URD-SLSessions#4to5

Module Two: Foundation & Fundamentals 2nd Sem Weeks-06to08

Mar.28-Apr.16, 2022
URD CLUSTER 03: FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES
Ar.-EnP. MARLOU B. CAMPANER, fuap piep
 URD-Week 06 to 08
MODULE TWO : FOUNDATION & FUNDAMENTALS SL-Session#6 to 8

CLUSTER 03 Framework & Principles

UNIT 06 | COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE: In the Context of Urban Design

UNIT 07 | DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN: Creating Sustainable Communities

UNIT 08 | URBAN DESIGN THINKING: Towards Responsive Environments

CLUSTER 04 Contexts, Dimensions & Process

UNIT 09 | THE SHIFTING CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN: Local, Global & Power
UNIT 10 | THE DIMENSIONS OF URBAN DESIGN: Composition
p & Complexity
p y
UNIT 11 | URBAN DESIGN PROCESS: Shaping Better Places
CLUSTER 03 Framework & Principles URD-Week 06
SL-Session#6

UNIT 06 | COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE: IIn th
the C
Context
t t off U
Urban
b D Design
i

UNIT 07 | DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN: Creating Sustainable Communities

UNIT 08 | URBAN DESIGN THINKING: Towards Responsive Environments

 URD-Week 06
SL-Session#6
MODULE TWO: CLUSTER 03

UNIT 06 MINI
MINI--LECTURE
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE:
In the Context of Urban Design
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
URD-Week
SL-Session#6

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE : Introduction 5

COMMUNITY is commonly defined as a group of people living

in close proximity delineated by certain spatial boundaries.
Community is often refers to a social group that shares
common values, cultural and historical heritage, and more
often than not is attributed with social cohesion within a shared
ggeographical
g p location. In the context of the architecture and
planning professions, community can be explored as a Place
and the People’s sense of attachment to a place where they
belong. Thus, in this perspective, community is concerned with
the connection of the people in their interior environment
(rooms and spaces), natural environment (plantings and
softscapes) and built environment(buildings and streetscapes).
streetscapes)
(Ar. Marlou B. Campaner,fuap 2013)
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
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SL-Session#6

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE : Definition 6

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE is simply defined as "Architecture
Architecture carried out with the active participation of the end users
users"
(Wates, Handbook, 184)

 It means the
th built
b ilt environment
i t that
th t offers
ff itself
it lf ffor community
it use or stimulates
ti l t theth Community
C it Architecture,
A hit t iin a profound
f d social,
i l iinclusive
l i
sense. It aims to give a proper answer to the contemporary needs. (Grigorescu, March 2015)

 A relatively "new" movement or branch of Architecture that is seen as an alternative approach to the conventional Architectural Practice of
non-participation of users via involving people in the consultation, design, and management of building or spaces they inhabit. It is not focused
y
on the eye-catchingg designs
g but it is more on functional solutions that benefit the users. ((Duran,, F.C.,, Julyy 2014))

 A movement that argues for the importance of user involvement in the design, construction, and management of the environment.
(Neal Monogold,.
Monogold 1988)

 The new "Vernacular Architecture" because of the heavy involvement of people. It is very particular with the design process, which from the
term itself heavily involves the community and/or the end user.
user (Knewitt and Wates)
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
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SL-Session#6

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE : Origin 7

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE Schemes, Schemes mainly for Housing,
Housing that
involve a study of the prevailing social conditions and consultation
with the people who are going to use them. In Britain, the idea
d l d during
developed d i th 1970's
the 1970' as a reaction ti t Mass
to M H i
Housing
developments. Its most famous supportter is Charles, Prince of
Wales, who, with his Architectural Advisor, Rod Hackney*, created a
new but traditional village based on the principles.
(World Encyclopedia, 2005)

*Dr Roderick Peter Hackney (born 3 March 1942), better known as

Rod Hackney, is a British Architect and past president of the Royal
Institute of British Architects and International Union of Architects.
Architects
Hackney is considered the pioneer of "Community Architecture" in
1974, when he fought slum clearances in Maccles field and help local
people improve their own surroundings.
surroundings
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
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SL-Session#6

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE vis

vis-s-vis
s vis URBAN DESIGN 8
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE has p
provided alternative design
g basis and development
p approaches
pp in the form of three ((3))
PRIORITIES:

1. Save what already exists within a neighborhood, based on the community’s wishes

2. Demands that the community members be included in the design process of both the rehabilitation or new construction

3. Acknowledges the involvement of the community members in the decision-making and management of the community-
based projects

URBAN DESIGN that focus on the physical form of cities is shaped by the manner in which the populace has invested in it over time.
In the continuing development of city lands, city managers are confronted with two types of situations:

1. Areas for redevelopment. This concerns inefficiently performing or outdated existing areas which are candidates for redevelopment.
Old developments are normally found in the inner city.

