Lecture 1 - Introduction and Overview - B

ECE 333 – GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY
1. Introduction and Overview
George Gross
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 86
THE GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
❑ We view the electric energy within the global
energy context
❑ We discuss the two key aspects of demand
 population growth
 future demand growth
❑ We examine the energy supply picture and the
impacts on greenhouse gases

WORLD POPULATION
7.8
2020
6.9
2.5
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
2020 – 7.79 billion 2060 – 10.18 billion
Oceania Oceania
1%
Latin N-America Latin
N-America 1% Europe
America & Africa America &
Caribbean 5% 4% 7%
Caribbean
8% 17% 8%
Africa
Europe
10%
28%
59% 52%
Asia
Asia
Source: UN, Population Division; http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm
1980 – 2011 ENERGY DEMAND
TRENDS
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
Source: EIA, 2010; data exclude biomass

million toe
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION MIX:
1995 – 2020
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.12; available at https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-
sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
%
40
oil
30
coal
natural gas
20
10
hydroelectricity
nuclear
renewables 0
95 00 05 10 15 20
GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GROWTH
FORECAST UP TO 2050
250 historical forecast renewables
petroleum and other
Source: US energy information administration, international energy outlook 2019

liquids (includes biofuels)
natural gas
200
coal
150
quads
100
50 nuclear
0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
EIA GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
FORECAST
primary energy primary energy sources
500 consumption for electricity generation
250
all other
400 uses 200
renewables
300
quads
150
quads
power
generation
200 100 coal
natural gas
100 50 nuclear
liquids
0 0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019
GLOBAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
FORECAST BY REGION
200
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019

180 r.o.w.
160
140
China
120
quads
100
80 China and India are the
largest projected electricity India
60
users other
40
non-OECD Asia
20
Africa
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
2020 WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf; p.11
source consumption (exajoules)
Source: BP Statistical Review of the World 2021 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-

oil 173.73
coal 137.62
natural gas 151.42
hydroelectric power 23.98
nuclear power 38.16
renewables 31.71
total consumption 556.63
GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
1994 – 2020
sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf exajoules
600
500
coal 400
1994 – 2020 :
300
natural gas
200
oil 100
0
95 00 05 10 15 20
2020 WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY REGION

renewables hydroelectricity nuclear coal natural gas oil
sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
%
North S & Cent. Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific
America America
GLOBAL OIL PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION BY REGION
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.27; https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-eco
nomics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
GEOGRAPHIC MISALIGNMENT OF
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
N. America, Europe, Asia Pacific rest of the world
oil gas coal
100
Source: BP Statistical Review of the World Energy 2021

80
percentage
60
75.9 92.6
40 79.4
63.7
20
17.4 18.6
0 consumption reserves consumption reserves consumption reserves
CRUDE OIL PRICES: 1861- 2020
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.28; https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-
economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURES
Source: https://twitter.com/BerkeleyEarth/status/1370399866204086272/photo/1
the change over the period 1860-2000 is about 1 º C
KEELING CURVE
Charles D. Keeling
(1928 – 2005)
COMPELLING EVIDENCE
natural forcing only
natural (solar + volcanic) forcing
alone does not account for warming
in the past 50 years
anthropogenic forcing only
natural + anthropogenic forcing
adding human influences (greenhouse

gases + sulfate aerosols) brings the models
and observations into close agreement
CO2 EMISSIONS: HISTORICAL AND
FORECAST
40
.exxonmobil.com/-/media/Global/Files/outlook-for-energy/2018-Outlook-for-Energy.pdf
Source: The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040, p. 30, available at https://corporate
Middle East
Africa
30 Latin America
Russia/Caspian
billion tons
historical forecast
other Asia Pacific
20
China
10
Europe
North America
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
COAL CAPACITY ANNUAL
ADDITIONS AND RETIREMENTS
Source: The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040, p.30, available at https://am.jpmorgan.com
/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/future-shock-amv.pdf
100
80
60
40
other additions
GW
20 China net
additions
0
US/EU
net retirements
-20 other
retirements
-40
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
EMISSION HETEROGENEITIES
12
China
10
billion tons of CO2
Source: International Energy Agency

