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2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)
and Gaussian Mixture Model – Expectation Maximization Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 till convergence criterion given by
algorithm are applied. The different clusters are labeled and the equation (3) is met.
hottest regions are identified. Based on that, the images are ‖ − −1 ‖ < 0.00001 (3)
classified into benign and malignant classes. where represents the iteration.
C. GMM – EM Algorithm
Input the IR thermal breast image in Given a Gaussian Mixture Model, the likelihood function
RGB format should be maximized with respect to the parameters – Means
and Variances of GMM. The parameters are estimated using
the EM algorithm and the steps are given below.
Convert the color space into Step 1: Initialize the number of classes, means, variances and
L*a*b* space the mixing coefficients.
Step 2: Expectation Step: Compute the posterior probabilities
with the current parameter values using equation 4.
( / ,Σ )
Perform K-Means / Fuzzy C – ( )= (4)
∑ =1 ( / ,Σ )
Means / GMM-EM Segmentation
where (. ) represents the Gaussian Mixture Model.
Step 3: Maximization Step: The parameters – Means, variances
and mixing coefficients are computed using the current
Label the regions into clusters and posterior probabilities using equations (5), (6) and (7)
identify the hottest region respectively.
∑ ( )
= ∑ ( )
(5)
Figure 1 – Proposed Method ∑ − −
Σ = ∑ ( )
(6)
1
A. K-Means Algorithm = ∑ ( ) (7)
The K-Means algorithm segments the input data points Step 4: Evaluate the log likelihood
into K- clusters. The steps in the K-Means algorithm are given ln ( / , Σ, ) = ∑ ∑ =1 ( / ,Σ ) (8)
below. If the convergence criterion is not satisfied, return to step 2.
Step 1: Initialize the number of clusters and the mean values of
the clusters. III. E XPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Step 2: Calculate the distance of the image intensities from the In the proposed work, infrared images of four different
means of all the clusters. cases – one normal case and three cancer cases [15, 16] are
Step 3: Cluster and label the image points based on the segmented and the work is implemented using MATLAB. The
calculated distance. images are segmented using three algorithms – K-Means, FCM
Step 4: Compute the new mean values for each cluster. and GMM-EM.
Step 5: Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 until the labels of the clusters For FCM and EM segmentation, the color channel a* is
stabilize. considered. In figure 2 and 4, fibrocystic case breast images are
B. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) Algorithm segmented and the results of K-Means, EM and FCM
segmentation are shown. The hottest regions are indicated in
The FCM segmentation is an unsupervised technique and figures 2 and 4 (d), (h) and (l). Segmentation of normal breast
the steps in the algorithm are given below. image is shown in figure 3 and malignant inflammatory cancer
Step 1: Initialize the number of clusters, cluster centers and case in figure 5.
construct the vector = { 1 , 2 , . . } with all the gray level
intensities of the image.
Step 2: Calculate the membership function for each gray level
intensity as given in equation (1).
1
= 2 (1)
−1
∑ =1
(a)
(a)