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CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
5.1 Overview
Let f be a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point in the
domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if
lim f ( x) = f (c)
x →c
More elaborately, if the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of the function
at x = c exist and are equal to each other, i.e.,
5.1.4 Discontinuity
(i) xlim
→a−
f (x) and xlim
→a+
f (x) exist but are not equal.
(ii) xlim
→a−
f (x) and xlim
→a+
f (x) exist and are equal but not equal to f (a).
π
8. tan x, sec x R– { (2 n + 1) : n ∈ Z}
2
9. cot x, cosec x R– { (nπ : n ∈ Z}
88 MATHEMATICS
10. e x R
11. log x (0, ∞ )
12. The inverse trigonometric functions, In their respective
i.e., sin–1 x, cos–1 x etc. domains
Let f and g be real valued functions such that (fog) is defined at a. If g is continuous
at a and f is continuous at g (a), then (fog) is continuous at a.
5.1.7 Differentiability
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
The function defined by f ʹ (x) = lim , wherever the limit exists, is
h →0 h
defined to be the derivative of f at x. In other words, we say that a function f is
f (c + h ) − f (c )
differentiable at a point c in its domain if both lim− , called left hand
h →0 h
f (c + h ) − f (c )
derivative, denoted by Lf ʹ (c), and lim+ , called right hand derivative,
h →0 h
denoted by R f ʹ (c), are finite and equal.
d (u ± v) du dv d dv du
(i) = ± (ii) (u v) = u + v
dx dx dx dx dx dx
du dv
v −u
(iii) d ⎛⎜ u ⎞⎟ = dx 2 dx
dx ⎝ v ⎠ v
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 89
5.1.10 Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domains)
d –1 1 d –1 −1
1. dx (sin x) = 2. dx (cos x) =
1 − x2 1 − x2
d 1 d −1
3. (tan –1 x) = 4. (cot –1 x) =
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
d –1 1
5. dx (sec x) = , x >1
x x2 − 1
d –1 −1
6. dx (cosec x) = , x >1
x x2 − 1
⎛x⎞
2. logb ⎜ ⎟ = logb x – logb y
⎝ y⎠
90 MATHEMATICS
3. logb xn = n logb x
log c x
4. logb x = log b , where c > 1
c
1
5. logb x = log b
x
du
du dx
=
dv dv .
dx
d ⎛ dy ⎞ d 2 y
⎜ ⎟= is called the second order derivative of y w.r.t. x. It is denoted by yʹʹ or
dx ⎝ dx ⎠ dx 2
y2 , if y = f (x).
5.1.15 Rolle’s Theorem
Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), such that f (a)
= f (b), where a and b are some real numbers. Then there exists at least one point c in
(a, b) such that f ʹ (c) = 0.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 91
Geometrically Rolle’s theorem ensures that there is at least one point on the curve
y = f (x) at which tangent is parallel to x-axis (abscissa of the point lying in (a, b)).
5.1.16 Mean Value Theorem (Lagrange)
Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then
f (b) − f (a)
there exists at least one point c in (a, b) such that f ʹ (c) = .
b−a
Geometrically, Mean Value Theorem states that there exists at least one point c in
(a, b) such that the tangent at the point (c, f (c)) is parallel to the secant joining the
points (a, f (a) and (b, f (b)).
5.2 Solved Examples
⎧
⎪⎪1 – cos 4 x
continuous at x = 0, where f ( x) = ⎨ 2
,x≠0 .
⎪ 8x
⎩⎪ k , x=0
1 – cos 4 x
⇒ lim =k
x →0 8x2
2sin 2 2 x
⇒ lim =k
x →0 8x2
2
⎛ sin 2 x ⎞
⇒ lim ⎜ ⎟ =k
x →0
⎝ 2x ⎠
⇒ k=1
Thus, f is continuous at x = 0 if k = 1.
Example 2 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = sin x . cos x.
Solution Since sin x and cos x are continuous functions and product of two continuous
function is a continuous function, therefore f(x) = sin x . cos x is a continuous function.