1. Areas for new development. This concerns still undeveloped or under-developed areas. This concerns city raw land and lightly inhabited
areas. These areas are usually located in city hinterlands.
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
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THE ROLES OF MANILA URBAN DESIGN IN CITY DEVELOPMENT 9

1. Preserves heritage
2. Showcases distinct culture and arts
3. Encourages waterfront development
4. Promotes natural environment protection
5. Creates child
child--friendly public spaces
6. Creates breathing spaces
7. Enhances transport corridors
8. Promotes community empowerment
9. Fosters stakeholders’ participation
10. Heralds national pride
 UNIT 06 | Community Architecture URD Week 06
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TEN COMMANDMENTS OF GOOD URBAN DESIGN 10

(Francis Tibbalds, 1989)

1. Thou shall consider places before buildings (“Contextuality

(“Contextuality”)
”)
2. Thou shall have the humility to learn from the past and respect the context of the buildings and sites (Continuity-
(Continuity-Affinity)
3.
3 Thou shall encourage the mixing of uses of towns and cities (“Integrationability
(“
( Integrationability
Integrationability”)
”))
4. Thou shall design on a human scale (“
(“Personability
Personability”)
”)
5.
5 Thou shall encourage the freedom to walk about (“Walkability
(“Walkability”)
”)
6. Thou shall cater for all sections of the community and consult with them (Inclusivity)
7. Thou shall build legible, recognizable or understandable environments (Legibility)
8. Thou shall build to last and adapt (Adaptability)
9. Thou shall avoid change on too great a scale at any one time (“
(“Graduality
Graduality--Incrementality”)
Incrementality”)
10.Thou shall with all the means available,, ppromote intricacy,
y, jjoyy and visual delight
g in the built environment ((Livability-
(Livabilityy-Conviviality)
Conviviality)
y)
Manila Urban Design
g that
SHOWCASES DISTINCT CULTURE & ARTS
11
1. Thou shall consider p
places before buildings
g
(“Contextuality”)

Binondo Streetscape:
 Manila Chinatown showcases Filipino-
Filipino-Chinese
culture and arts through various Chinese
Architecture--inspired friendship arches, business
Architecture
lamposts.
p
establishments and lamposts . Authentic Chinese
food and delicacies are available in restaurants
and stores
Manila Urban Design that
PRESERVES HERITAGE 12

2. Thou shall have the humility to learn from the past and
respect the context of the buildings & sites
(Continuity Affinity)
(Continuity-Affinity)

Intramuros Streetscape:
 Private and p
public buildings,
g , new construction
and renovation, are required to conform with the
1890’s Philippine colonial architecture and urban
design
 Bahay na Bato and cobble
cobble--stone road pavement
are some of the distinct features of the
streetscape
Manila Urban Design
g that
ENCOURAGES
WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT 13

3. Thou shall encourage the mixing of uses of towns and cities

(
(“Integrationability”)
g y )

Harbour Square
q Promenade:
 Private sector developed restaurants and shops
to take advantage of the scenic Manila Bay sunset
b th
by the waterfront
t f t promenade d
Manila Urban Design that
PROMOTES COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT
14
4 Thou shall design on a human scale ((“Personability”)
4. Personability )

Inner City Development:

 In 2005, Barangay Officials and community
residents translated the City blueprints into
actual patterns with urban identity along
g
their own neighborhood sidewalks.
Manila Urban Design that
PROMOTES NATURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 15

5. Thou shall encourage the freedom to walk about

(“Walkability”)

Pasig River Linear Parks:

Parks:
 Revival
R i l off river
i easementst ensures
protection of the natural bodies of water.
The provision of linear parks promotes
appreciation of the natural environment.
Manila Urban Design that
FOSTERS STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION
16
6. Thou shall cater for all sections of the communityy
and consult with them
(Inclusivity)

Street Revitalization:
 The City Government of Manila encourages
regular involvement of its area stakeholders to
initiate and/or participate in several Urban
Design
g Projects.
j
Manila Urban Design
g that
CREATES CHILD-FRIENDLY PUBLIC SPACES
17
7. Thou shall build legible, recognizable or
understandable environments
(Legibility)

Community Playgrounds:
 Paraiso ng Batang Maynila and other community
playgrounds ensure a healthy social environment,
one of the key elements to sustain the image of
Child--friendlyy City.
Manila as a Child y
Manila Urban Design that
HERALDS NATIONAL PRIDE 18

8 Th
8. Thou shall
h ll build
b ild to
t last
l t andd adapt
d t (Adaptability)
(Ad t bilit )

Rizal Park:
 Luneta or the Rizal Park is the country’s
country s symbol
of national identity and is considered as the
largest urban interaction node in Manila.
Manila Urban Design
g that
CREATES BREATHING SPACES
19
9. Thou shall avoid change on too great a scale at any one time
(“Graduality-Incrementality”)

Parks and Plazas:

 Refers to the encompassing term for public open
spaces without play equipment nor sports
facilities that ensures healthy social environment
for the people
p space
 PARK is an open p p
provided for p
public
recreational use with areas mostly occupied by
softscapes (grass, etc.) & pathwalks
 PLAZA is
i related
l t d tto “Cit
“City SSquare”
” th
thatt d
describes
ib
an open public space where several people can
be accommodated at a certain time, thus,
dominantly occupied by hardscapes (pavement, etc.)
Manila Urban Design that
ENHANCES TRANSPORT CORRIDORS
20
10.Thou shall with all the means available, promote intricacy,
joy and visual delight in the built environment
(Livability-Conviviality)

Bridge and Street

Street--lighting:
 Lighting of City bridges and streets not only
enhances transport corridors but also serves
as deterrent to petty crimes.
Specially-
p
Speciallyy-designed
g lamposts
p add colors to the
City’s night life and entertainment.
 URD Week 06
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21

“Urban design,
g , as the art of makinggpplaces for ppeople,
p , is concerned with the connections
between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric,
and the processes for ensuring successful villages, towns and cities.”
~ England Department of Transport, Environment and the Regions/Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, By Design:
Urban Design in the Planning System: Towards Better Practice, 2000
CLUSTER 03 Framework & Principles URD-Week 07
SL-Session#7

