CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the
various resources and overall operations of a computer system. It is designed to
support the activities of a computer installation. Its prime objective is to
improve the performance and efficiency of a computer system and increase
facility, the ease with which a system can be used. Thus, like a manager of a
company, an operating system is responsible for the smooth and efficient
operation of the entire computer system. Moreover, it makes the computer
system user friendly. That is, it makes it easier for people to interface with and
make use of the computer. Operating system goes by many different names,
depending on the manufacture of the computer, other terms used to describe the
operating are: monitor, executive, supervisor, controller and master controller
programs.

The operating system plays a vital role in the functionality of a computer

system. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system
it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is
being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because
Macs weds very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the
hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux
because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they else can
download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of
Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to
their own preferences.

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1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The earliest computers were mainframes that lacked any form of operating
system. Each user had sole use of machine for a scheduled period of time and
would arrive at the computer with program and data, often on punched cards
and magnetic or paper tape. The program will be loaded into the machine, and
the machine would be set to work until the program completed or crashed.
Programs could generally be debugged via a control panel using toggle switches
and panel lights. It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early
Manchester mark 1 machine, and he was already deriving primitive conception
of an operating system from the principles of the universal Turing machine.
Symbolic languages, assemblers and compilers were developed for
programmers to translate symbolic program-code into machine code that
previously would have been hand-encoded. Later machines came with libraries
of support code on punched cards or magnetic tapes, which would be linked to
the user’s program to assist in operations such as input and output. This was the
genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still ran a
single job at a time. At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at
one time a washing line from which tapes were hung with different colored
clothes-pegs to indicate job-priority. As machines became more powerful, the
time to run programs diminished and the time to handoff the equipment to the
next user became very large by comparison.

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1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this seminar is to review the impact of operating system to users
and the aspect of System Software due to its importance in our modern society.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this seminar is to study the impact of operating system to users.
The objectives of this seminar are:
i. To determine the role of operating system to hardware components
ii. To find out the role of operating system in software management.
iii. To understand the importance of operating system to end users.
iv. For users to detect the advantages and disadvantages of operating system.
1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMPUTER: A computer is an electronic device that inputs data, process data
through the operating system and processor, store data (if necessary) and brings
out desired output or result using some set of application packages that are
driven by the operating system.
CIRCUITS: A circuit is composed of individual electronic components such as
resistors, transistors, inductors, diodes etc.
DESKTOP: refers to the background of your screen on which the various
programs run. Think of your computer screen as your electronic desk.
HARDWARE: computer hardware is a collection of physically accessible
elements that constitutes a computer system.
MAINTENANCE: This is a routine (day-to-day) care we give to our computer
and its components to enable them function effectively.
MACHINE: This is a tool that consists of one or more parts, and uses energy
to meet a particular goal.
OPERATING: to control functioning of (a machine, process, or system).

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OPERATING SYSTEM: is the main program that runs on a computer. Every
computer must have an Operating system in order to run other programs on the
computers.
PUNCH CARDS: These are pieces of stiff papers them contains digital
information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined
positions.
PROGRAMMERS: These are people who write computer software.
ROLE: role as used here refers to those functions as well as importance of an
element. Example operating system to computer
SOFTWARE: Software is any program that can be run on an operating system
that enables hardware components of their kind to be run on a computer system.
SYSTEM: A system is a set of interacting or independent components forming
an integrated whole.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 RELATED LITERATURE
According to Mike, (2014), an Operating System (OS) is a collection of
system programs that ‘controls and coordinates the overall operation of a
computer system Operating system is the most basic program within the
computer system. These programs act as an interface between the hardware,
application programs, files and user.

In other words, we can say that an operating ‘system is a communication

link between the user and computer and helps the user to run the application
programs. The operating system manages the computer resources such as
CPU, memory and I/O Devices. The smaller, part the nucleus or kernel of
the operating -system is memory resident and hence called the resident part
of the operating system. The other larger part of the operating system is
maintained in the secondary storage i.e. this part is transient which means it
swaps in and out where and when needed by the user (David, 2015).

2.1 ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM TO HARDWARE COMPONENTS

OF A COMPUTER

Operating system as we all know performs a vital role to hardware

components in a computer system. Without the operating system, hardware
components cannot be driven by their software because only operating
system offers a platform for software to be installed and run. In line with this
importance, averred that an operating system provides the operating system
provides the environment within which programs are executed. Internally,

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 operating systems vary greatly in their make-up, since they are organized
along many different lines (Barkley and Harris, 2019).