92 MATHEMATICS
⎧ x 3 + x 2 – 16 x + 20
⎪ ,x≠2
Example 3 If f ( x) = ⎨ ( x – 2) 2 is continuous at x = 2, find
⎪ k , x = 2
⎩
the value of k.
Solution Given f (2) = k.
x 3 + x 2 – 16 x + 20
Now, lim– f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim
x→2 x→2 x→2 ( x – 2) 2
( x + 5)( x – 2) 2
= lim = lim( x + 5) = 7
x→2 ( x – 2) 2 x→2
As f is continuous at x = 2, we have
lim f ( x) = f (2)
x →2
⇒ k = 7.
Example 4 Show that the function f defined by
⎧ 1
⎪ x sin , x ≠ 0
f ( x) = ⎨ x
⎪⎩ 0, x = 0
is continuous at x = 0.
Solution Left hand limit at x = 0 is given by
1 1
lim f ( x) = lim– x sin = 0 [since, –1 < sin < 1]
x →0– x →0 x x
1
Similarly lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x sin = 0 . Moreover f (0) = 0.
x→0 x→0 x
Thus xlim
→ 0–
f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (0) . Hence f is continuous at x = 0
x→0
1
Example 5 Given f(x) = . Find the points of discontinuity of the composite
x –1
function y = f [f(x)].
1
Solution We know that f (x) = is discontinuous at x = 1
x –1
Now, for x ≠ 1 ,
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 93
1 x –1
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
=
f (f (x)) = f ⎜⎝ ⎟ = –1 2 – x ,
x – 1⎠ x –1
which is discontinuous at x = 2.
Hence, the points of discontinuity are x = 1 and x = 2.
Example 6 Let f(x) = x x , for all x ∈ R. Discuss the derivability of f(x) at x = 0
⎧⎪ x 2 , if x ≥ 0
Solution We may rewrite f as f ( x ) = ⎨ 2
⎪⎩− x ,if x < 0
f (0 + h) – f (0) – h2 – 0
Now Lf ʹ (0) = lim– = lim– = lim− − h = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0
f (0 + h) – f (0) h2 – 0
Now Rf ʹ (0) = lim+ = lim+ = lim− h = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0
Since the left hand derivative and right hand derivative both are equal, hence f is
differentiable at x = 0.
Example 7 Differentiate tan x w.r.t. x
Solution Let y = tan x . Using chain rule, we have
dy 1 d
= . (tan x )
dx 2 tan x dx
1 d
= .sec 2 x ( x)
2 tan x dx
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= (sec 2 x ) ⎜
2 tan x ⎝ 2 x ⎟⎠
(sec 2 x )
= .
4 x tan x
dy
Example 8 If y = tan(x + y), find .
dx
Solution Given y = tan (x + y). differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
94 MATHEMATICS
dy d
= sec2 ( x + y ) ( x + y )
dx dx
⎛ dy ⎞
= sec2 (x + y) ⎜⎝1+ ⎟⎠
dx
dy
or [1 – sec2 (x + y] = sec2 (x + y)
dx
dy sec 2 ( x + y )
Therefore, = = – cosec2 (x + y).
dx 1 − sec 2 ( x + y )
Example 9 If ex + ey = ex+y, prove that
dy
= − e y−x .
dx
Solution Given that ex + ey = ex+y. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
dy ⎛ dy ⎞
ex + ey = ex+y ⎜⎝1+ ⎟⎠
dx dx
dy
or (ey – ex+y) = ex+y – ex,
dx
dy e x + y – e x ex + e y − ex
which implies that = = = – ey−x .
dx e y − e x + y y x
e − e −e y
dy ⎛ 3x − x3 ⎞ 1 1
Example 10 Find , if y = tan–1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
,− <x < .
dx ⎝ 1 − 3x ⎠ 3 3
−π π
Solution Put x = tan θ , where <θ< .
