OSPF Areas

© 2012 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. | www.juniper.net

 Scaling an OSPF Network
 Problem: As OSPF networks grow, so does the size of
the LSDB, which can overload resources

Area 0

Area 0

 Solution: Implement OSPF areas to shrink the size of the

LSDB

Area 1 Area 0 Area 2

Area 1 Area 0 Area 2

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 OSPF Areas Area 0.0.0.0 serves as backbone area
and distributes routing information
AS 65415
between attached areas.

Area 0.0.0.1 Area 0.0.0.0 Area 0.0.0.2

 Areas
• An AS can be divided into smaller groups called areas
• LSA flooding can be constrained to an area, which effectively
reduces the size of the LSDB
• All routers maintain an identical copy of the LSDB on a
per-area basis
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 OSPF Routers
ABRs belong to Area 0.0.0.0 and an Backbone routers have at least
attached area. one link in OSPF Area 0.0.0.0

AS 65415

RIP

Area 0.0.0.1 Area 0.0.0.0 Area 0.0.0.2

BGP

ASBRs inject routing information Internal routers have all OSPF

from outside the OSPF domain. links in the same area.

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 OSPF Area Types
Does not carry external
Special stub area that allows Intra-Area Routes routes and cannot contain
Stub Area
external routes to be ASBRs
advertised from the area but
not received from another Stub area that receives
area only a default route from
the backbone
Interarea Routes
(Summary Routes) Stub No-Summaries
Area
Not-So-Stubby Area

Backbone
(0.0.0.0)

RIP
Default Route
External Routes BGP

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 LSA Flooding: Default External
Routes
Backbone Injected
Area 0 Area 0
LSA 1 LSA 2 (0.0.0.0) Area 0
LSA 5
Area 3
LSA 5
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4

Area 3 Area 3
Area 1 Area 1 Area 2 Area 2
LSA 1 LSA 2
LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2

Area 0 Area 0 Area 0 Area 0

Area 0 Area 0
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4 LSA 3
LSA 4 LSA 4
Area 2 Area 1 Area 1 Area 2
Area 3 Area 3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4 LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 4
Area 3 Area 3
LSA 3 LSA 3

Area 0 Area 3 Area 0 Area 3 Area 0 Area 3

LSA 5 LSA 5 LSA 5 LSA 5
External LSA 5 LSA 5
Routes
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3
Injected
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 OSPF Stub Areas
 Reduces the size of the LSDB
• ABR does not inject Type 4 LSA into area
• ABR does not flood Type 5 LSA into area
 Reachability for routes external to OSPF is achieved
using a 0/0 default route injected by the ABR
• Manual configuration step for added administrator control
 ASBR in a stub area cannot flood LSAs for external
routes
 Virtual links cannot transit a stub area

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 LSA Flooding: Stub Area External
Routes
Backbone
Area 0 Area 0 Injected
LSA 1 LSA 2 (0.0.0.0) Area 0
R2 LSA 5
Area 3
LSA 5
R1 Area 1 Area 2 R3
Area 3 Area 3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4

R4 R8
Area 1 Area 1 R6 Area 3 Area 3
Area 2 Area 2
LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2
LSA 1 LSA 2

Area 0 Area 0 Area 0

Area 0 Area 2 Area 0
LSA 3 LSA 4 LSA 3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4
Area 1 Area 1 Area 2
Area 3 Area 3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 3 LSA 4
R5 Area 3
LSA 3 R7 R9

No Area 0 Area 3 Area 0 Area 3

Type 5 LSA 5 LSA 5 External LSA 5 LSA 5
Area 1
Stub LSAs Area 2 Routes Area 3
here! Injected
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 OSPF Stub Areas with No Summaries
 Further reduces the size of the LSDB
• ABR does not inject Type 3 LSA into area
• ABR does not inject Type 4 LSA into area
• ABR does not flood Type 5 LSA into area
 Reachability for external routes is available using a 0/0
default route injected by the ABR
• Again, a manual configuration step exists for administrator control
 ASBR in a no-summaries area cannot flood LSAs for
external routes
 Virtual links cannot transit a no-summaries area

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 Flooding: Stub Area with No Summaries External
Routes
Area 0 Area 0
Backbone Injected
(0.0.0.0) Area 0
LSA 1 LSA 2
LSA 5

R1 Area 1 Area 2 R2 Area 3 R3

LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 No Type 5
or Type 3
R4
LSAs!
R6 R8
Area 1 Area 1 Area 2 Area 2 Area 3 Area 3
LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2

Area 0 Area 2 Area 0 Area 0

LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4

Area 3 Area 1 Area 3

LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 R9

R5
R7 Area 0
Type 5 LSA 5
Area 3
Stub With
LSAs External No Summaries
Area 1 from Area Routes
Stub Area 2
0 only! Injected
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 Stub Area Configuration
 All routers in a stub area must be configured as stub
routers
 The ABR injects a default route when the
default-metric statement is added
• A default route is not automatically generated!
[edit protocols ospf]
user@R5# set area 1 stub
user@R5# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
stub;
interface so-0/0/0.0;
}

[edit protocols ospf]

user@R4# set area 1 stub default-metric 10
user@R4# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
stub default-metric 10;
interface so-0/1/1.0;
}

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 No Summaries Area Configuration
 Only ABRs are configured to support stub areas with no summaries
 The ABR can inject a default route when the default-metric
statement is included
• Like a conventional stub area, the default route is not generated
automatically

[edit protocols ospf]

user@R8# set area 3 stub no-summaries default-metric 10
user@R8# show
area 0.0.0.3 {
stub default-metric 10 no-summaries;
interface so-0/1/1.0;
}