UNIT 06 | COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE: IIn th
the C
Context
t t off U
Urban
b D Design
i

UNIT 07 | DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN: Creating Sustainable Communities

UNIT 08 | URBAN DESIGN THINKING: Towards Responsive Environments

 URD-Week 07
SL-Session#7
MODULE TWO: CLUSTER 03

UNIT 07 MINI
MINI--LECTURE
*DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN:
Creating Sustainable Communities

*Excerpts from Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. Von Hausen

Drawing by Calum Srigley
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN 24

INTRODUCTION
 The urgency for more sustainable design has never been greater since more than one-
one-half of the world population now
lives in urban areas,
areas and the quality of life in many of these environments continues its steep decline;
decline;
 To create truly sustainable or resilient communities, urban design practitioners and all its stakeholders must consider
not only the physical, but also the political, economic, social, and technological aspects of an urban design project;
 Dynamic Urban Design establishes Michael A. von Hausen
Hausen,, one of Canada’s preeminent urban designers, as a sustainable
urban design authority;
 His more than thirty years of experience teaching
teaching, training
training, facilitating,
facilitating and practicing around the world in sustainable
land development planning and urban design, put forward a model, which is sustainable but endeavors to meet the
aspirations and cultural needs of people everywhere;
 His
Hi goal:
l to take
k urban
b d design
i to a hi
higher
h llevell with
i h a vision
i i off a universal
i l strategy ffor synthesizing
h i i urban
b ddesign
i with
ih
sustainable urban development in a practical, measured way that can be applied anywhere in the world. Wherein plans
and designs successfully integrate the social aspects with the economic, the sustainable with the new, producing results
that are fle
flexible,
ible di
diverse,
erse and end
enduring;
ring;
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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25
SUSTAINABLE FRAMEWORK

BUILDING BLOCKS SUCCESSFUL PLACES

 The nature of urban design;  Nine key elements of urban design;
 Origins of sustainable community  Measurable and non-
non-measurable elements;
development;
 Ten poor form
form--makers: What not to do
 Linking disciplines across boundaries
 Ten key principles of urban design
 A dynamic urban design model
 The place test: Twenty-
Twenty-five questions
 Discovering the spirit of place
 Lessons for the future
 Summary of concepts and theorists
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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26
BUILDING BLOCKS

 Urban Design has always had no clear role, territory, and authority in the last 100 years, the design and planning professions
professions
have increasingly formed distinct disciplinary enclaves. In this context perhaps urban design’s unique value stems from its
vagueness or rather from its provision of an overarching framework that can bridge more specialized design efforts.
(-Richard Marshall, The Elusiveness of Urban Design)
 The practice of Urban Design is relatively young and varies widely;
 Most of the practitioners agree
agree, however
however, on what it means: Urban Design is the art and science of making places for people
– traditionally cities, towns, or new communities;
 The term “Urban Design” became formalized in EDUCATION only in 1960s with Harvard University’s Urban Design Program;
 Urban Design’s earlier manifestation in the late nineteenth century and earlier twentieth century was “civic design” in the
United Kingdom, which mainly dealt with the larger streets and municipal buildings, such as courthouses, city halls, and
other
ot e gove
government
e t structures;
st uctu es;
 Collectively, this “civic design” direction was reflected in part in the Garden City and new town movements initiated in the
United Kingdom and the City Beautiful movement that swept through North America after the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893;
 Urban Design encompassed the design of the greater city;
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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BUILDING BLOCKS 27

 Many professional designers see Urban Design not as a separate discipline but as an interdisciplinary practice of Architects,
Landscape Architects, Urban Planners (Environmental Planner), and Civil Engineers;
 The different knowledge
knowledge, skills and abilities of these practitioners-
practitioners-along with heir biases-
biases-can bring breadth and depth or
fragmentation and dysfunction to a project;
 Unfortunately, the separate disciplines can often isolate themselves rather than use Urban Design as a forum for
i t d
interdependence
d andd ffuture
t d
depth;
th
 In a perfect world, Urban Design should unite these professions to create a coherent, practical, and unified plan. Instead,
professional barriers, distinct roles, and lack of design integration can result in less that optimal urban design plans;
 The size and complexity of many current projects adds to these professional divisions;
 Multiple private, public, and political interests further skew good intentions;
 Unbalanced private property interests of land use rights and cost considerations can outweigh community and government
needs, creating the wrong solution in the wrong place;
 As a result
result, in many cases
cases, an unimaginative and unfitting urban design plan is approved and built.
built
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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28
The Nature of Urban Design
 Effective Urban Design is much more than the sum of its parts. It is more than a building and a site;
it is much more than a block and a street;
 Effective Urban Design is the seamless fit of design and context that pleases the eye and
satisfies the soul;
 One design element seems to flow effortlessly into another, creating an integrated, cohesive, whole.
Wh
Where form
f and
d ffunction
ti meet;
t
 Urban Design, to be comprehensive, entails more than simply the physical design of an urban area;
 It is the process by which new communities are planned,
planned designed
designed, and built;
 It varies in scale and is affected by many private-
private-and public
public--sector professionals, as well as
community members;
 By nature it is complex and interdisciplinary. It needs to be collaborative;
 Urban Design requires understanding of the interplay between the ecological, physical, economic,
and social factors and the physical form of a particular site or area;
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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The Nature of Urban Design