6 6
⎛ 3tan θ − tan 3 θ ⎞
Therefore, y = tan –1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 − 3tan θ ⎠
= tan–1 (tan3 θ )
−π π
= 3θ (because < 3θ< )
2 2
= 3tan–1x
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 95
dy 3
Hence, = 2 .
dx 1 + x
dy
{ 2
}
Example 11 If y = sin–1 x 1 − x − x 1 − x and 0 < x < 1, then find
dx
.
{ 2
}
Solution We have y = sin–1 x 1 − x − x 1 − x , where 0 < x < 1.
{ 2 2
Therefore, y = sin–1 sin A 1 − sin B − sin B 1 − sin A }
= sin–1 { sin A cos B − sin Bcos A}
= sin–1 { sin(A − B)} = A – B
1 1
= −
1− x 2 2 x 1− x .
dy π
Example 12 If x = a sec3 θ and y = a tan3 θ , find at θ = .
dx 3
Solution We have x = a sec3 θ and y = a tan3 θ .
Differentiating w.r.t. θ , we get
dx d
= 3a sec 2 θ (sec θ) = 3a sec3 θ tan θ
dθ dθ
dy d
and = 3a tan 2 θ (tan θ) = 3a tan 2 θ sec2 θ .
dθ dθ
dy
dy d θ 3a tan 2 θ sec 2 θ tan θ
= = = = sin θ
Thus dx dx 3a sec3 θ tan θ sec θ .
dθ
96 MATHEMATICS
⎛ dy ⎞ π 3
Hence, ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ = sin =
3 2 .
π
at θ=
3
dy log x
Example 13 If xy = ex–y, prove that = .
dx (1+ log x) 2
Solution We have xy = ex–y . Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
y log x = x – y
⇒ y (1 + log x) = x
x
i.e. y = 1+ log x
⎛ 1⎞
(1+ log x).1 − x ⎜ ⎟
dy ⎝ x⎠ log x .
= 2
=
dx (1+ log x) (1+ log x) 2
d2y cos x
Example 14 If y = tanx + secx, prove that = .
dx 2 (1 − sin x) 2
Solution We have y = tanx + secx. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
= sec2x + secx tanx
dx
1 sin x 1 + sin x 1+ sin x
= 2
+ 2 = 2 = (1+ sin x)(1− sin x) .
cos x cos x cos x
dy 1
thus = 1– sin x .
dx
Now, differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get
d 2 y – ( – cos x ) cos x
2 = (1– sin x ) 2
=
dx (1– sin x) 2
⎛ 3π ⎞
Example 15 If f (x) = |cos x|, find f ʹ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ .
4
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 97
π
Solution When < x < π, cosx < 0 so that |cos x| = – cos x, i.e., f (x) = – cos x
2
⇒ f ʹ ( x) = sin x.
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π 1
Hence, f ʹ ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2
⎛ π⎞
Example 16 If f (x) = |cos x – sinx|, find f ʹ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ .
6
π
Solution When 0 < x < , cos x > sin x, so that cos x – sin x > 0, i.e.,
4
f (x) = cos x – sin x
⇒ f ʹ ( x) = – sin x – cos x
⎛ π⎞ π π 1
Hence f ʹ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = – sin – cos = − (1 + 3) .
6 6 6 2
⎡ π⎤
Example 17 Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function, f (x) = sin 2x in ⎢0, ⎥ .
⎣ 2⎦
⎡ π⎤
Solution Consider f (x) = sin 2x in ⎢0, ⎥ . Note that:
⎣ 2⎦
⎡ π⎤
(i) The function f is continuous in ⎢0, ⎥ , as f is a sine function, which is
⎣ 2⎦
always continuous.
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(ii) f ʹ (x) = 2cos 2x, exists in ⎜⎝ 0, ⎟⎠ , hence f is derivable in ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(iii) f (0) = sin0 = 0 and f ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = sinπ = 0 ⇒ f (0) = f ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ .
2 2
⎛ π⎞
Conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied. Hence there exists at least one c ∈ ⎜⎝ 0, ⎟⎠
2
such that f ʹ(c) = 0. Thus
π π
2 cos 2c = 0 ⇒ 2c = ⇒ c= .
2 4
98 MATHEMATICS
8−0
⇒ 3c2 – 36c + 99 = =4
2
13
⇒ c = 6± .
3
13
Hence c = 6 − (since other value is not permissible).
3
2 cos x − 1 π
Example 19 If f (x) = ,x≠
cot x − 1 4
⎛ π⎞ π
find the value of f ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ so that f (x) becomes continuous at x = .
4 4
2 cos x − 1 π
Solution Given, f (x) = ,x≠
cot x − 1 4
2 cos x − 1
lim f ( x) = lim
Therefore, x→
π
x→
π cot x −1
4 4
( )
2 cos x − 1 sin x
= limπ cos x − sin x
x→
4
lim
( cos x + sin x ) sin x
= x→
π 2 cos x + 1
4
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ + ⎟
2 2 2⎠ 1
=
= 1 2
2. +1
2
1
lim f ( x) =
Thus, x→
π 2
4
⎛π⎞ 1 π
If we define f ⎜ ⎟ = , then f (x) will become continuous at x = . Hence for f to be
4
⎝ ⎠ 2 4
π ⎛ π⎞ 1
continuous at x = , f ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = .
4 4 2
⎧ 1
⎪ ex − 1
⎪ , if x ≠ 0
Example 20 Show that the function f given by f ( x) = ⎨ 1
⎪e +1
x
⎪⎩ 0, if x = 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution The left hand limit of f at x = 0 is given by
1
ex −1 0 −1
lim f ( x) = lim− 1
= = −1 .
x →0− x→0 0 +1
ex +1
100 MATHEMATICS
1
ex −1
Similarly, lim f ( x) = lim+ 1
x → 0+ x→0
ex +1
1
1− 1 −1
lim ex 1− e x 1− 0
= x → 0+
1+
1 = xlim
→ 0+ −1
=
1+ 0
=1
1
1+ e x
ex
Thus lim− f ( x) ≠ lim f ( x), therefore, lim f ( x) does not exist. Hence f is discontinuous
x →0 +
x →0 x →0
at x = 0.
⎧ 1 − cos 4 x
⎪ , if x < 0
x2
⎪
⎪
Example 21 Let f ( x) = ⎨ a , if x = 0
⎪ x
⎪ , if x > 0
⎪⎩ 16 + x − 4
x ( 16 + x + 4)
= xlim
→ 0+
( 16 + x + 4)( 16 + x − 4)
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 101
x ( 16 + x + 4)
= lim
x → 0+ 16 + x − 16
= lim+
x→0
( 16 + )
x + 4 =8
Solution The only doubtful points for differentiability of f (x) are x = – 2 and x = 0.
Differentiability at x = – 2.
f (–2 + h) − f (–2)
Now L f ʹ (–2) = lim−
h→ 0 h
2(–2 + h) + 3 − (–2 + 1) 2h
= lim− = lim− = lim− 2 = 2 .
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0
f (–2 + h) − f (–2)
and R f ʹ (–2) = lim+
h→ 0 h
–2 + h + 1 − ( −2 + 1)
= lim−
h→ 0 h
h −1 − (–1) h
= lim− = lim+ = 1
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
Example 23 Differentiate tan ⎜
⎝ x
-1
⎠
( )
⎟ with respect to cos-1 2 x 1 − x 2 , where
⎛ 1 ⎞
x ∈⎜ ,1
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ .
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
Solution Let u = tan-1 ⎜
⎝ x ⎠ and v = cos
⎟ (
-1 2 x 1 − x 2
. )
du
du dx
=
We want to find dv dv
dx
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
⎛π π⎞
Now u = tan ⎜
-1 ⎟ . Put x = sinθ. ⎜ <θ< ⎟ .