According to Adnan (2012), A computer without an operating system is a

piece of electronic ornament. He went further to explain that every computer
needs an operating system to become or be called a computer.an operating
system is a collection of software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer programs. Wikipedia
the free encyclopedia explained further that for hardware functions such as
input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an
intermediary between programs and the computer hardware. Although the
application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will
frequently make a system function or be interrupted by it. Operating system
found on almost any device that contains a computer- from cellular phones
and video game consoles to super computers and web servers.

Accordingly, Curt and Coustan (2016), opined that the purpose of an

operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that
the device it lives in behaves flexible but predictable way.

2.2 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system sometimes referred to as "OS" in the acronym is a

process, after the initial startup programs are loaded into the computer,
"management, computer, all the other programs. Other programs are called
applications or application. The application makes use of the operating
system through a defined application program interface (AN) service
request. In addition, the user can interact with the user interface operating

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system, such as direct command language or graphical user interface
(Thurrott, 2017).

Operating system is system software, the computer work; we can say that an
operating system (OS) is software and hardware interfaces for year behavior.
It contains not only speak the language for hardware drivers, but also
provide you with at very specific graphical user interface (GUI) to control
the computer. An operating system can also be used as an interface (from the
hardware) to other software. Like Windows or Linux or a Mac OS operating
system provides a complex operating system services, but also has inch
Solitaire; paint,’ Messenger build applications, are applied. Application
software is software that you install your operating system. It includes
procedures, just let you use your computer things. These applications are run
on various operating systems. These include like your word processing
program, spreadsheet things, e-mail client, Web browser, games and marry
other programs, such as most of Microsoft's Office suite is written in the
Mac and Windows but yeti it still have to have year correct version at the
operating system when an ISP’s preliminary consideration is to look at the
type of access required. Some IS’s only provides dial-up access, ‘is the
slowest type of connection. If you want cable service, you will check with
your local cable provider to see if it is to provide cable access. For DSL
service, you may have several options - or it may be ESL is not yet available
in your area. Typically, this can be remedied by telephone calls to improve
the local telephone company lines (Tom, 2015).

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 CHAPTER THREE
DISCUSSION
3.1 CONCEPT OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that,
after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all
the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called
applications or application programs. The application programs make use of
the operating system by making requests for services through a defined
application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly
with the operating system through a user interface such as a command
language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

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Figure 3.1: Examples of Operating System (source: www.voxMedia.com.)

An operating system performs these services for applications:

 In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be running

at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should
run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application
before giving another application a turn.
 It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
 It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as
hard disks, printers, and dialup ports.

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  It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a system
operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may have
occurred.
 It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example,
printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this work.
 On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can
manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one
processor at a time.

3.2 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Within the broad family of operating systems, there are generally four types,
categorized based on the types of computers they control and the sort of
applications they support. The categories are:

Batch Processing: Batch processing is one of the oldest methods of

running programs that is still being employed by many
data processing centers for processing their jobs. It is based on the idea of
automatic job to job transition facility provided by almost all operating
systems. In a batch mode, each user prepares his program off line and
submits it at the computer centre. A computer operator collects the programs
that have been punched on cards and stack one job on or program on top of
another. When a batch of program is collected, the operator loads this batch
of programs into the computer at one time where they are executed one after
another.

Real-Time: Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery,

scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very
little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will

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be a "sealed box" when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS
is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation
executes in precisely the same amount of time, every time it occurs.

Time sharing: Time sharing operating system is an operating system in

which available CPU time is divided into equal slots. Then these slots are
assigned to all the users connected to the system. Any user can use the
system only for the specified time slot. if he finishes his work within the
given time slot, that’s fine but if he still got some work pending then he will
again wait for his turn to complete the remaining work.

Single-user, single task: As the name implies, this operating system is

designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one
thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good
example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

Single-user, multi-tasking: This is the type of operating system most

people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's
Windows and Apple's MacOS platforms are both examples of operating
systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the
same time. For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be
writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the
Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message.

Multi-user: A multi-user operating system allows many different users to

take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating
system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are
balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and
separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the entire

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 community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating systems, such as
MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems.

3.3 ROLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM TO THE COMPUTER

The operating system performs diverse roles to the computer. Both software
and hardware are driven by the presence of an operating system in a
computer. Below are some roles of operating system:
IT MANAGES THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF THE
SYSTEM: In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as
the processor, memory, disk space, and more (on a cell phone, they include
keyboard, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery and the
network connections). It provides a stable consistent way for applications to
deal with the hardware without loving to know all the details of the
hardware.
BOOTING THE COMPUTER: The process of starting or re-starting the
computer is known as booting. A cold boot is when you turn on a computer
that has been turned off completely while a warm boot is the process of
using the operating system to re-start the computer.
MANAGEMENT AUTHORIZATIONS: The operating system is
responsible for security relating to execution of programs by guaranteeing
that the resources are used only by programmes and users with the relevant
authorizations.
FILE MANAGEMENT: The operating system also handles the
organization and tracking of files and directories (folders) saved or retrieved
from a computer disk. The file management system allows the user to
perform such tasks as creating files and directories, renaming files, and
deleting files.