U.S.
6
2009
4
0
‘90 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30
year
CHINA GENERATION CAPACITY
Sources: NYT article using China National Bureau of Statistics

4 000,00
data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.50

3 000,00
TWh
2 000,00
China consumed
50.7 % of 2020 1 000,00
global coal
production 0,00
GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM
FOSSIL FUELS
en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2020.pdf； p.54
Source: BP, Energy Outlook 2020. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/
40
business as usual
35
30 rapid
Gt of CO2
25
net zero IPCC 2 °C
20 median
well
15 IPCC 1.5 °C below
median 2 °C
10
5 1.5 °C
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY
❑ Energy security: fuel supply resources for the
future
❑ Economic growth: accommodation of the
developing nations’ needs
❑ Environmental effects: global warming and
emission control
❑ Electricity system reliability: assurance of the
electric power infrastructure integrity/resilience
GLOBAL LACK OF ELECTRICITY
ACCESS: SLOW PROGRESS
Source: REN 21 at https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2018_Full-Report_English.pdf; p.127
GLOBAL LACK OF CLEAN COOKING
ACCESS: SLOWER PROGRESS
Source: REN 21
GLOBAL LACK OF ELECTRICITY AND
CLEAN COOKING ACCESS
Source: REN 21 at https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf; p. 166
SUSTAINABILITY
❑ Sustainable development refers to living, production

and consumption in a manner and at a level that
meets the present needs without unduly impacting
the ability to meet needs of future generations
❑ The World Commission on Environment and Develop-
ment set up by the UN issued a seminal report in
1987; the so-called Brundtland Report entitled Our
Common Future established the concept and
SUSTAINABILITY
definition of sustainable development:

"Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:
 the concept of needs, in particular the essential
needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
priority should be given; and
 the idea of limitations imposed by the state of tech-
nology and social organization on the environ-
ment's ability to meet present and future needs."
SUSTAINABILITY
❑ The major thrust of the report was to explicitly
recognize that the scale and unevenness of
economic development and population growth
continue to place unprecedented pressures on the
planet’s land, water and other natural resources
and, in the absence of constraints, are sufficiently
severe to wipe out regional populations and, over
the longer term, to lead to global catastrophes
❑ Sustainability is a key guiding principle in policy
formulation in many nations, states and localities
UN’s SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
❑ In 2015, 193 countries gathered at the UN to adopt
and commit to a comprehensive, long-term,
strategy to tackle the world’s greatest challenges
related to global sustainable development
❑ The UN issued the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), and known as the Global Goals, to serve
as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect
the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy
peace and prosperity
UN’s SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
❑ The 17 SDGs are designed to end poverty, AIDS,
hunger and discrimination against women/girls
❑ The implementation of the SDGs must carefully
balance social, economic and environmental
sustainability
❑ The creativity, knowhow, technology and
financial resources from all of society is
necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context
❑ All countries have committed to prioritize
progress for those who are furthest behind
THE 17 SDGs
no. name goal
1 no poverty eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere
2 zero hunger end hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3 good health ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
and well-being all at all ages
4 quality ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5 gender equality achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls
6 clean water and ensure availability and sustainable management
sanitation of water and sanitation for all
7 affordable and ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
clean energy and modern energy for all
THE 17 SDGs
no. name goal
8 decent work and promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
9 industry, build resilient infrastructure, promote
innovation and inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
infrastructure foster innovation
10 reduced inequality reduce inequality within and among countries
11 sustainable cities make cities and human settlements inclusive,
and communities safe, resilient and sustainable
12 responsible ensure sustainable consumption and
consumption and production patterns
production
13 climate action take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts
THE 17 SDGs
no. name goal
14 life below conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
water marine resources for sustainable development
15 life on land protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16 peace and promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