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝4 2⎠
⎛ 1 − sin 2 θ ⎞
Then u = tan ⎜-1 ⎟ = tan-1 (cot θ)
⎝ sin θ ⎠
⎧ ⎛π ⎞⎫ π π –1
= tan-1 ⎨ tan ⎜ − θ ⎟ ⎬ = − θ = − sin x
⎩ ⎝2 ⎠⎭ 2 2
du −1
Hence dx = .
1− x2
π
= – sin–1 (2x 1− x2 )
2
π 2 π –1
= – sin–1 (2sinθ 1− sin θ ) = − sin (sin 2θ)
2 2
π π
= – sin–1 {sin (π – 2θ)} [since < 2 θ < π]
2 2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 103
π −π
= − (π − 2θ) = + 2θ
2 2
−π
⇒ v= + 2sin–1x
2
dv 2
⇒ = .
dx 1− x2
du −1
du dx 1 − x 2 = −1 .
= =
Hence dv dv 2 2
dx 1 − x2
⎧ sin x
⎪ + cos x,if x ≠ 0
Example 24 The function f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪⎩ k , if x = 0
is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 1.5
Solution (B) is the Correct answer.
Example 25 The function f (x) = [x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function,
is continuous at
(A) 4 (B) –2
(C) 1 (D) 1.5
Solution (D) is the correct answer. The greatest integer function[x] is discontinuous
at all integral values of x. Thus D is the correct answer.
1
Example 26 The number of points at which the function f (x) = x –[ x] is not
continuous is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) none of these
104 MATHEMATICS
⎧ 1
⎪sin , if x ≠ 0
f ( x) = ⎨ x , continuous at x = 0 is
⎪⎩ k , if x = 0
(A) 8 (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) none of these
1
Solution (D) is the correct answer. Indeed lim sindoes not exist.
x→ 0 x
Example 31 The set of points where the functions f given by f (x) = |x – 3| cosx is
differentiable is
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 105
1
2
(C) x 1+ x (D)
1+ x 2
Solution (A) is the correct answer.
–1 ⎛ 2 x ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞ du
Example 33 If u = sin ⎜ 2 ⎟ and v =
tan –1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ , then is
⎝ 1 + x ⎠ ⎝ 1 − x ⎠ dv
1 1– x 2
(A) (B) x (C) (D) 1
2 1+ x 2
Solution (D) is the correct answer.
Example 34 The value of c in Rolle’s Theorem for the function f (x) = ex sinx,
x ∈[0, π] is
π π π 3π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 2 4
Solution (D) is the correct answer.
Example 35 The value of c in Mean value theorem for the function f (x) = x (x – 2),
x ∈ [1, 2] is
3 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 2
Solution (A) is the correct answer.
Example 36 Match the following
COLUMN-I COLUMN-II
⎧ sin 3 x
⎪ , if x ≠ 0
(A) If a function f ( x) = ⎪⎨ x (a) |x|
⎪ k
, if x = 0
⎪⎩ 2
is continuous at x = 0, then k is equal to
106 MATHEMATICS
discontinuous is ________.
Solution The given function is discontinuous at x = 0, ± 1 and hence the number of
points of discontinuity is 3.
⎧ ax + 1if x ≥1
Example 38 If f ( x) = ⎨ is continuous, then a should be equal to _______.
⎩ x + 2if x <1
Solution a = 2
–1 ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ –1 ⎛ x –1 ⎞ dy
Example 40 If y = sec ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , then is equal to ______.
⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎝ x +1 ⎠ dx
Solution 0.
Example 41 The deriative of sin x w.r.t. cos x is ________.
Solution – cot x
State whether the statements are True or False in each of the Exercises 42 to 46.
Solution True.
Example 43 y = |x – 1| is a continuous function.
Solution True.
Example 44 A continuous function can have some points where limit does not exist.
Solution False.
Example 45 |sinx| is a differentiable function for every value of x.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 107
Solution False.
Example 46 cos |x| is differentiable everywhere.
Solution True.
