REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Importance of Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-production industry, with Asia providing the

great bulk of aquaculture goods. The amount of aquaculture goods consumed directly has now
surpassed that of conventional fisheries. Aquatic items have a higher nutritional content than
land-based food. Meat from farm animals is high in vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids making it a
nutritious choice. Fish are more effective converters of energy and protein than agricultural
animals. Eventually if the aquaculture industry continues to grow at its current pace, fish
production will exceed 132 million tones. (Gjedrem et al., 2012).

Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing animal food industry, and it's quickly becoming
the primary source of aquatic animal food for human consumption. Aquaculture's extraordinary
rise in terms of production volume and value has been fueled by depletion of wild fisheries
stocks, expanding global populations, continuing need for food fish and international trade over
the previous few decades. Aquaculture goods are one of the most traded commodities in the
global food market.  Aquaculture has primarily developed in fertile coastal areas, resulting in
large-scale land use changes, the degradation and loss of coastal wetlands, and water and soil
pollution. (Ottinger et al., 2016).

The sector of fisheries and aquaculture are essential for improvement of food security
and nutrition. The demand of fish increased as the quantity of fish consumed also increasing
rapidly. It is estimated that aquaculture provides the 60% of fish till 2030 for the human
consumption. With increase in the fish consumption these sectors provides the cheapest source of
the nutrient rich diet at low cost. The fish provides the high quality proteins important for the
better health. Aquaculture provides 20 % of the average per capita animal protein for 3 billion
people in the world, and also 50 % in poorly developed countries. Fish is the sea of various
healthy and valuable nutrients which are essential to maintain the good growth.
(Elavarasan ,2018). The United Nations estimated that the global population will expand from
7.6 billion people now to around 9.8 billion by 2050, with half of that growth predicted to occur
in emerging countries. ( Lauria et al., 2018)
Importance of fisheries and Carp culture

As compared to the crop and animal products, fisheries resources are important
reservoir of high quality protein, micronutrients and vitamins. This sector provides tremendously
high quantity and diversity of food to fulfill the demand of human food requirements as
compared to other food resources. In 2016, the average global fish consumption per capita has
doubled from average of 9.9 Kg in 1960s to above 20 kg at present. This increase in fish
consumption is the result of various factors such as expansion of fish production, urbanization,
and population growth. (Lauria et al., 2018).

Investing on fisheries is a key component of rural development since it helps to create jobs
and cater to people's nutritional preferences.  Satisfying the nutritional needs of the short-income
consumer group impoverished regions' requirements. Despite these advantages, many people are
dissatisfied. Fish consumption is one of the most significant aspects of good health. Fish can be
ascribed to omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids the fatty acids found in fish.
Fisheries, is the sector that not only provide quality food but also a good trade in all over the
world. In latest advanced economies, it plays a crucial role as international trade. It creates jobs;
satisfy food demand and generating income. It provides food globally especially in developing
countries. (Wake and Geleto., 2019).

It is estimated that till the 2050, the biggest challenge for the world will be to feed the 9
billion people around the globe. Different factors, such as the financial crises, competition
among the natural resources and climate changes will make this task more challenging. To
combat this challenge and to fulfill the people food requirements fisheries plays the significant
role at that time. This sector not only provides the food security but also rise the people living
standard. Fish and fishery products contributes the worlds economics and important for the
growth of the global trade. The increase in per capita fish consumption due to increase in
awareness about the fish flesh consumption (Zhao et al., 2018)
REVIEW OF LITRATURE

Nawannaet al. (2010) studied the effect of inorganic phosphorus on the development,
nutrient digestion, body composition and mineralization in the common carp
(Cyprinuscarpio)with variable levels of phosphorus. They used six experimental diets.
Experimental results showed that apparent digestibility coefficient of organic matter increased
significantly by increasing the p content in diet. On the other hand, fats, zinc content and feed
conversion ratio was also decreased.

Liang et al.(2012) experimented and estimated the available requirement of dietetic

phosphorus content for juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella). They used five
experimental diets with triplicate group of Grass Carp. These groups were fed with graded level
of P up to eight weeks. They founded that Grass Carp reared with these P-complemented diets
increased the growth level, weight improvement, protein proficiency ratio and feed efficiency
significantly. As well as total protein content of Grass Carp increased but the total lipid content
was declined with rise P level in diet.

