PHYSICS FORMULA (COMBINED SCIENCE)

TOPIC FORMULA SI UNIT FINAL UNIT

Kinematics Speed = Distance / Time Distance (m) m/s
Time (s)
Dynamics Force = Mass x Acceleration Force (N) Newton (N)
Mass (kg)
Acceleration (m/s2)
Weight Weight = mass x gravity Mass (kg) Newton (N)
g = 10 N/kg
Density Density = mass/volume Mass (kg) kg/cm3
Volume
Moment Moment = Force x distance Force (N) Nm
distance (m)
Energy, Work Workdone = Force x perpendicular Force (N) Joules (J)
and power distance distance (m)
potential energy = mass x gravity x Mass (kg) Joules (J)
height g = 10 N/kg
height (m)
power = workdone or energy change / energy / workdone (J) Watt (W)
time time (s)
Light n = sin i / sin r n = refractive index
i/r (O) : angle of
incidence/refraction
Electricity Charge = Current x time current (A) Coulomb(C)
Q =Ixt time (s)
Energy = p.d x charge p.d (V) Joules (J)
E=VxQ charge (C)
E = VIt current (A)
time (s)
Resistance = p.d /current p.d (V) ohm (Ω)
R=V/I current (A)
Energy = power x time power (W) Joules (J)
E=pxt time (s)
power = current x p.d current ( A) Watt (W)
P=IxV p.d (V)
In series circuit,
I = I1 = I2 =I3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
R = R 1 + R2 + R 3

In parallel circuit,
I = I 1 + I2 + I 3
V = V1 = V2 = V3
Wave Speed = wavelength x frequency Frequency (Hz) Speed (m/s)
V=fxλ Wavelength (m)

Step 1: Grip the object (in this case, a ball

bearing) gently using the outside jaws of the
calipers
 Step 2: Read the main scale directly
opposite the zero mark on the vernier
Inside jaws scale. In this case, the reading on the
main scale is 3.1 cm or 31 mm

Main scale

Reading = main scale 3.1 cm

+ vernier scale 0.04 cm

3.14 cm
Vernier
scale Step 3: The 4th vernier
mark coincides with a
Ball bearing marking on the main scale.
This gives a reading of 0.4
mm or 0.04 cm to be added
to the main scale reading.

Outside Step 4: The diameter is found by adding

jaws the main scale reading to the vernier scale
reading.
Main scale + vernier scale = reading
31 mm + 0.4 mm = 31.4 mm

Using the vernier calipers

Using a micrometer screw gauge

Speed is the distance travelled per unit time.

Velocity is defined as the speed of a body in a given direction.
Acceleration is the change of velocity per unit time.
Force is described as a push and pull.

Mass
1 not a force
2 amount of matter
3 same anywhere in the universe
4 measured with a beam/lever balance
5 measured in kilograms (kg)
Weight
is a force
caused by the pull of gravity
is lower on the moon than on earth
measured by a spring balance or Newton metre
measured in Newtons (N)

Density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance.

Moment of a force is product of a force and perpendicular distance of the pivot from its line of action
Principle of Moments:
When the a body is balanced, the sum of all clockwise moments is equal to the sum of all
anticlockwise moment about the same pivot.

ENERGY is the ability to do work.

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed or converted to other type(s) of
energy. This is called the principle of conservation of energy.
Work is tells how much energy is converted from another. Work is the product of force and distance moved
in direction of force.
Power is the rate (speed) of doing work.
The transfer of heat. energy through a material without any visible movement of the material is conduction.
The transfer of heat energy involving the actual movement of matter from one place to another is called
convection. It involves density changes.
The transfer of heat through space (vacuum) without the need of any medium is called radiation.
The black surface is a good absorber and good emitter of heat radiation.
The white surface is a poor absorber and poor emitter of heat radiation.
Temperature is a measure of how HOTNESS or COLDNESS something is.
1. Some examples of physical properties that change with temperature are:
1. VOLUME of liquid.
2. EXPANSION of different type of solid metal.
3. PRESSURE of fluids.
4. Electromotive force (e.m.f) between hot & cold junctions of two different metals.
5. Electrical RESISTANCE.

Laboratory thermometer Clinical thermometer

 Features
 has a THIN glass bulb so that
HEAT can be conducted to
the inside very quickly.
 has a NARROW bore so that
mercury will move a LOT for
a SMALL change in
temperature.
 has a CONSTRICTION (narrow part) to
prevent the MERCURY from FLOWING
back into the bulb, so that it is easier to
read.
 TRIANGULAR in cross section.
The curved edge is to MAGNIFIES the
mercury thread so that it is easier to read
and the triangular shape prevent from
ROLLING.

Temperature
-10⁰C to 110⁰C 35⁰C to 42⁰C
range

Transverse Waves
- Particles vibrate at right angles / perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
- Examples are electromagnetic waves, light waves and water waves.
- Can travel through vacuum.
Longitudinal Waves
- Particles vibrate at parallel/ along the direction of the wave.
- Example is sound waves.
- Require a medium through which to travel.
Peak /
crest
amplitude

One wavelength

trough
  All electromagnetic waves share several properties:
o They are all transverse
o They can all travel through a vacuum
o They all travel at the same speed in a vacuum

Switches and fuses should be connected to the LIVE wire in mains wiring.