g 29

 Urban Design requires an understanding of the following three scales, which are collectively known
as “designing in context’:
1 REGION: greater surrounding area and city
1.
2. COMMUNITY: surrounding neighborhoods, districts, or corridors, including residents, businesses,
and the sociocultural profile
3. SITE: specific block, street, and buildings
 Context is so important yet often ignored in Urban Design. All the three scales need to be
considered for both regional and community designs are key to achieving sustainable site
considered,
development;
 During the past sixty years (since early 1960s), Urban Design has extended urban sprawl while
f ili tto recognize
failing i emergingi challenges
h ll off rurall sprawl;
l
 In simple terms, urban sprawl is low-
low-density housing developments that have no commercial services
or jobs nearby. The result is an auto-
auto-oriented community that is designed around the car rather than
the person.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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The Nature of Urban Design

g 30

 Place is both a physical location, defined by buildings, public spaces, and landmarks, and a product
of social interaction with the space, defined by people who use it;
 Place is much more than “urban
urban decoration
decoration” or the design of individual buildings;
 People and place are intricately connected in Urban Design;
Place--keeping
 Place p g and p
place-making
place- g are essential process
p of effective and sustainable Urban Design;
g ;
 Place
Place--keeping is a process that keeps what is essential to defining that place;
 Place-
Place-making is the process of adding new physical elements and activity programming that will
make the place more complete or simply enhance it.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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Origins of Sustainable Community Development 31

 A sustainable community is one that allows its inhabitants to live in a way that does not damage the
environment or consume nonrenewable resources. At the same time, a sustainable community
supports the realization of human potential
- Judy and Michael Corbett, Designing Sustainability Communities

 The term “sustainable community development” is quite young and suffers from similar
misunderstandings and misapplications to Urban Design

 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
– Brundtland Report, Our Common Future
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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Dynamic Urban Design Model 32

 This model combines a framework of place,

process and plans with social,
social ecological
ecological, and
economic analytic components.
 This dynamic approach is then measured by
elements, principles and targets, as an urban
design plan is developed and evolves over time.
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SUCCESSFUL PLACES 33

9 KEY ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

The simple organization and limited choices provided
(Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. Von Hausen
Hausen))
by traditional urbanism will no longer do. We need
both dispersal and concentration in cities – places to
get away from each other, and places to gather – 1. PEOPLE (the heartbeat)
and
a d it’s timee to
o stop
op assuming
a g that
a one
o e necessarily
ece a y 2
2. HERITAGE (the past physical and symbolic place)
precludes the other.
3. MIXED LAND USE (including mixed horizontal and vertical uses)
4. ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (natural form
form--makers)
- Witold Rybczynski, City Life 5. BUILDING FORM & MASSING (from the outside in – integration)
6. CIRCULATION, TRANSIT, & PARKING (move people, not cars)
The next list enumerates enduring elements that 7. PUBLIC REALM (public, semiprivate, and private)
contribute to successful Urban Design…
8. PEDESTRIAN WAYS & BIKEWAYS (greenways and blueways)
blueways)
9. ACTIVITIES & ACTIVITY GENERATION (urban magnets)
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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SUCCESSFUL PLACES 34

PRINCIPLES are the guiding rules of the game. 10 KEY PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN
They set a framework for Urban Design, and (Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. von Hausen
Hausen))
they set the theoretical foundation for urban
1. Context determines site form
design plans.
Without principles, we design in a void, with no 2. Design should save and celebrate the place
rules
l tto guide
id our process or measure it
its success. 3
3. Design recognizes natural features as critical form-
form-makers
4. The design needs to fit the scale and location

The principles that follow set a framework to guide 5. Movement systems should move people, not cars
sustainable urban design decisions. 6. Multiple
Multiple,, flex, and mixed uses are keystones to sustainability
They are also touchstones to evaluate results 7. Diversity needs to be planned for
8. The public realm should be incorporated as a central component
- Michael A. von Hausen 9. The urban form should be compact and safe
10. Community building is an integral part of the urban design
process
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SUCCESSFUL PLACES 35
The elements set out below form a useful checklist when examining what makes a place successful or
unsuccessful from a social, ecological and economic standpoint.

MEASURABLE ELEMENTS NON--MEASURABLE ELEMENTS

NON FREQUENTLY MISSED ELEMENTS
 Land use and mix  Safety and Access  Context and Connectivity
 Density or intensity of land use  Distinctiveness and character  Pedestrian activity and presence
 Size of open space and building  Clarity, continuity, and enclosure  Number of street trees and landscapes
 Building setbacks and height  Visual interest and beauty  Green roofs
 Bulk,
Bulk form,
form and coverage of buildings  Comfort
C f t and
d livability
li bilit  Weather
W h protection
i
(measured as floor space ratio)
 Vibrancy and adaptability  Lighting coverage
 Building materials and colors
 Equity
q y and accessibilityy to land use  Street furniture and Seating
g
 Vehicular, pedestrian, and bicycle counts (e.g. private vs. public open space)
 Open space programming
 Street Design
 Transparency and articulation of bldg form
 Number of parking spaces and design of
parking lots/garages  Articulation of spaces (inside and out)
 Use of water lots and “blueways
“blueways”
”
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SUCCESSFUL PLACES 36
Form-makers are those positive or negative elements that help shape urban form, whether they are cars, people,
Form-
or streets. The following list, in contrast, itemizes indications of poor Urban Design that is unsustainable.