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 OSPF Not-So-Stubby Areas
 Allows a stub area to contain external routing
information from a local ASBR
• ASBR injects Type 7 LSAs into NSSA
• ABR converts Type 7 LSAs into Type 5 LSAs and floods them
into the backbone
 Reachability for other external routes is available
through a 0/0 default route injected by the ABR
• Manual configuration step for administrator control
• Advertised in a Type 7 LSA (Type 3 with no-summaries)
 Virtual links cannot transit an NSSA

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 LSA Flooding: Stub and NSSA External
Routes
Backbone
Area 0 Area 0 Injected
LSA 1 LSA 2 (0.0.0.0) Area 0
LSA 5
Area 3
LSA 5
Area 1 Area 2
R1 R2 Area 3 Area 3 R3 No Type 5s,
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4
New Type 7
R4 R6 R8 LSAs!
Area 1 Area 1 Area 2 Area 2 Area 3 Area 3
LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2

Area 0 Area 0
Area 0 Area 3 LSA 3 Area 0 Area 1
LSA 4 LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 3 LSA 3
Area 1 Area 2
Area 2 LSA 3 Area 3
LSA 4 LSA 3 R9
LSA 3
Area 3
R5 LSA 3
R7
Area 3
Area 3 Area 0
LSA 7
LSA 5 LSA 5 External
Area 3
Area 1 No Type 5 or Area 2
Routes NSSA
Stub
Type 7 LSAs! Injected
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 OSPF NSSA with no-summaries
 Behaves like a stub area with no-summaries
• ABR does not inject Type 3 LSA from backbone into area
• ASBR injects Type 7 LSAs into NSSA
• ABR converts Type 7 to Type 5 and floods into backbone
 Reachability for other external routes is available
through a 0/0 default route injected by the ABR
• Again, a manual configuration step for administrator control
• A Type 3 summary LSA is the default
 Virtual links cannot transit an NSSA with
no-summaries

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 LSA Flooding: No Summaries NSSA External
Routes
Backbone
Area 0 Area 0 Injected
(0.0.0.0) Area 0
LSA 1 LSA 2
LSA 5
Area 3
LSA 5
R1 Area 1 Area 2 R2 Area 3 Area 3 R3
LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 3 LSA 4
Intra-Area
R8
LSAs Only!
R4 R6
Area 1 Area 1 Area 2 Area 2 Area 3 Area 3
LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2 LSA 1 LSA 2

Area 0 Area 0
Area 0 Area 2 LSA 3 LSA 4
LSA 3 LSA 3
Area 1 Area 3
Area 3 LSA 4 Area 3
LSA 3 R9
LSA 3 LSA 7
Area 3
R5 LSA 3 R7
Area 3
No Area 3 Area 0
External NSSA
LSA 5 LSA 5 No
Area 1 Type 5 Routes Summaries
Stub LSAs! Area 2
Injected
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 NSSA Configuration
 You must configure each router in the area as an NSSA
router
 The ABR can inject a default route when the
default-metric statement is added
• Specified within the default-lsa configuration hierarchy
[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.3]
user@R8# show
nssa;
interface so-0/0/0.0;

[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.3]

user@R8# show
nssa {
default-lsa default-metric 10;
}
interface so-0/1/1.0;
© 2012 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. www.juniper.net | 19
 NSSA No Summaries Configuration
 Only the ABR is configured to support a
no-summaries area
 The ABR can inject a default route when the
default-metric statement is included
• Specified within the default-lsa configuration hierarchy
 Default behavior generates a Type 3 summary LSA
• External Type 1 NSSA changed to external Type 2 with
metric-type keyword
[edit protocols ospf]
user@R8# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
nssa {
default-lsa {
default-metric 10;
metric-type 2;
}
no-summaries;
. . .
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 Summarizing Routes
 By default, all local area routes are forwarded to the
backbone
• Stub setting changes only what enters an area, not what leaves
that area
 Use the area-range command to summarize routing
information
• Can result in a single Type 3 LSA injected into the backbone
• Configured on the ABRs only
[edit protocols ospf]
user@router# set area 1 area-range 192.168.16/20

[edit protocols ospf]

user@router# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
area-range 192.168.16.0/20;
interface at-1/0/1.100;
}

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 Summarizing Routes for NSSA
 The Junos OS forwards all ASBR Type 7 routes to the
backbone by default
 Use the area-range command within the NSSA
configuration to summarize routing information
• Injects a Type 5 LSA into the backbone
• Configured on ABRs only
[edit protocols ospf]
user@router# set area 1 nssa area-range 192.168.16/20

[edit protocols ospf]

user@router# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
nssa {
default-lsa default-metric 10;
area-range 192.168.16.0/20;
}
interface so-0/1/1.0;
}

© 2012 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. www.juniper.net | 23

 Restricting Blocks of Routes
 Adding the restrict keyword to the area-range
command stops routes in that range from entering the
backbone
• No Type 3 LSA will be injected into the backbone
• Configured on the ABRs only
• Allows greater control over which routes are advertised to
other areas
[edit protocols ospf]
user@router# set area 1 area-range 192.168.16/20 restrict

[edit protocols ospf]

user@router# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
area-range 192.168.16.0/20 restrict;
interface at-1/0/1.100;
}

© 2012 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. www.juniper.net | 24

 Restricting Blocks of Routes for NSSA
 Adding the restrict keyword to the area-range
command stops routes in that range from entering the
backbone
• No Type 5 LSA is injected into the backbone
• Configured on ABRs only
[edit protocols ospf]
user@router# set area 1 nssa area-range 192.168.16/20 restrict

[edit protocols ospf]

user@router# show
area 0.0.0.1 {
nssa {
default-lsa default-metric 10;
area-range 192.168.16.0/20 restrict;
}
interface so-0/1/1.0;
}

© 2012 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. www.juniper.net | 25