justice strong sustainable development, provide access to justice
institutions for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
17 partnerships strengthen the means of implementation and

to achieve revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
the goal development
ROLE OF RENEWABLES IS OF
GROWING IMPORTANCE
2020 US GENERATION BY SOURCE
Source: EIA, June 2021, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
4.009 trillion kWh

other renewable
sources 12.5 %
coal
hydro 7.3 % 19.3 %
petroleum/other
gases 0.4 % natural gas
40.3 %
nuclear 19.7 %
2020 NET GENERATION OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Source: EIA, June 2021, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
792 TWh
wind 44.0 %
wood and biomass 4.8 %

geothermal 2.2 %
hydroelectric
37.6 % solar 11.8 %
2019 RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE OF
GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Source: REN 21 at https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf; p.48
US POPULATION DENSITY AND
RENEWABLE RESOURCE LOCATIONS
Source: http://www.census.gov/popest/data/maps/2009/PopDensity_09.jpg
wind
solar
RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS
Source: Berkeley Lab (Feb 2021), available online at https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/rps_status_update-2021_early_release.pdf; p. 9
ANNUAL ADDITION OF RENEWABLE
POWER CAPACITY: 2014 – 2020
solar PV over
150 291 GW
wind power added
hydropower in 2020
content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf ； p.52
120
addition by technology (GW)
Source: Ren21 GSR 2021: https://www.ren21.net/wp-

bio-power,
geothermal,
ocean power,
90
CSP
60
30
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
total capacity
added = 350 GW
INSTALLED IN 2020
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved.
GLOBAL GENERATION CAPACITY
Source: SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021-2025; available at
https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/uploads//07/SolarPower-Eu
rope_GlobalMarket-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V2.pdf2021?cf_id=36783; p. 7
128
GLOBAL NET ELECTRICITY
GENERATION SOURCES
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2019; available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41533
45
historical forecast
2019 snapshot:
27.3 % of world
electricity produced
billion MWh
30
by renewables
2050 forecast:
15
over 50 % of world
electricity produced
all other by renewables
fuels
0
1990 2010 2020 2030 2050
SHARE OF GLOBAL RENEWABLE
CAPACITY AND GENERATION: 2008 – 2019
Source: IRENA (2019)
share %
80.48%
80
share of renewable resource

60
capacity of the added capacity
share of renewable power capacity

40
of the cumulative global capacity
33.3%
27.3%
20
renewable energy share
of global electricity
2.6%
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
solar energy share of global electricity

LEVELIZED COSTS OF NEWLY–BUILT
WIND AND SOLAR RESOURCES
loads/2021/07/SolarPower-Europe_Global-Market-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V3.pdf?cf_id=38902; p. 9
300
Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/up

250
solar
200
$ / MWh
nuclear 163
150
coal 112
100
CCGT 59
50 wind 40
37
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
conventional renewable energy
$/MWh
ELECTRICITY COSTS TRENDS: LCOE
Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD; https://www.lazard.com/media/451419/lazards-

levelized-cost-of-energy-version-140.pdf; p. 4
132
LEVELIZED COSTS OF NEWLY–BUILT
WIND AND SOLAR RESOURCES
Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD; https://www.lazard.com/media/451419/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-140.pdf; p. 8
levelized cost of new-build marginal cost of selected existing

wind and solar conventional generation
60
50
unsubsidized
$ / MWh
40 solar PV
30
wind
20 unsubsidized subsidized
wind solar PV
CCGT
10
subsidized wind
0 coal nuclear gas-combined
onshore onshore solar PV- solar PV-
wind thin film thin film cycle
wind
(subsidized) utility scale utility scale
(subsidized)
UNSUBSIDIZED RENEWABLE LCOEs
unsubsidized wind LCOE unsubsidized solar PV LCOE
Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD; https://www.lazard.com/media/451

