Statistics -

1. Descriptive - collecting data ex. population

each unit - data point (T=67) => Data Set

random set - Raw data (to be sorted)

Frequency distribution - data points and frequency table

Ungrouped Data frequency

points
65 3
66 4
N=67

Grouped Frequency Distribution

65-70 5
71-75 10
76-80 12
∑=67

 No estimation of original data

 Example of non-continuous class

 Continuous Class

65-70 5
70-75 10
75-80 12
Close bracket-[65,70)-open bracket

Pass Marks [40,100)

Fail Marks [0,40)

 Percentage is continuous data – 99.1, 99.2…

 Others are discrete data
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

1. Histogram

2. Bar Graphs
3. Pie Chart

FREQUENCY POLYGON

Data points Freq Relative Freq

10-20 5 5/30 – 1/6 – 16.67%
20-30 10 10/30 – 1/3 – 33.33%
∑=30 ∑=1 ∑=100%

 Cumulative Frequency
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW DATA

1. Central Tendency – central value around which raw data is loaded

Mean (average)

2. Dispersion – how data points differ from each other

3. Skewness – Symmetry of Data (symmetrical curves )

Tail defines the skewness of curve – Right skewed data (peak on left, declining @right)

4. Kurtosis – Peakedness of data

Range (max-min)

19-07-2022

Mean –

Mean

Geometric
Arithmetic Hormonic

 The arithmetic mean is just the average.

 Weighted Average – data points with weight associated with them
Ex. 100 – 0.2, 200 – 0.3 , 300 – 0.5
= 100x0.2+200x0.3+300x0.5 = 230.
 Application of weighted average –
Forecasting.

Geometric Mean

( πxi)1/N
Ex – Freq – 1,2,4 => (1x2x4)1/3 =2.

Application – Savings in Bank account

Harmonic Mean
HM = N/∑1/xi
 Median
(n+1/2)the term
Not affected by outliers

22-07-2022