UG. 8 FLUED OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS (a) Flued openings in shells and formed heads made by inward or outward forming of the head plate shall meet, the requirements for reinforcement in UG-37. The thick- ness of the flued flange shall also meet the requirements, of UG-27 and/or UG-28, as applicable, where L as used in, UG-28 is the minimum depth of flange as shown in Figure UG-38, The minimum thickness of the flued flange on a vessel subject to both internal and external pressure shall, be the larger of the two thicknesses as determined above. (6) The minimum depth of flange of a flued in opening exceeding 6 in. (150 mm) in any inside dimension, when not stayed by an attached pipe or flue, shall equal 3¢,or (t, + 3in,) (for SI units, ¢, +75 mm), whichever is ess, where tis the required shell or head thickness. The depth of flange shall be determined by placing a straight edge across the side opposite the flued opening along the major axis and measuring from the straightedge to the edge of the flanged opening (see Figure UG-38). (©) There is no minimum depth of flange requirement for fued out openings. (4) The minimum width of bearing surface for a gasket on a self-sealing flued opening shall be in accordance with UG-460). UG-39 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS AND COVERS (a) General. The rules in this paragraph apply to all ‘openings in flat heads except opening(s) that do not ex- ceed the size and spacing limits in UG-36(c)(3) and do not exceed one-fourth the head diameter or shortest span. Electric immersion heater support plates (see 41-3) may be designed in accordance with the rules of this para- graph or Mandatory Appendix 41, Figure UG. (0) Single and multiple openings in flat heads that have diameters equal to or less than one-half the head dia- meter may be reinforced as follows: (1) Flat heads that have a single opening with a dia- meter that does not exceed one-half the head diameter or shortest span, as defined in UG-34, shall have a total, cross-sectional area of reinforcement for all planes ‘through the center of the opening not less than that given, by the formula A= 0848+ t%5 (1 fa) where d ty and frs are defined in UG-37 and ¢ in UG-34, (2) Multiple openings none of which have diameters ‘exceeding one-half the head diameter and no pair having an average diameter greater than one-quarter the head diameter may be retnforced individually as required by (1) above when the spacing between any pair of adjacent ‘openings is equal to or greater than twice the average dia- meter ofthe pair. ‘When spacing between adjacent openings is less than ‘twice but equal to or more than 11 the average diameter of the pair, the required reinforcement for each opening in the pair, as determined by (1) above, shall be summed together and then distributed such that 50% of the sum is located between the two openings. Spacings of less than js the average diameter of adjacent openings shall be treated by rules of U-2(2). @) Referencing Figure UG-39, sketch (a), the liga- iment between two adjacent openings (U, U2, or Us) shall not be less than one-quarter of the diameter of the smaller of the two openings in the pair. The radial dis- tance between the inner edge of the opening (Us, Us, or U,) and the dimension d as shown in Figure UG-34 and Figure UG-39, sketch (a) shall not be less than one- ‘quarter of the diameter ofthat one opening.