1.

Lien: Lien means the right of the creditor to retain the goods and
securities owned by the debtors until the debt due from him is
repaid. 

General lien refer to right of a person to retain possession of any movable

goods belonging todebtor, as security against a general balance of the account,
until the debts are cleared by the owner. Example – Banker’s Lien is general
lien and he can retain possession of goods or securities until the debt has
cleared.

General lien can be exercised for any goods. In case of general lien, bailee has
no right to sell the goods to discharge the outstanding amount. General lien is
available to bankers,

 Particular lien implies a right of the bailee to retain specific goods bailed for
non-payment of an amount.

 Particular Lien is the right of person to keep possession of specific goods or

securities, until the charges related to those goods are cleared. Particular lien is
available only against the goods with respect to which services are rendered. In
case of particular lien, bailee has no right to sell the goods to recover the debt
but in special condition, the right is conferred. Whereas particular lien is
employed by a bailee,

 Ex: A tailor has the light to retain the clothes made by him for his customers
until his tailoring charge is paid by customers.

2. Pledge: Pledge means bailment of goods as security against the loan. Pledged

assets can include stocks, bonds, and other equity or securities.

Plus text book 270.

3. Mortgage: text book 273

4. Hypothecation occurs when an asset is pledged as collateral to secure a
loan. The owner of the asset does not give up title, possession, or
ownership rights, such as income generated by the asset. However, the
lender can seize the asset if the terms of the agreement are not met.

A rental property, for example, may undergo hypothecation as collateral

against a mortgage issued by a bank. While the property remains
collateral, the bank has no claim on rental income that comes in; however,
if the landlord defaults on the loan, the bank may seize the property.