419/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-140.pdf; p. 10
$ / MWh
$ / MWh
wind average crystalline

wind average LCOE utility-scale solar LCOE
LCOE COMPARISON: 2020
loads/2021/07/SolarPower-Europe_Global-Market-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V3.pdf?cf_id=38902; p. 10
250
Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/up

200
2020 $ / MWh
150
100
50
0
residential C&I utility-scale CCGT coal nuclear uility - scale gas peaker
PV PV PV PV + storage
SOME LOW SOLAR PRICES IN THE
2020 AUCTIONS
Source: Solar Power Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021-2025; all prices in 2020 USD; available at
https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2021-2025/; p.11
3.48
3.15
3
2.69 2.72 2.74
US ¢ / kWh
2
1.50 1.57 1.61
1.32 1.35
1
OECD COUNTRIES’ ANNUAL SOLAR
GENERATION/GROWTH RATE: 2010 – 2020
Source: IEA (2021), Key electricity trends 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/articles/key-electricity-trends-2020
%
solar generation annual growth rate
500 200
400 160
300 120
TWh
200 80
100 40
0 0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
GLOBAL NET SOLAR GENERATION
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook; available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41533
9 Middle
history forecast East
US
OECD
Europe
6
billion MWh
India
3 China
r. o. t. w.
0
1990 2010 2020 2030 2050
US: MORE THAN 2,500
UTILITY – SCALE PV SYSTEMS
Source: EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory, November 2018,

available online at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38272
1,000
0
< 1 MW 1–5 MW 5–10 MW 10–20 MW 20–50 MW > 50 MW
US 2020 UTILITY – SCALE PV PLANT
GENERATION
billion kWh
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/solar/where-solar-is-found.php
Source: EIA, Solar Explained, March 2021, available online at
5.265
30.514
8.933
5.998
7.907 6.559
WIND FARMS
2005 – 2020 GLOBAL WIND
CAPACITY
800
Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, p.53; available at https://gwec.net/wp-

743
700
651
content/uploads/2021/03/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2021.pdf
591
600
540
500
488
433
GW
400 370
319
300 283
238
198
200 159
121
74 94
100 59
GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY ADDITIONS
IN 2020
Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, available at https://gwec.net/wp-
rest of world 11 %
Australia 2 %
Argentina 2 %
Germany 2 % PR China 56 %
Mexico 2 % rest of world

France 2 % 1%
Sweden 3 %
86.9 GW Belgium China 50 %
12 %
Netherlands 6.1 GW
25 %
Spain 4 % Germany
4%
United Kingdom
USA 19 % 8%
India 4 %
on shore off – shore
TOTAL GLOBAL WIND INSTALLED
CAPACITY: 2020
Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, available at https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2021.pdf; p.53
rest of world 16 %
PR China 39 %
Italy 1 %
UK 2 %
rest of world 7 % UK 29 %
Canada 2 %
Brazil 3 % Belgium
France 3 % 707.4 GW 6%
Netherlands
Spain 4 % 7%
35.3 GW
China 28 %
India 5 %
Germany 22 %
Germany 8 %
USA 17 %
on shore off –shore
2020 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TOTAL
INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY
Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, p.53; available at https://gwec.net/wp-

r.o.t.w 138,276
Turkey 9,280
Sweden 9,811
Canada 13,577
Brazil 17,750 world total: 742,689 MW
France 17,946
UK 23,937
India 38,625
Germany 62,850
US 122,317
China 288,320
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
2020 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY BY
REGION
https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2021.pdf
Africa & Middle East 1.0 %
Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, available at

Americas
Europe 22.8 %
29.5 %
Pacific Asia
46.7 %
total installed capacity: 742,689 MW

2020 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY
region installed capacity in MW

Africa & Middle East 7,427
Americas 169,333
Asia Pacific 346,836
Europe 219,093
global installed capacity 742,689