5.3 EXERCISE
⎧1 − cos 2 x
⎧⎪3 x + 5, if x ≥ 2 ⎪ , if x ≠ 0
2. f ( x) = ⎨ 2 3. f (x) = ⎨ x2
⎪⎩ x , if x < 2 ⎪ 5,
⎩ if x = 0
at x = 2 at x = 0
⎧ 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 ⎧ x−4
⎪ , if x ≠ 2 ⎪ , if x ≠ 4
4. f ( x) = ⎨ x−2 5. f ( x) = ⎨ 2( x − 4)
⎪5, if x = 2 ⎪0, if x = 4
⎩ ⎩
at x = 2 at x = 4
⎧ 1 ⎧ 1
⎪ x cos , if x ≠ 0 ⎪ x − a sin , if x ≠ 0
6. f ( x) = ⎨ x 7. f ( x) = ⎨ x−a
⎪⎩0, if x = 0 ⎪0, if x = a
⎩
at x = 0 at x = a
⎧ 1 ⎧ x2
⎪ ex ⎪⎪ , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⎪ 1
, if x ≠ 0 2
8. f ( x) = ⎨ 9. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎪1+ e
x
⎪2 x 2 − 3x + 3 , if 1< x ≤ 2
⎪0, if x = 0 ⎪⎩ 2
⎩
at x = 0 at x = 1
10. f ( x) = x + x −1 at x = 1
108 MATHEMATICS
Find the value of k in each of the Exercises 11 to 14 so that the function f is continuous
at the indicated point:
⎧ 2 x +2 − 16
⎧3 x − 8, if x ≤ 5 ⎪ , if x ≠ 2
11. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 5 12. f ( x) = ⎨ 4 x − 16 at x = 2
⎩ 2k , if x > 5 ⎪k
⎩ , if x = 2
⎧ 1 + kx − 1 − kx
⎪ , if − 1≤ x < 0
⎪
f ( x) = ⎨ x
13. ⎪ 2 x +1 at x = 0
, if 0 ≤ x ≤1
⎪⎩ x −1
⎧1 − cos kx
⎪⎪ x sin x , if x ≠ 0
14. f ( x ) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎪1 , if x = 0
⎪⎩ 2
15. Prove that the function f defined by
⎧ x
⎪ 2
, x≠0
f ( x) = ⎨ x + 2 x
⎪k , x=0
⎩
remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless the choice of k.
16. Find the values of a and b such that the function f defined by
⎧ x−4
⎪ x − 4 + a , if x < 4
⎪⎪
f ( x) = ⎨a + b , if x = 4
⎪ x−4
⎪ + b , if x > 4
⎪⎩ x − 4
is a continuous function at x = 4.
1
17. Given the function f (x) = x + 2 . Find the points of discontinuity of the composite
function y = f (f (x)).
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 109
1 1
18. Find all points of discontinuity of the function f (t ) = , where t = .
2
t +t −2 x −1
⎧ x[ x], , if 0 ≤ x < 2
20. f (x) = ⎨
⎩( x −1) x, if 2 ≤ x < 3
at x = 2.
⎧ 2 1
⎪ x sin , if x ≠ 0
21. f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪⎩0 , if x=0
at x = 0.
⎧1 + x , if x ≤ 2
22. f (x) = ⎨
⎩5 − x , if x > 2
at x = 2.
23. Show that f (x) = x − 5 is continuous but not differentiable at x = 5.
24. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation f ( x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y ∈ R,
f (x) ≠ 0. Suppose that the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f ʹ (0) = 2.
Prove that f ʹ(x) = 2 f (x).