Liang et al. (2012) analyzed the effect and requirement of the dietary calcium on the
growth and tissue calcium content of the juvenile Grass Carp. They set the trail in which
different graded levels of calcium fed to triplicate group of grass carp for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks
trail the results indicates that the protein efficiency ratio, weight gain and feed efficiency were
significantly increased by increasing the calcium level in diet up to optimum level. Similarly, the
calcium content in the diet also increased the ash content of whole body, vertebrae and the
scales. While the polynomial analysis indicates that optimum calcium content required for
optimal mineralization as well as for maximum tissue storage in the Grass Carp.

Wen et al. (2015) examined and worked on the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella) to
calculate the effects of the supplemented phosphorus diet with variable levels of phosphorus.
They set a trial in which six experimental diets were used. The young Grass Carp fed with these
diets for 8 weeks. The result of this trail showed enhanced growth rates, muscle’s protein
content, ash and lipid content as well as the water holding capacity of the Grass Carp.

Ye et al.(2015) measured the requirements of dietary phosphorus of juvenile hybrid

tilapia fed with the fishmeal-free practical diets. They set a trial in which they used six
supplementary diets containing various levels of additional inorganic phosphorus for 10 weeks.
They used two sources of phosphorus: calcium di-hydrogen phosphate and sodium di-hydrogen
phosphate. The results showed that hybrid tilapia under this trail showed the expressively high
growth rate with comparatively higher weight gain and mineralization.

Chen et al. (2017) studied and evaluated the nutritive effect of phosphorus on structural
integrity (head, kidney, spleen and skin) and growth performances of juvenile the Grass Carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella). Different graded levels of phosphorus were fed to young Grass Carp
under this trail. The trail results indicated that the optimal P content for Grass Carp and the
estimated that decline in dietary phosphorus induced poor growth rates along with skin lesions
and hemorrhage, distortion in the head, kidney and spleen in the Grass Carp.

Liang et al. (2018) conducted an eight weeks feeding trail to examine the dietary effect of
calcium on growth performances and body composition in bighead carp. They used six
experimental diets formulated by graded levels of Ca. The results of this trail showed that
specific growth rates (FCR), final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) were significantly
increased by increasing the dietary calcium. But the survival rate (SR) not much effected with
the increase in calcium uptake. Furthermore, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowered with
increases dietary Ca.

Chen et al. (2019) investigated the nutritive effect of phosphorus on gill immune and
physical barrier function in the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). They set a trial in which
fish were fed with six varied experimental diets having dietary phosphorus for 60 days. Then
they collected samples 3 days after challenge test. The results showed that decreased in the p
content caused gill inflammation and damage immune barrier function in Grass Carp.
Furthermore, P deficiency also caused the gill rot syndrome and opercula deformation in Grass
Carp.

Musharraf and Khan (2020) examined the dietary requirements of fingerling Indian
Major Carp and its effect on the growth performance, serum biochemical, mineralization and
whole body. They used seven experimental diets with incremental levels of the calcium. These
diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks’ trail ten fishes were
sampled to obtain scales, serum and vertebrae from each replicate tank. The residual fishes
sampled to examine the chemical body composition. Various growth factors such as protein
retention efficiency, live weight gain and feed conservation ratio meaningfully improved with
increased calcium level in diet.

Liu et al. (2021) studied the effects of phosphorus and calcium on growth and tissue
deposition in young discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi). They used 12 experimental diets with
different levels of dietary Ca and P. After 8 weeks, experimental results showed lowered protein
proficiency ratio and poor growth rates with the decreased dietary Ca level. The survival rate was
also reduced when dietary P level lowered. Collectively, dietary supplementation of Ca and P
increased discus vertebra concentration, scale and body weight.

Wang et al. (2022) analyzed and determined the effect of phosphorus on the growth
enactment, intestinal tight confluences, of young common mirror carp (Cyprinuscarpio) fed with
different levels of alpha-ketoglutarate. In this study they tested the postulate that 1% of AKG
nutritive supplementation can decline the dietetic phosphorus requirement of the Common Carp.
They used 12 experimental diets. They resulted that this supplemented diet increased the overall
body weight of the Common Carp