TEN (10) POOR FORM-

FORM-MAKERS: What Not to Do
1. Unsafe streets that do not fit their specific function in the
community
THE PLACE TEST CATEGORIES
2 Car dominance
2.
1. Character, identity, enclosure, and connections
3. Single uses
2. Activity and access
4. Contemporary
p y building
g in fantasyland
y
3. Streetscape and ecology
5. No natural legacy and bioregional connection
4. Buildings and Connections
6. No “heart”
5 Psychological
5. P h l i l ffactors
t
7. No civic programming
6. Final, overarching question:
8. Recreation isolation
What is missing? How can the place be improved?
9. Wildlife separation
10. No real walking, biking, and transit: Disconnected
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN 37

NINE ((9)) PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN ((HLURB Guidebook)) SEVEN (7) OBJECTIVES OF URBAN DESIGN:
1. DESIGN FOR ALL Concept of Place
2. CREATE PLACES FOR PEOPLE 1. CHARACTER
3. CONSERVE HERITAGE 2. CONTINUITY & ENCLOSURE
4. ENRICH THE EXISTING 3. QUALITY OF THE PUBLIC REALM
5. MAKE CONNECTIONS 4. EASE OF MOVEMENT
6. WORK WITH NATURE 5. LEGIBILITY
7. MIX USES AND FORMS 6. ADAPTABILITY
8. MANAGE THE INVESTMENT 7. DIVERSITY
9. DESIGN FOR CHANGE

SEVEN (7) GOALS: FUTURE GOOD ENVIRONMENT(A.Jacobs,et al.) FIVE (5) PRIMARY NEEDS IN PUBLIC SPACE
1. LIVEABILITY 1. COMFORT
2 IDENTITY & CONTROL
2. 2. RELAXATION
3. ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES, IMAGINATION & JOY 3. PASSIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
4. AUTHENTICITY & MEANING 4. ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
5 COMMUNITY & PUBLIC LIFE
5. 5. DISCOVERY
D SCO R
6. URBAN SELF-RELIANCE
7. AN ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

38
FIVE (5) GOOD URBAN DESIGN FACTORS (Charles W. Steger) SEVEN ((7)) IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR
JUDGING URBAN DESIGN (Charles W. Steger)
1. Improve the quality of people's lives through design by:
▪ Elimination of barriers;
▪ Creation of opportunities for people to move about the city in a free, safe, and pleasant way; 1. Unity and Coherence
2 People like to see other people and to be seen
2. seen. 2
2. Mi i
Minimum conflict
fli t b
between
t pedestrians
d ti and
d vehicles
hi l
▪ Many cities provide incentives for developers who will create public plazas in conjunction with
new developments; 3. Protection from rain, noise, wind, and so on
▪ Such spaces provide an opportunity for people to sit in the sun at lunch and observe the general 4. Easy orientation for users
activity of the street;
5. Compatibility
p y of land uses
3 Th
3. The way iin which
hi h urban
b space assists
i iin orienting
i i the h user, through
h h the
h ffollowing:
ll i
▪Users find their way from one place to the other without confusion or fear; 6. Availability of places to rest, observe, and meet
▪Signs are easily understood; 7. Creation of a sense of security and pleasantness
▪Major pedestrian areas are well lighted in the evening so that users can make their way easily and
safely;
4. Functional criteria such as safety is also important, like: Notes:
▪Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic reduces accidents ▪ Urban Design is not an exact science, for there is always the element of
▪Yet the spaces and circulation areas must be organized so that they can be readily accessible to
emergency vehicles and can accommodate delivery vehicles to the desirable shops along pedestrian
personal taste;
streets ▪ One person's peace and tranquility will be another person's boredom
5. Good design achieves its intentions and often more. and sterility;
▪The developer's intention in constructing a mixed-use project may simply be to achieve a ▪ Most people will have very differing needs from the environment at
profitable combination of commercial and residential structures;
▪Yet if the project is well-situated and aesthetically attractive, its benefits will spill over onto different stages in their lives. The area that suits a single person in
adjacent areas; his/her 20
20'ss may seem very unsuitable 10 years later when the same
▪The project might increase pedestrian traffic and hence enhance property values in adjacent
retailing areas; person has a spouse and two children.
▪It's presence might also enhance the value of adjacent neighborhoods by making the area more
interesting and varied.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

39

SEVEN (7) GOALS: ESSENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE OF A

FIVE (5) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OR PREREQUISITES OF A
GOOD URBAN ENVIRONMENT (Jacobs and Appleyard)
SOUND URBAN ENVIRONMENT TO ACHIEVE THE PREVIOUSLY
1. LIVEABILITY: A city should be a place where everyone can live in relative CITED 7 GOALS (Jacobs and Appleyard)
comfort.
2. IDENTITY & CONTROL: People should feel that some part of the environment
belongs
g to them,, individuallyy and collectively,
y, whether theyy own it or not.
1. Liveable streets and neighborhoods;
3. ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES, IMAGINATION & JOY: People should find the city a 2 A minimum
2. i i d
density
i off residential
id i l d development
l andd iintensity
i
place where they can break from traditional moulds, extend their experience, of land use;
and have fun.
4. AUTHENTICITY & MEANING: People should be able to understand their (and
3. Integrated activities-living, working, shopping-in reasonable
others') city, its basic layout, public functions and institutions, and pro imit to each other;
proximity
opportunities it offers. 4. A manmade environment that defines public space,
5. COMMUNITY & PUBLIC LIFE: Cities should encourage participation of their
citizens in community and public life.
particularly by its buildings (as opposed to buildings that
6
6. URBAN SELF-RELIANCE:
SELF RELIANCE Increasingly
I i l cities
i i will
ill h
have to b
become more self-lf mostly sit in space);
sustaining in their uses of energy and other scarce resources. 5. Many separate, distinct buildings with complex
7. AN ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL: Good environments should be accessible to all.
Every citizen is entitled to a minimal level of environmental liveability, and of
arrangements and relationships (as opposed to a few, large
identity control and opportunity
identity, opportunity. buildings)
buildings).
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