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x (Exercises 25 to 43) :
8x
25. 2 cos 2 x 26.
x8
27. (
log x + x 2 + a )
28. ⎣ (
log ⎡log log x5 ⎤
⎦ ) 29. sin x + cos 2 x 30. sin n ( ax 2 + bx + c)
⎛ 1 ⎞
(
cos tan x +1 ) sin –1 ⎜
31. 32. sinx2 + sin2x + sin2(x2) 33. ⎜ x +1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
34. ( sin x )cos x 35. sinmx . cosnx 36. (x + 1)2 (x + 2)3 (x + 3)4
110 MATHEMATICS
π π
39. tan –1 (sec x + tan x), − < x <
2 2
⎛ a cos x − b sin x ⎞ π π a
40. tan –1 ⎜ ⎟ , − < x < and tan x > –1
⎝ b cos x + a sin x ⎠ 2 2 b
2 3
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 –1 ⎛ 3a x − x ⎞ − 1 x 1
41. sec –1 ⎜ 3 ⎟, 0< x < 42. tan ⎜⎝ a 3 − 3ax 2 ⎟⎠ , 3 < a < 3
⎝ 4 x − 3x ⎠ 2
⎛ 1+ x2 + 1− x2 ⎞
43. tan –1 ⎜ ⎟ , −1< x <1, x ≠ 0
⎜ 1+ x2 − 1− x2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
dy
Find of each of the functions expressed in parametric form in Exercises from 44 to 48.
dx
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ −θ ⎛ 1⎞
44. x=t+ , y=t– 45. x = eθ ⎜ θ+ ⎟ , y = e ⎜ θ− ⎟
t t ⎝ θ⎠ ⎝ θ⎠
46. x = 3cosθ – 2cos3θ, y = 3sinθ – 2sin3θ.
2t 2t
47. sin x = 2
, tan y = .
1+ t 1− t 2
1 + log t 3 + 2log t
48. x= , y= .
t2 t
dy − y log x
49. If x = ecos2t and y = esin2t, prove that dx = x log y .
⎛ dy ⎞ b
⎜ ⎟ =
50. If x = asin2t (1 + cos2t) and y = b cos2t (1–cos2t), show that ⎝ dx ⎠at t = π a .
4
dy π
51. If x = 3sint – sin 3t, y = 3cost – cos 3t, find at t = .
dx 3
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 111
x
52. Differentiate w.r.t. sinx.
sin x
⎛ 1 + x 2 −1 ⎞
53. Differentiate tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ w.r.t. tan–1 x when x ≠ 0.
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
dy
Find when x and y are connected by the relation given in each of the Exercises 54 to 57.
dx
x
54. sin (xy) + y = x2 – y
55. sec (x + y) = xy
56. tan–1 (x2 + y2) = a
x
y
dy x − y
59. If x = e , prove that dx = x log x .
2
x y−x dy (1 + log y )
60. If y = e , prove that = .
dx log y
dy sin 2 ( a + y )
62. If x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0, prove that = .
dx sin a
dy 1 − y2
63. If 1− x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a (x – y), prove that = .
dx 1 − x2
d2y
64. If y = tan x, find
–1
in terms of y alone.
dx 2
112 MATHEMATICS
Verify the Rolle’s theorem for each of the functions in Exercises 65 to 69.
65. f (x) = x (x – 1)2 in [0, 1].
⎡ π⎤
66. f (x) = sin4x + cos4x in ⎢0, ⎥ .
⎣ 2⎦
67. f (x) = log (x2 + 2) – log3 in [–1, 1].
68. f (x) = x (x + 3)e–x/2 in [–3, 0].
69. f (x) = 4 − x 2 in [– 2, 2].
70. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s theorem on the function given by
⎧ x 2 + 1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f ( x) = ⎨ .
⎩3 − x, if 1≤ x ≤ 2
71. Find the points on the curve y = (cosx – 1) in [0, 2π], where the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
72. Using Rolle’s theorem, find the point on the curve y = x (x – 4), x ∈ [0, 4], where
the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Verify mean value theorem for each of the functions given Exercises 73 to 76.
1
73. f (x) = 4 x −1 in [1, 4].
74. f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 3 in [0, 1].
75. f (x) = sinx – sin2x in [0, π].
76. f (x) = 25 − x 2 in [1, 5].
77. Find a point on the curve y = (x – 3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord
joining the points (3, 0) and (4, 1).