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 PROVIDES A USER INTERFACE: A user interacts with software
through the user interface. The two main types of user interfaces are:
command line interface (CLI) and the graphical user interface (GUI). With a
command line interface, the user interacts with the operating system by
typing commands to perform specific tasks. An example of a command line
interface is disk operating system (DOS).
SECURITY: On multi-user systems, security is very important. As the
arbitrator of access to the system, the operating system is responsible in
ensuring that only with the correct permissions can access resources. For
example, if a file is owned by one user, another user should not be allowed
to open and read it.

3.4 THE IMPACT OF OPERATING SYSTEM TO USERS

An operating system performs a wide variety of jobs. Each of jobs are

performed by one or more computer programs and all the computer
programs and all the computer programs are jointly known as an operating
system. Out of the complete operating system, normally, one control
program resides in the main memory of the computer system. This control
program is known as the residential program or resident routine. The other
programs are stored on the disk and are called transient programs or
transient routines. The control programs transfers these programs in to the
main memory and executes them as and when they are need. It may be
recalled here that the capacity of the main memory of any computer system
is very small as compared to its secondary storage devices. This is the reason
why only the control program is stored in main memory and the rest of the
operating system is stored on disk. The effect, besides the hardware, each
computer system consists of an operating system that enables a user to

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 effectively use the system.The operating system tends to insolate the
hardware from the user. The user communicates with the operating system,
supplies application programs and input data, and receives output results.

Figure 3.4 The in between software layers isolate the hardware of

a computer system from its users (source: www.voxMedia.com.)

The operating system tends to isolate the hardware from the user. The user
communicates with the operating system, supplies application programs and
input data, and receives output results.

3.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

TO USERS

Below are some advantages of operating system:

i. It comes with other system software
ii. It enables user to run their own computer without any knowledge of
coding
iii. It helps in managing computer resources
iv. It controls both hardware and software

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 v. It is user friendly
vi. It is versatile
vii. An operating system makes a computer useful
viii. It is cheap to buy
ix. It can be upgraded or replaced
x. Modern operating systems are plug and play compatible:
xi. It can be used to correct hard disk errors

The followings are some disadvantages of operating system to the

computer:

i. Training is required
ii. Operating system can be attacked by virus
iii. It is difficult to install
iv. It is expensive to troubleshoot and replaced
v. Operating systems are not transferable
vi. It can cause an entire system from working

CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.0 SUMMARY

Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and

used by most application programs on a computer, and the links needed to
control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no
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 operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to
run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral
devices like -printers and punched paper card readers. The growing
complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating
systems a necessity for everyday use.
4.1 CONCLUSION
In last we can conclude that operating system makes the computer user
friendly, this means it makes it easier for people to interface with and make
use of the computer. Apart from that operating system performs a wide
variety of jobs. The functions of operating system are transparent to the user.
The user communicates with the operating system supplies application
program and input data and receives output results. This shows that
operating system is very important part of computer.
4.2 RECOMMENDATION

I hereby recommend that computer programmers should consistently

develop on operating system for optimum functionality of the computer
system. Owing to the fact that operating system plays a vital role in the
functionality of a computer system, and the computer only works depending
on what kind of operating system it is using.

REFERENCES

Adnan, P. N. (2012). “Hardware and software as correlates of operating system”.

Retrieved Aug. 2022, from www.voxMedia.com.

Barkley, F. G. and Harris, D. U. (2019). “Operating system: roles, advantages and

Types”. Retrieved Aug. 2022 from www.voxMedia.com.

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Curt, F. and Coustan, O. F. (2016). “Operating system and hardware components”.
A handbook of computer management. Retrieved Aug. 2022 from
www.voxMedia.com.

David, C. (2015). “Your top operating system questions answered (part One).
ZDNet. CNET Networks. Retrieved Aug. 2022 from www.voxMedia.com.

Mike, N. (2014). “Operating system unveiled Today at PDC 2014”. Windows

Team Blog. Microsoft Retrieved Aug. 2022 from www.voxMedia.com.

Thurrott, P. (2017). “Windows server 2017”. The Road to Gold Part One. The
early years. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved Aug.
2022 from www.voxMedia.com.

Tom, W. (2015). “Xbox One dashboard update includes a huge new design and
Cortana”. The verge. Retrieved Aug. 2022. from www.voxMedia.com.

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