40

FIVE (5) PERFORMANCE DIMENSIONS OF URBAN DESIGN
(Kevin Lynch)
1. VITALITY, the degree to which the form of places supports
the functions, biological requirements and capabilities of
human beings.
2 SENSE,
2. SENSE theh d degree to which
hi h places
l can b
be clearly
l l
perceived and structured in time and space by users.
3. FIT, the degree to which the form and capacity of spaces
matches the pattern of behaviours
beha io rs that people engage in
or want to engage in.
4. ACCESS, the ability to reach other persons, activities,
resources services,
resources, services information,
information or places
places, including the
quantity and diversity of elements that can be reached.
5. CONTROL, the degree to which those who use, work, or
reside in places can create and manage access to spaces
and activities.
SEVEN (7) OBJECTIVES OF URBAN DESIGN RELATING TO THE
CONCEPT OF PLACE
(England's DoE Planning Policy Guidance, 1997)
1. CHARACTER: A place with its own identity;
2. CONTINUITY & ENCLOSURE: A place where public and
private
i spaces are clearly
l l di distinguished;
i i h d
3. QUALITY OF THE PUBLIC REALM: A place with attractive and
successful outdoor areas;
4 EASE OF MOVEMENT: A place that is easy to get to and move
4.
through;
5. LEGIBILITY: A place that has a clear image and is easy to
understand;
6. ADAPTABILITY: A place that can change easily;
7. DIVERSITY: A place with variety and choice.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

41
NINE (9) PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN (HLURB Guidebook)
6. WORK WITH NATURE
1. DESIGN FOR ALL
 Places must balance the natural and the man-made environment to maximize
 Urban Design should involve people, local communities and those likely to
resource conservation and amenity
move in;
 Urban Design does not belong to one group,
group it involves different stakeholders
representing different interests. (Llewellyn-Davies) 7. MIX USES AND FORMS
 Stimulating, enjoyable and convenient places meet the various needs of the
greatest number of users;
2. CREATE PLACES FOR PEOPLE
 They also mix different buildings, uses, ownership, leases, and densities.
 Places must be safe,, comfortable,, varied and attractive,, to be well-used and
well-loved;
 Places need to be distinctive, and offer variety, choice and fun; 8. MANAGE THE INVESTMENT
 Vibrant places offer opportunities for meeting people, playing in recreational  Projects must be economically viable, well managed and maintained; This means:
spaces and watching the world go by.  Understanding the market considerations of developers;
 Ensuring long term commitment from the community and the local
authority;
3. CONSERVE HERITAGE
 Defining appropriate delivery mechanisms and seeing this as part of the
 New development should conserve monuments, group of buildings, or sites of
design process.
cultural importance, and natural features, geological and physiographical
formations and natural sites of national importance
9 DESIGN FOR CHANGE
9.
 New development needs to be flexible enough to respond to future changes in
4. ENRICH THE EXISTING use, lifestyle and demography; This means:
 New development should enrich and complement existing places  Designing for energy and resource efficiency;
 Creating flexibility in the use of property, public spaces and the service
5. MAKE CONNECTIONS infrastructure;
 Places need to be accessible and integrated with their surroundings;  Introducing new approaches to transportation, traffic management and
 One must be able to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport, and car - in parking.
that particular order.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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FRAMEWORK & PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

42

10 PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK CHARTER FOR NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES

(Francis Tibbalds) (Congress for New Urbanism)

1.
1 CONTEXTUALITY: Consider places before buildings; 1.
1 Neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population;
2. CONTINUITY-AFFINITY: Have the humility to learn from the 2. Communities should be designed for the pedestrian and for
past and respect your context; transit, as well as for the car;
3. INTEGRATIONABILITY: Encourage the mixing of uses in towns 3. Cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and
and cities; universally accessible public spaces and community
4. PERSONABILITY: Design on a human scale; institutions;
5. WALKABILITY: Encourage the freedom to walk about; 4. Urban places should be framed by Architecture and Landscape
6
6. INCLUSIVITY: Cater for all sections of the community and Design that celebrate local history,
history climate,
climate ecology and
consult with them; building practice.
7. LEGIBILITY: Build legible, recognizable or understandable
environments; Note: The Charter also asserted principles to guide public policy,
8. ADAPTABILITY: Build to last and adapt; development practice, planning and design, at the scales of
9. GRADUALITY- INCREMENTALITY: Avoid change on too great a region (metropolis, city and town), neighbourhood (district and
scale at the same time; corridor) and block (street and building)
10. LIVABILITY- CONVIVIALITY: With all the means available,
LIVABILITY
promote intricacy, joy and visual delight in the built
environment.
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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43

URBAN SPACE :
ARROCEROS FOREST PARK
A.Villegas
g St.,, Ermita
Ermita,, Manila
 URD Week 07
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44

PLAN
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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45
DESIGN: Arroceros Forest Park

