I.

HEALTH, WELLNESS and ILLNESS

HEALTH
Nightingale, 1969 Ability of the person to maintain a state of wellness, and using every
power an individual possess to the fullest extent
WHO 1948 Is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
WHO Ottawa Charter for Is a "resource for everyday life, not the objective of living", and "health is
Health Promotion” 1986 a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as
physical capacities."
Table 2.0 Definitions of Health

WELLNESS
 Wellness is generally used to mean a healthy balance of the mind-body and spirit that results in
an overall feeling of well-being
 It is the physical state of good health as well as the mental ability to enjoy and appreciate being
healthy and fit.

MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS

 CLINICAL MODEL – health is viewed as absence of signs and symptoms

 ADAPTIVE MODEL – a person is healthy if he/she can adapt to the different stressors of life.
 ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL – an individual is healthy if he can satisfy societal roles, or ability
to fulfill his/her duty or work
 EUDAEMONISTIC MODEL – refers to the actualization of ones potentials
SELF-ACTUALIZATION

SELF-ESTEEM

LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PHYSIOLOGIC NEEDS

Figure 2.0 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - describes the lifelong needs one must satisfy in a hierarchical manner in
order to achieve
fulfillment and complete development, which is a goal of the eudemonistic model.

 HEALTH - ILLNESS CONTINUUM – a predictive grid that displays the likelihood of

a person to participate in preventive health care
 Figure 2.1 Health-Illness Continuum

Health-Illness Continuum, as shown here, represents the process of achieving high levels of wellness or
the consequences of unhealthy lifestyle. In this figure, there are three parameters on how to achieve
high levels of wellness. These are: (A) – Awareness, (E) – Education, and (G) Growth. Otherwise, an
individual who continuously live an unhealthy lifestyle, will be on the other side of the grid, and would
develop the following: (S) – signs and symptoms (S) –syndromes, and (D) – Disorder or disability which
may lead disease or premature death.

 AGENT - HOST - ENVIRONMENT MODEL – primarily used to predict an illness.

Agent - Any environmental factor or stressor, chemical, mechanical, physical,
psychosocial that by its
presence or absence can lead to illness or disease
Host -Persons who may or may not be at risk of acquiring the disease
Environment -All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the
person to the
development of the disease

 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

o Helps determine whether an individual is likely to participate in disease prevention and
health promotion activities.
o Useful tools in developing programs for helping people change to healthier lifestyles and
develop a more positive attitude toward preventive health measures.
Components:
Individual perceptions – includes perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and threat
Modifying factors – includes demographic variables, sociophysiologic variables,
structural variables, and
cues to action
Likelihood to action – depends on the perceived benefit versus the perceived barriers.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ILLNESS AND DISEASE:

Acute illness – severe symptoms but short duration which may or may not require medical
interventions.
Chronic illness – longer duration with periods of remission and exacerbation.

STAGES OF ILLNESS:
STAGE 1 (Symptom experience)
STAGE 2 (Assumption of the sick role)
STAGE 3 (Medical Care contact)
STAGE 4 (Dependent Client Role)
STAGE 5 (Recovery or Rehabilitation)
 II. NURSING INFORMATICS
Nursing Informatics
– is the integration of computer, information, and nursing science.
 Assists the management and processing of nursing data, information, and knowledge to support
nursing practice, education, research, and administration.
 is the science of using computer information systems in the practice of nursing. (Kozier et.al)

TELE-NURSING - the branch of telehealth that involves actual nursing and client interaction through the
medium of
information technology.

Benefits of Tele-nursing:
 Nurses can actually view healing wounds
 can access physiological monitoring equipment to measure physical indicators such
as vital signs
 provide routine assessment and follow-up carewithout the client having to travel to the
health care agency for an appointment.

E-HEALTH - is a client-centered World Wide Web-based network where clients and health care providers
collaborate
through ICT mediums to research, seek, manage, deliver, refer, arrange, and consult with others
about health related information and concerns

LEVEL OF EXPERTISE AND COMPETENCIES IN NURSING INFORMATICS

Levels of Expertise:
 Beginner, entry or user level - indicates nurses who demonstrate core nursing
informatics competencies.
 Intermediate or modifier level - indicates nurses who demonstrate intermediate
nursing informatics competencies.
 Advanced or innovator level of competency - indicates nurses who demonstrate
advanced and specialized nursing informatics competencies

Competencies:

 Technical - are related to the actual psychomotor use of computers and other
technological equipment.
 Utility - related to the process of using computers and other technological equipment
within nursing practice, education, research and administration
 Leadership - are related to the ethical and management issues related to using
computers and other technological equipment within nursing practice, education,
research and administration