own profits and also supply the garments to foreign buyers at a cheap price. Womemporkbys Sewing buttons in a gardbint actory What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands? How do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers? Scanned with CamScanner Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss. Write a letter to the Minister asking for what you think would be proper payment to the workers. The shirt below shows the profit made by the businessperson, and the various costs that he had to pay. Find out from the diagram below, what the cost price includes. Storage, e Rs 100 | Purchase Rs 200 110 Social and Political Life ‘The Impex garment factory has 70 workers. Most of them are women. Most of these workers are employed on a temporary basis. This means that whenever the employer feels that a worker is not needed, the worker can be asked to leave. Workers’ wages are fixed according to their skills. The highest paid among the workers are the tailors who get about Rs 3,000 per month. Women are employed as helpers for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging. These jobs have the lowest wages. ‘The shirt in the United States A numbef of shirts are on display at a large clothes shop in the United States, and are priced at $26. ‘That is, each shirt sells for $26 or around Rs 1,200. Use the diagram shown in the margin to fill in the blanks below. ‘The businessperson purchased the shirts from the garment exporter in Delhi for Rs per shirt He then spent Rs for advertising in the media, and another Rs per shirt on storage, display and all other charges. Thus, the cost to this person is Rs 600 while he sells the shirt for Rs 1,200. Rs is his profit on one shirt! If he is able to sell a large number of shirts, his profit will be higher. ‘The garment exporter sold the shirt at Rs 200 per piece. The cloth and other raw materials cost him Rs 70 per shirt. The workers’ wages cost another ‘Scanned with CamScanner Rs 15 per shirt. The cost of running his office came to Rs 15 per shirt. Can you calculate the profit per shirt for the garment exporter? Who are the gainers in the market? A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer at the supermarket. Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain. Let us recall who were the people who were involved in this process of buying and selling. Did they all gain as, much? There were people who made profits in the market and there were some who did not gain as much from this buying and selling. Despite their having toiled very hard, they earned little. Can you place them in the table shown here? Market and equality The foreign businessperson made huge profits in the market. Compared to this, the garment exporter made only moderate profits. On the other hand, thé earnings of the workers at the gatment export factory, are barely enough to cover their day-to-day needs. Similarly, we saw the small/cotton farmer and the weaver at Erode put in long hours of hard work. But they did not get a fair price inthe market for what they produced. The merchants or traders are somewhere in between. Compared to the weavers, they have earned more but itis still much less than the exporter. Thus, not everyone gains equally in the market. Deftiocracy is also about getting a fair wage in the market» Whether it is Kanta or Swapna, if families,don’t earn enough how would they think of themselves as equal to others? On one hand, the market offers people opportunities for work and to be able to sell things that they grow or produce. It could be the farmer selling cotton or the weaver producing cloth. On the other hand, it is usually the rich and the powerful Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter and the businessperson in the market abroad. What do you find? What are the reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit In the market? You have read the chapter on advertising. Why does the businessperson spend Rs 300 fer shirt on advertising? Discugs? Scanned with CamScanner Did you know that the readymade clothes that you buy require the work of so many different persons? 112 Social and Political Life that get)the maximum earnings from the market. ‘These are the péople who have money and own the factories, the large shops, large land holdings, ete The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend for loans (as. inthe case of Swapna, the small farmer), for raw materials and marketing of their goods (weavers in the putting out system), and most often for employment (workers at the garment factory). Because of this dependence, the poor are exploited in the market. There are ways to overcome these such as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are followed strictly. In the last chapter, we will read about how one such fish-workers’ cooperative was started on the Tawa river. Scanned with CamScanner $9.43 os} ) 1, Sapna sells the cotton to the trader. 1. What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead 2 Crsmors uy thse shirt in a of selling at the Kurnool cotton market? , 3. Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill, 4. Garment exporters buy the cloth from merchants for making shirts, 5. Yarn dealers or merchants give the 2. Describe the conditions of employment as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do you think the workers get a fair deal? 3. Think of something common that we use. It could be Jarit fo the wearers sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through The exporter sells shirts to the what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of — Psséaessperrom from the USA. the people that help in the production or trade? 7.Spinning mill buys the cotton and yarn to the yarn dealers, @ 4, Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct 8.Wearers return ere order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls _% Ginning mill cleans 1 accordingly. The first two have already been done for yo wakes it into bales. X Glossary — factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. The cotton is pressed into le bal ‘sent for spinning into thread, Exporter: A person who sells goods abroad. Profit: The amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the costs. If the costs are more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss. ‘Scanned with CamScanner Renuka was excited. Shrikant Uncle was home after a gap of nearly four months. He was a wildlife photographer and travelled widely. Renuka’s interest in wildlife and forests began at an early age, when her uncle introduced her to books on nature. Pictures of distant lands and people, who lived there, always fascinated her Fig. 8.1: People from various parts of the world “In these pictures Renuka, you can see people from different parts of the world - some from dry deserts, some from frozen lands and some from hot wet rainforests.” “They look so different from me”, observed Renuka. “They may look different, but they share the same basic needs of life - food, clothing and shelter”, explained Shrikant Uncle. “Their children do the same things as you probably do, play games, quarrel sometimes and then make-up, sing, dance and help the families with various things that need to be done. They live closer to nature and very early in their lives have learnt to care for nature. They learn how to catch fish and how to collect material from the forests.” 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner In Chapters 8, 9 and 10, you will learn about the life of people in the different natural regions of the world. aes? Lire ww THe Amazon Basin Before learning about the Amazon basin, let us look at the map (Fig. 8.2). Notice that the tropical region lies very close to the equator; between 10°N and 10°S, So, it isreferred toas the equatorial region. The river Amazon flows through this region, Notice how it flows from the mountains to the west and reaches the Atlantic Ocean to the east. ‘The place where a river flows into another body of water is called the river's mouth. Numerous tributaries join the Amazon River to form the Amazon basin. The river basin drains portions of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia and a small part of Venezuela. Name the countries of the basin through which the equator passes. ea a aE Fig. 8.2: The Amazon Basin in South America 56 Our Envinonsenr 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner (Cumate As you now know, the Amazon Basin stretches directly on the equator and is characterized by hot and wet climate throughout the year. Both day and nights are almost equally hot and humid. The skin feels sticky. It rains almost everyday, that too without much warning. The day temperatures are high with very high humidity. At night the temperature goes down but the humidity remains high. Rainforests As it rains heavily in this region, thick forests grow (Fig. 8.3). The forests are in fact so thick that the dense “roof” created by leaves and branches does not allow the sunlight to reach the ground. The ground remains dark and damp. Only shade tolerant vegetation may grow here. Orchids, bromeliads grow as plant parasites, The rainforest is rich in fauna. Birds such as toucans (Fig. 8.4), humming birds, macaw with their brilliantly coloured plumage, oversized bills for eating make them different from birds we commonly see in India. ‘These birds also make loud sounds in the forests. Animals like monkeys, Fig. 8.4 :Toucans sloth and ant-eating tapirs are found here (Fig. 8.5). Various species of reptiles and snakes also thrive in these jungles. Crocodiles, snakes, pythons abound. Anaconda and boa constrictor are some of the species. Besides, the basin is home to thousands of species of insects. Several species of fishes including the flesh-eating Piranha fish is also found in the river. This basin is thus extraordinarily rich in the variety of life found there. Fig. 8.5 : Tapir Prope oF THE RAINFORESTS People grow most of their food in small areas after clearing some trees in the forest. While men hunt and fish along the rivers, women take care of the crops. They mainly grow Fig. 8.3 : The Amazon Forest omeliads are special plants that store water in their leaves. Animals like frogs use these pockets of water for laying their eggs. Howaw Environment Ivreracrions: THe TrorIca axp THe SuamRonical REGION 57 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner 58. Our Esvinonwenr tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. As hunting and fishing are uncertain it is the women who keep their families alive by feeding them the vegetables they grow. They practice “slash and burn agriculture’, The staple food is manioc, also known as cassava that grows under the ground like the potato. They also eat queen ants and egg sacs. Cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown. ‘The rainforests provide a lot of wood for the houses. Some families live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. There are other large apartment-like houses called “Maloca” with a steeply slanting roof. Life of the people of the Amazon basin is slowly changing. In the older days the heart of the forest, could be reached only by navigating the river. In 1970 the Trans Amazon highway made all parts of the rainforest accessible. Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for reaching various places. The indigenous population was pushed out from the area and forced to settle in new areas where they continued to practice their distinctive way of farming. ‘The developmental activities are leading to the gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rainforests. It is estimated that a large area of the rainforest has been disappearing annually in the Amazon basin. You can see that this destruction of forests has amuch wider implication (Fig. 8.6). The topsoil is rains fall and the lush forest turns into a barren Fig. 8.6: Gradual Destruction of Forests 02-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner Lire In THE Ganca-BRaHMaPUTRA Basin ‘The tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra together form the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin in the Indian subcontinent (Fig. 8.8). The basin lies in the sub-tropical region that is situated between 10°N to 30°N latitudes. The tributaries of the River Ganga like the Ghaghra, the Son, the Chambal, the Gandak, the Kosi and the tributaries of Brahmaputra drain it. Look at the atlas and find names of some tributaries of the River Brahmaputra. ‘The plains of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, the mountains and the foothills of the Fig. 8.7 Brahmaputra river GANGA ~ BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN PAKISTAN ae ‘ARABIAN, seq 72 i Fig. 8.8: Ganga-Brahmputra Basin Howaw Environment Ivreracrioxs: THe TrorIcal axp THe SuamRonIcaL REGION 59 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner Himalayas and the Sundarbans delta are the main features of this basin. Ox-bow lakes dot the plain area The area is dominated by monsoon climate. The monsoon brings rains from mid-June to mid-September. ‘The summers are hot and the winters cool. Look at the map of India (Fig. 8.8). Find out the states in which the Ganga-Brahmputra basin lies. The basin area has varied topography. The environment plays a dominant role in the distribution of the population. The mountain areas with steep slopes 7 have inhospitable terrain. Therefore less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people where flat land is available to grow crops. The density of population of the plains is very high, The main crop is paddy (Fig. 8.9). Since cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the amount of rainfall is high. Wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets are the other crops that are grown. Cash crops like sugarcane and jute are also grown. Banana plantations are seen in some areas of the plain. In West Bengal and Assam tea is grown in plantations (Fig. 8.10). Silk is produced through the cultivation of silk worms in parts of Bihar and Assam. In the mountains and hills, where the slopes are gentle, crops are grown on terraces. ‘The vegetation cover of the area varies according to the type of landforms. In the Ganga and Brahmaputra plain tropical deciduous trees grow, along with teak, sal and peepal. Thick bamboo groves are common in the Brahmaputra plain. The delta area is covered with the Fig. 8.9 : Paddy Cultivation Fig. 8.10 : Tea Garden in Assam 60. Our Envinowwenr 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner mangrove forests. In parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Se RSs Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir can be seen because the climate is cool and the | Terraces are built on slopes are steep. steep slopes to create ‘There is a variety of wildlife in the basin. Elephants, | Hat surfaces on which tigers, deer and monkeys are common. The one-horned | ‘TPS are grown. The rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain. In the Sees concern delta area, Bengal tiger and crocodiles are found. Aquatic | in off rapidly life abounds in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the - Bay of Bengal Sea. The most popular varieties of the fish are the rohu, catla and hilsa. Fish and rice is the staple diet of the people living in the area. Fig. 8.11 ; One homed rhinoceros Fig. 8.12 ; Crocodiles Lake: A source of livelihood (A case study) Binod is a fisherman | living in the Matwali | Maun village of Bihar. He is a happy man today. With the efforts of the — fellow Jishermen — Ravindar, Kishore, Rajiv and others, he cleaned the maun or the ox-bow lake to cultivate different varieties of fish. The local weed (vallineria, hydrilla) that grows in the lake is the food of the fish. The land around the lake is fertile. He sows crops such as paddy, maize and pulses in these fields. The buffalo is used to plough the land. The community is satisfied. There is enough fish catch from the river enough fish to eat and enough fish ‘A clean lake Hoan Environment Ivreracrions: THe TrorIcal axo THe SuaRonIcAL REGION 6f 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner town. The community is living in harmony to sell in the market. They have even begun supply pees to the neighbouring ‘To acceletrate the Rr AcNTGaehite with nature. As long universal sanitation @s the pollutants from coverage and to put nearby towns do not fours on sanitation, find their way into the the Prime Minister of Tata RCRA TEES lake waters, the fish See SinTat cultivation will not LSS Mission” on 02” face any threat. A Polluted Lake October 2014. The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain has several big towns and cities. The cities of Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata all with the population of more than ten lakhs are located along the River Ganga (Fig. 8.13). The Fig. 8.13: Varanasi along the River Ganga wastewater from these towns and industries is discharged into the rivers. This leads to the pollution of the rivers. All the four ways of transport are well developed in To Gonserve the river _ the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. In the plain areas the ganga, ‘Ni roadways and railways transport the people from one ganga Pro} place to another. The waterways, isan effective means of ‘been tniuated. transport particularly along the rivers. Kolkata is an important port on the River Hooghly. The plain area also has a large number of airports. Tourism is another important activity of the basin. Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra, Allahabad on the confluence of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna, Buddhists stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Lucknow with its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas with wild life sanctuaries and Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture are some of the places Fig. 8.142 Tiger in Manas Wildife sanctuary worth a visit (Fig. 8.14). Pos 62, Our Envirowwenr 2021-22 Scanned with CamScanner ” Answer the following questions. () Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located. (i) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin. (ii) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon. (iv) What are the major cities located on the River Ganga. (©) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found? Tick the correct answer. () Toucans are a type of (a) birds (b) animals (6) crops (ii) Manioc is the staple food of (@) Ganga Basin (b) Africa (©) Amazon (ii) Kolkata is located on the river f@) Orange (b) Hooghly (0) Bhagirathi (iv) Deodars and firs are a type of (a) Coniferous trees (b) Deciduous trees (c) shrubs () Bengal tiger is found in fa) mountains (b) delta area (c) Amazon Match the following. (Cotton textile (a) Assam (ii) Maloca (0) Terrace farming (i) Piranha (©) Sericulture (iv) Silk worm (@ Slanting roof () Kaziranga (c) Ganga plain () Varanasi (@ Fish Give reasons. (i) The rainforests are depleting. (i) Paddy is grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains, Map skills. (0 On an outline map of the Indian Sub-continent, draw the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the mouth. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers. (ti) On the political map of South America, draw the equator. Mark the countries through which the equator passes. For fan. Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance. Hwan Environment Ivreracrions: Tue TrorIca ax THE SuaTROMCAL REGION 63, 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner 7. Activity. Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect, the soil cover. Material () Three small flowerpots or food cans (e.g., cold drinks tin cans), (i) one big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can), Gi) twelve coins or bottle caps (iv) soll. ‘Steps Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden, Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soll splashes out, Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out, Where the rain’ is heavy the amount of soll that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear. 64 Our Ewvinonstent 2021-22 ‘Scanned with CamScanner ied with CamScanner — earns mb ent tert a somo bv SS eee ret z 5 8 8 5 8 £ : 3 5 8 ‘uix om plastic age in Taio bed ns 4 redoction im the Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner 1p WILOUIFE ON THE LAHD Scanned with CamScanner | OCEAN LIFE 5 g 5 8 3 3 8 Bl THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING The aoa of Human Activities on the Environment a Pa 3 = m a ry o € 3 a iy a Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 10. i. Walk Alone Value Loneliness Skills Determination Gyan and Govind Value Belief Skills Benevolence Super 30 Value : Accomplishment Skills Self belief Looking London, Talking Tokyo dons Value : Humbleness Skills: Humanity Indian Santa Value» Hospitality Skills; Courtesy The Done-Key done Value : Helpful Skills : Kind-hearted aKD Dors— Value : Determination Skills: Strength of Character Megh-Sundara Value ; Respect Skills ; Regard LGT: Let's Get Together Value : Cooperation Skills: Collaboration Mistake : Mothers of Inventions Value : Perfection Skills | Motivation AllTime Flicks Value ; Innovation Skills: Transformation Model Test Paper-1 Model Test Paper-2 Scanned with CamScanner 43. 44 49 55 71 72 Se artnet Comp thy te SCAN Wn ts cared tt sme + vecamatr nema the tt hat cae replete wet bi 4 routes tf the cg We Eat Coma | seme | a | ei fer Ws och shove tee: NAS | / erty / | house wat es Siew set / nop / tue) eros teow Matesipae sic hn one | wb] Mabe) cates that serve gen seahoe. Ws » ctracet {apres / del / cher | ser cn (hapa ate | turin | rece | acomeesaton wd | may | pty) mach} wo % Understand Grammar — + oman set of sentences (1 4} 8 mabe com Yeon: Them rears 1 = Scanned with CamScanner al oh < f = et & paragraph Shave your parma wath the cn x i ‘ance Feat 9 fect Phe ty of Muanabaoacarn Ik bet te meth etal an event. rows a asl arc He ar a, B are bemeuaty « (oral contre. Tey Derr may anc, Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner ‘i eee ate at Mahabalipuram to see the beautiful rock cu caves and templey built by th Pallava kings/rulers ples built by the We Gan see an enormous rock with the Mout intricate carvings that is the best Wonework in Mahabalipuram. In fact, itis ‘Pat of the greatest works of medieval art in Hadid. Carved around a natural gap in ¢ Phhge granite boulder, the bas-relic Heulptire spills over with scenes from Hindu folklore and everyday life. There figure near the top of the carving standing on one leg. Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner i 5 8 — i: 8 & = z 5 8 Pies the (eres The Bchomg Greve ‘On the Move s Thove Six De % Around the World in 80 Dayedom"30 Babe LIPTIRINWE & oman "40 A Trek Through the Homaleya: 40-84 feescreMENT © 43 A Laugh Riot “4 Henry, A Chameleon 45 Pachang for the Journey SI sa tA te LASTING & SPEAK: Foolish Questions SOCHMINT AcTrvETas MOL TEST PAPER 1 ‘One World, ‘One Earth to One World The Stranger Dont Aer LISTENING & SPEAKING ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' 1 1 ' Halle, Mr Gb The ( Vet to € The Building Bridges Apologire On Being Sara The English Lesson BCHMENT 4 Pictures of the Past Salim and Tansen Mahabalipuram FA GHLISTENING & SPEAKING ‘The Fabulous, Fabled Silk Road eUCHMENT ACKIVITTE MODEL TEST PAPER 2 4 USTENING TEXT FOR THE TEACH 4 DETAILED CONTENTS Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ese questions orally : were the travellers searching for? did they manage to start their cooking? Whatwas the first item putin the soup? What other items were later on put into the soup? what did they do with the food? intheblanks. 9 Taw Work with your_AtQua esn/alone) 7 what you have. (Care/Share) Offer your according to your pockets contribution/distubution). _____ withasmile. (Compromise/Hate) others giving due credits. (Appreciate/Aggregete) Always to others before giving your opinion, (listen shapes) answer thy I@erImIZE One + One will make eleven with full cooperation, But become One-One you feel jealous of your partner. A . Look at the picture below to find out its story, ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner «alin shook his head. “No, Sir! 1 feard where. A nice tune, isn't it?” and ned it again, Where did you hear it?” -therv’s an Ustad who lives in the lane hind ours Every morning, he practises and he often sings this,” Salim Different words, of course” is music ion Bhairavi.” ‘Oh!” Salim picked up another potato. J don't know about ragas, Sis, but I never eget a tune” The man came and sat down near him, sje locos his fingers on bis lap and said oily, “Please sing for me, Son” Softly Salim sang all the songs he had heard the Ustad sing. The man sat before him with his eyes closed, at times tapping @ finger to keep the beat. Where Salim sang wall the man would sway a bit and give a lle approving nod. lace mt fngers texted the fingers of Beth Mae ete epproving nado whe of the head showing aferoval £2 Salim wondered who he was. He wore a simple silk robe and pajamas and had wrapped a shawl around him. His shoes, though made of good leather and embroidered with gold, were old. He looks like a landlord, Salim concluded, Finally Salim took:a deep breath and sang his favourite tune, It always made him think of cloudy skies and the smell of wet earth after the first shower of rain. It was the song he sang when he was alone on the roof of the house, flying a kite. When he stopped, the man said softly, that is Raga Malhar "It's the best of all? “It's one of my favourites too” The man looked thoughtfully at him. “Would you like to learn music, Son? ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner Fig, 14.4 Worn costs impeave soil Feri, LAYERS OF THESOIL Iryou have ever looked closely at the deep pits dug at construction sites, you will know that soil is not lke a uniform, solid substance. It has layers, and these layers look and feel different. Scientists call these layers horizons. Aborizon This is the topmost layer of soll, often referred to as the tapsoit. Its dark colour is due to the presence of humus, The particles of this layer are the finest and the action of decomposers makes this layer porous. supports most plants, Only the roots of very 's manage to reach the next layer. Shorizon This is the layer below the topsoil and 1s called the subsoil. It cloes not contain much humus, $0 it ts lighter in colour than the topsoil. tis also coarser i less porous (or packed tighter). Since the subssoll Sot contain muck humus, it is not suitable for plant growth. the topsoil, tt dissolves soluble minerals and “*posited over this layer. “her hand, soit that is deposited over Luwiy Betenee for thins 7 Tranator the dry noll ton (itor metal tray and het it IF the well blackarm and gives off ence Or weigh It again, you will ge organic: mat 6 10 produce earns disilides It year ck nic matter haw carbon, which b ough idea ot the matter the aol crnvtaiens, int of org So, Soll contains minerals (soll particles), water, alr and humus. It also has taoterta, fungl, algae and tiny organisms called protozoans (amoeba ix a protozoan), These organisms help improve the fertility of soil by breaking down organte matter and converting the nitrogen of the air into nitrogenous compounds that plints can use. yee mater Moran Fig. 14.3 Components ofthe soit Worms and tn; om ® also live in the soil. ‘These too help to tmprave the fertility or eo ne of the most useful of these organisms 1s the earthworm. It ingests soll. digests organic matter present tn the soil and excretes soil full of plant nutrients. The excreted ™ Hooks like smal piles of coiled earth and ts called! worm east (igure 14.4), Earthworm’ other worms and insets aaa Iso help by burrowing into the soll, and thus, “tilling: oF it. All the organisins living in the sail are often, ina to as blota. : 14 Soil yst layer of the earth’s crust Is called he topmost layer Soil. It 1s of great importance to us and vce living world because It supports the growih of plants, oe soll is formed by the weathering, or preaking down, of rocks. Natural ors like changes in temperature, and wind help to break down rocks ran tnd form soil, The process takes millions of years, By the way, the same factors can also erode, or destroy, soil. ne daily and seasonal changes in perature have a big role to play in the formation of soll. When rocks are heated. they expand. When they cool. . This constant expansion and contraction weakens them and kes them break. awater loosens pieces of rock 2 ies them with {t. As the tumble and knock against. er, they break into or pieces. ‘water carries pieces and deposits them over landjwhen it slows down. Rainwater in Tacks and freezes in winter, When water freezes, it expands. This makes the rocks crack further or break. The oxygen present in air reacts with some minerals in rocks and makes the rocks crumble. This is somewhat the way tron crumbles when {t rusts in the presence of moist air, Like rainwater, wind too carries away loose pieces of rock. they contr: Fig. 14.1 Soll eroded by rain Since soll is formed by the breaking down of rocks. a large part of it is made up of minerals éerived from rocks. It alse contains humus, or organic matter. derived mostly from fallen ‘aves and other decaying plant matter. What else docs it contain? Find out by doing the flowing activity. 59 up some sail from anywhere you like. Fi half of @ jar with some of the soil. Make a mark on the ja! “rewhere acound the top and fil up to thal level with water. Wait for the water to soak into the soll As tdost {sl cepiace the a rapped between the sol parties. The drop nth eve of water wi ge youn Kea {Zeit of at trapped in the sol (Figure 142) "SIGH the rest of newspaper and leave it in a dry, sunny place for three oF & the soil. Then spread Kovton & “ays. Then weigh it again, The Giflerence in weight is the weight of the water lost by evaporation: bh Scanned with CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner sation me at A pollen grav 7 patton tube. Tits tube currien the male gamete = hited by the pollen grain, The pollen tube ay. . hrenagh the style. into the ovary. ‘The r es) : mnete the i ovule, whiety we

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