9 KEY ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

(Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. Von Hausen
Hausen))

1. PEOPLE (the heartbeat)

2
2. HERITAGE (the past physical and symbolic place)
3. MIXED LAND USE (including mixed horizontal and vertical uses)
4. ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (natural form
form--makers)
5. BUILDING FORM & MASSING (from the outside in – integration)
6. CIRCULATION, TRANSIT, & PARKING (move people, not cars)
7. PUBLIC REALM (public, semiprivate, and private)
8. PEDESTRIAN WAYS & BIKEWAYS (greenways and blueways)
blueways)
9. ACTIVITIES & ACTIVITY GENERATION (urban magnets)
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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46
EXECUTION:
C O Arroceros
A Forest Park
P k

10 KEY PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

(Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. Von Hausen
Hausen))

1
1. Context determines site form
2. Design should save and celebrate the place
3
3. Design recognizes natural features critical
form--makers
form
4. The design needs to fit the scale and location
5. Movement systems should move people, not cars

6. Multiple, flex, and mixed uses are keystones to sustainability

7. Diversity needs to be planned for

8. The public realm should be incorporated as a central component

9. The urban form should be compact and safe

10 Community building is an integral part of

10.
the urban design process
 UNIT 07 | Dynamic Urban Design URD Week 07
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47
EXECUTION: Other Elements
10 KEY PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN
(Dynamic Urban Design by: Michael A. Von Hausen
Hausen))
1. Context determines site form
2. Design should save and celebrate the place

3. Design recognizes natural features critical form

form--makers

4. The design needs to fit the scale and

location
5. Movement systems should move people,
not cars
6. Multiple, flex, and mixed uses are keystones
to sustainability
7
7. Diversity needs to be planned for

8. The public realm should be incorporated

as a central component
9. The urban form should be compact and safe
10. Community building is an integral part of the urban design process
CLUSTER 03 Framework & Principles URD-Week 08
SL-Session#8

UNIT 06 | COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE: IIn th
the C
Context
t t off U
Urban
b D Design
i

UNIT 07 | DYNAMIC URBAN DESIGN: Creating Sustainable Communities

UNIT 08 | URBAN DESIGN THINKING: Towards Responsive Environments

 URD-Week 08
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MODULE TWO: CLUSTER 03

UNIT 08 MINI
MINI--LECTURE
*URBAN DESIGN THINKING:
**Towards Responsive Environments

*Excerpts from Urban Design Thinking by: Kim Dovey

**Excerpts
Excerpts from Responsive Environments by:
by: Ian Bently et al.
al
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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URBAN DESIGN THINKING 50

INTRODUCTION*
 Designed to inspire critical thinking about Urban Design;
 Aimed to inspire a better quality of Urban Design but this is not about ‘best
practice’;
 First conceptual thread: the concept of an urban DMA – an alliance of Density,
Density Mix
and Access;
 DMA is a synergy between the ways cities concentrate people and buildings, the
ways they
h mix d differences
ff together
h andd the
h networksk people
l use to get aroundd the
h
city;
 A second thread is to draw out interconnections between objective
j and subjective,
j ,
measurable and non-
non-measurable dimensions of the city;
 What is ultimately at stake in Urban Design Thinking is the future of this great
cauldron of productivity and creativity called urbanity.
urbanity

*Excerpts from Urban Design Thinking by: Kim Dovey

 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS 51
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION**
 Responsive environments are concerned with those areas of design which most
frequently seem to go wrong;
wrong;
 It seek to answer why modern Architecture and Urban Design are so often
criticized as inhuman and repressive, despite the high social and political ideals
shared by so many influential designers over the last hundred years
years;;
 The tragedy of modern design seems that designers never made a concerted
effort to work out the form implications of their social and political ideals.
ideals. The
very strength of their commitment to these ideals seems to have led designers to
feel that a concentration on form itself was somehow superficial
superficial;;
 This is a practical attempt to show that ideals are not enough
enough:: they have to be
linked through appropriate design ideas to the fabric of the built environment
environment;;
 It may start from the idea that the built environment should provide its users
with an essentially democratic setting, enriching their opportunities by
maximizing the degree of choice available to them, and which such places are
called responsive
responsive..
**Excerpts from Responsive Environments by: Bently
Bently,, McGlynn,
McGlynn, Murrain, Smith
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS: Qualities 52

7 QUALITIES OF RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS  This list is not exhaustive
exhaustive, but it covers the key issues in
(Bentley et al.) making places responsive;

1. PERMEABILITY: The qqualityy that affects where p

people
p can  Its purpose is to show how these qualities can be achieved in
go, and where they cannot; the design of buildings and outdoor places;
2. VARIETY: The quality that affects the range of uses
available to people;  Approaches
pp in p
puttingg the 7 QQualities together:
g
3. LEGIBILITY: The quality that affects how easily people can 1. Permeability: designing the overall layout of routes and
understand what opportunities it offers; development blocks.
4. ROBUSTNESS: The quality that affects the degree to which 2. Variety: locating uses on the site.
people can use a given place for different purposes; 3. Legibility: designing the massing of the buildings, and
5. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS: The quality that affects the enclosure of public space.
whether the detailed appearance of the place makes people 4. Robustness: designing the spatial and constructional
aware off the
h choices
h i available;
il bl arrangementt off individual
i di id l buildings
b ildi and
d outdoor
td places.
l
6. RICHNESS: The quality that affects people's choice of 5. Visual Appropriateness: designing the external image
sensory experiences; 6. Richness: developing the design for sensory choice
7 PERSONALISATION: The quality that affects the extent to
7. 7 Personalisation: making the design encourage people
7.
which people can put their own stamp on a place. to put their own mark on the places where they live
and work.
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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PERMEABILITY 53