78. Using mean value theorem, prove that there is a point on the curve y = 2x2 – 5x + 3
between the points A(1, 0) and B (2, 1), where tangent is parallel to the chord AB.
Also, find that point.
⎧⎪ x 2 + 3 x + p, if x ≤ 1
f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩qx + 2 , if x > 1
is differentiable at x = 1.
80. If xm.yn = (x + y)m+n, prove that
dy y d2y
(i) = and (ii) =0 .
dx x dx 2
d2y dy
81. If x = sint and y = sin pt, prove that (1–x2) 2 – x
+ p2 y = 0 .
dx dx
dy x 2 +1
82. Find , if y = xtanx + .
dx 2
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answers from the given four options in each of the Exercises 83 to 96.
x2
83. If f (x) = 2x and g (x) = + 1 , then which of the following can be a discontinuous
2
function
(A) f (x) + g (x) (B) f (x) – g (x)
g ( x)
(C) f (x) . g (x) (D) f ( x)
4 − x2
84. The function f (x) = is
4 x − x3
(A) discontinuous at only one point
(B) discontinuous at exactly two points
(C) discontinuous at exactly three points
(D) none of these
85. The set of points where the function f given by f (x) = 2 x −1 sinx is differentiable is
⎧1 ⎫
(A) R (B) R – ⎨ ⎬
⎩2⎭
114 MATHEMATICS
⎧ π
⎪⎪mx+ 1 , if x ≤ 2 π
89. If f (x) = ⎨ , is continuous at x = , then
⎪sin x + n, if x > π 2
⎪⎩ 2
nπ
(A) m = 1, n = 0 (B) m = +1
2
mπ π
(C) n = (D) m = n =
2 2
90. Let f (x) = |sin x|. Then
(A) f is everywhere differentiable
(B) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at x = nπ, n ∈ Z.
π
(C) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at x = (2n + 1) ,
2
n ∈ Z.
(D) none of these
⎛ 1− x 2 ⎞ dy
91. If y = log ⎜ 2 ⎟ , then is equal to
⎝ 1 + x ⎠ dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 115
4 x3 − 4x
(A) (B)
1− x 4 1− x 4
1 − 4 x3
(C) (D)
4 − x4 1− x 4
dy
92. If y = sin x + y , then is equal to
dx
cos x cos x
(A) 2 y −1 (B) 1 −2y
sin x sin x
(C) 1 −2y (D) 2 y −1
93. The derivative of cos–1 (2x2 – 1) w.r.t. cos–1x is
−1
(A) 2 (B)
2 1− x 2
2
(C) x (D) 1 – x2
d2y
94. If x = t2, y = t3, then is
dx 2
3 3
(A) 2 (B) 4t
3 3
(C) 2t (D) 4
95. The value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the function f (x) = x3 – 3x in the interval
[0, 3 ] is
(A) 1 (B) – 1
116 MATHEMATICS
3 1
(C) 2 (D)
3
1
96. For the function f (x) = x + , x ∈ [1, 3], the value of c for mean value theorem is
x
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) none of these
Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 97 to 101:
97. An example of a function which is continuous everywhere but fails to be
differentiable exactly at two points is __________ .
98. Derivative of x2 w.r.t. x3 is _________.
⎛ π⎞
99. If f (x) = |cosx|, then f ʹ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = _______ .
4
⎛ π⎞
100. If f (x) = |cosx – sinx | , then f ʹ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = _______.
3
dy ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
101. For the curve x + y =1 , at ⎜ , ⎟ is __________.
dx ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
State True or False for the statements in each of the Exercises 102 to 106.
102. Rolle’s theorem is applicable for the function f (x) = |x – 1| in [0, 2].
103. If f is continuous on its domain D, then | f | is also continuous on D.
104. The composition of two continuous function is a continuous function.
105. Trigonometric and inverse - trigonometric functions are differentiable in their
respective domain.
106. If f . g is continuous at x = a, then f and g are separately continuous at x = a.