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS:
How to Achieve Permeability

1. Analyze the streets and blocks of the surrounding area,

to establish the relative importance of all access
points to the site.
2. Locate new routes through the site.
3. Analyze traffic roles of all the proposed new streets,
and check the street widths and junction designs are
acceptable
p to the Traffic Engineers.
g
4. Check that the blocks defined by the new streets are
of practicable sizes.
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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VARIETY 54

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
IMPLICATIONS:
How to Encourage Variety
1 Take the block structure from the preceding section as the starting
1.
point for developing variety
2. Considering the widest appropriate range of uses, assess both demand
and
d agencies
g i which
hi h could
ld provide
id accommodation
d ti tto meett it
it.
3. Locate magnets so that pedestrian flow will foster those uses which
need it.
4. Locate remaining uses to minimize negative interactions between
them.
5 Calculate
5. C l l t all
ll costs
t off scheme.
h
6. Calculate project value.
7 Check economic feasibility
7. feasibility, and commitment of development
agencies involved.
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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LEGIBILITY 55
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS:
How to Achieve Legibility
1. Take the street/block layout and schedule of accommodation from the
preceding sections as the starting point for developing legibility.
legibility
2. Asses the existing legibility potential of the site and its surroundings.
3. Check this assessment against the views of a wider public, as far as resources
permit.
4. Adjust the project’s street/block layout to make the best use of the legibility
potential of existing elements on and around the site.
5. Assess which district the site belongs to, and the consequent design
implications.
6. Where the project’s
project s district has strong path themes, develop an appropriate
vocabulary of building heights and street widths for the new design.
7. Check that path enclosure is adequate for legibility.
8
8. Reinforce legibility of nodes within the scheme,
scheme according to their relative
importance.
9. Introduce intermediate markers into the path system if necessary.
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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56
ROBUSTNESS
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS:
How to Achieve Robustness
1. Select the most robust configuration for any family houses in the
scheme.
h
2. In other buildings, locate all the elements of accommodation together
in plan and section, working within the enumerated constraints
3. Adjust room sizes and details to maximize small
small--scale robustness.
4. Design private open space for housing.
5. Design the edges between buildings and public space to support as
wide a range of likely uses as possible.
6 Design all public spaces in detail,
6. detail as follows:
• Busy vehicular streets
• Shared street spaces
• Pedestrian spaces
7. Check the microclimatic design.
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VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS 57

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
IMPLICATIONS:
How to Achieve Visual Appropriateness
1 Take the design from the preceding section as the starting point for
1.
developing visual appropriateness.
2. Establish detailed objectives for each publicly
publicly--visible surface in the
scheme,
h specifying
if i g which
hi h off th
the responsive
i qualities
liti are tto b
be
communicated to each relevant user group.
3. Find the necessary vocabulary of contextual cues needed to achieve
these objectives.
4. Consider implications of contextual cues in achieving objectives about
legibility.
5. Consider implications of use cues in achieving objectives about variety
and robustness.
6. Employ contextual cues and use cues in the final design of each
surface.
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RICHNESS 58
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS:
How to Achieve Richness
1. Take the detailed design from the preceding section as the basis for
d
developing
l i ffurther
th richness.
i h
2. Decide which locations have potential for non
non--visual richness, and
design for kinetic experience, smell, hearing and touch.
3. Analyze the various surfaces of the scheme, to assess the most
appropriate strategies for achieving visual contrasts.
4 A
4. Analyze
l lik
likely
l viewing
i i di distances
t and
d ti
times ffor each
h surface,
f and
d th
the
relative numbers of people concerned.
5. Develop each of the surfaces designed in the preceding section;
increasing its richness over its full range of viewing distances.
6. Develop extra richness for those surfaces which are likely to be
viewed for long periods.
7. Check feasibility in terms of materials and techniques, and amend
design if necessary.
 UNIT 08 | Urban Design Thinking URD Week 08
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PERSONALISATION 59

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS:
How to Encourage Personalisation

1. Take the design from the preceding section as the starting

point for developing
p p g the p
project
j to support
pp
personalisation..
personalisation
2. Develop the detailed design of internal surfaces.
3. Develop the detailed design of thresholds, both internal
and external.
4. Develop
p the detailed design
g of windows
5. Develop the detailed design of external surfaces. Assess
likely effects of publicly-
publicly-visible personalisation
personalisation,, and
amend the design if necessary.
necessary
Thanks
a s and
a d God bless. 60

REFERENCES:
 Urban Design: A Typology of Procedures & Products by: Jon Lang
 Time--Saver Standards for Urban Design by: Watson,
Time Watson Plattus & Shibley
 The Image of the City by: Kevin Lynch
 CLUP Guidebook 2014 Volume 2 by: HLURB
 Contemporary Urban Planning by: John Levy
 Community Architecture by: Wates & Knevitt
 Dynamic Urban Design by: von Hausen
 Urban Design Thinking by: Dovey
 Responsive Environments by: Bentley et al.

IMAGE SOURCES:
 D namic Urban Design by:
Dynamic b :MM.A.VON
A VON HAUSEN
 Photo Documentation of MALMOITE
 CPDO--MNL Files
CPDO