US ANNUAL AND CUMULATIVE WIND
INSTALLED CAPACITY: 2000 - 2020
Source: American clean power 2021, q1; available at https://cleanpower.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/05/CPQ-2021Q1_public.pdf; p. 14 cumulative wind capacity (MW)
annual wind capacity additions (MW)
16,000 120,000
14,000 105,000
12,000 90,000
10,000 75,000
8,000 60,000
6,000 45,000
4,000 30,000
2,000 15,000
0 0
2000
2002
2001
2003
2016
2014
2020
2013
2019
2009
2010
2008
2012
2017
2018
2004
2004
2006
2007
2015
2011
US WIND DEVELOPMENTS IN 2020
❑ Wind installed power capacity exceeds the US

hydro capacity since 2016; as such, wind became
the largest capacity RER today in the US
❑ New wind capacity added in 2020 exceeded 16 GW
❑ Total installed wind capacity was above 120 GW
❑ The US wind industry employed 116,801 persons in
2020, according to the ACPA
❑ Wind turbine technician is among the fastest
growing jobs in the US
2019 US WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p.4; available at https://cleanpower.org/wp-

content/uploads/2021/01/AWEA_Offshore-Wind-Economic-ImpactsV3.pdf
WIND ENERGY REDUCES US GHG
EMISSIONS
Source: https://www.awea.org/wind-101/benefits-of-wind/environmental-benefits
189 million
metric tons
of CO2
201 (198) million

metric tons
of CO2 avoided in 2018
(2019) , equivalent to the
emissions of
43 (42) million cars
US WIND ENERGY IMPACTS :
WATER CONSUMPTION SAVINGS
Source: https://www.awea.org/wind-101/benefits-of-wind/environmental-benefits
power sector avoided water consumption
100 300
water consumption in billion gallons

95 billion
per capita power sector avoided

gallons
95 (103) billion gallons of 250
80
water avoided in 2018 (2019),
in billion gallons
equivalent to 308 (312) gallons 200

60 per person in US
150
40
100
20
50
0 0
2001 2005 2009 2013 2017
2009 – 2020 US WIND ENERGY
PRODUCTION
TWh
360 337.5
300.1
Source: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/
300 275.0
254.3
240 226.5
190.9
181.7
180 167.8
140.8
120.2
120 94.6
73.9
60
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GLOBAL NET WIND GENERATION
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2019; available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41533
7 Japan
history forecast Canada
6 OECD
Europe
billion MWh
India
4
China
2
r. o. t. w.
0
1990 2010 2020 2030 2050
EAST COAST OFFSHORE WIND
PROJECTS AND LEASE AREAS
Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p. 4; available at

https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports
OFFSHORE WIND STATE TARGETS
16,300
Virginia 2,500
Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p. 4; available at

https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports
6,600
New Jersey 25,400

New York 4,000
MW
1,200
Massachusetts 5,100 2,000
3,500 Connecticut
2,400 1,600
1,600 2,400 Maryland
1,600
SOLAR ENERGY
Images From:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-
use-solar-energy-at-night
GLOBAL ANNUAL CUMULATIVE
PV CAPACITY: 2010 – 2020
Source: SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021-2025; p.5, all prices in 2019 USD; available at
https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/SolarPower-Europe_Global-Market-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V2.pdf?cf_id=36863
800,000 773,200
700,000
633,700
600,000
509,300
500,000
MW dc
405,400
400,000
306,500
300,000
237,000
200,000 178,391
138,856
100,504
100,000 70,469
40,336
-0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GLOBAL ANNUAL PV CAPACITY
ADDITIONS BY REGION: 2000 – 2020
Source: SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021-2025; available at https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/07/SolarPower-Europe_Global-Market-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V2.pdf?cf_id=36863
GW dc
Europe America APAC China MEA

2019
COUNTRIES
2020 INSTALLED PV SOLAR TOP 10
Source: SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021-2025; all prices in 2019
USD; available at https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/07/SolarPower-
Europe_GlobalMarket-Outlook-for-Solar-2021-2025_V2.pdf?cf_id=36863
160
ANNUAL US SOLAR CAPACITY
ADDITIONS: 2010 – 2020
blended average PV system price ($/W )

20,000 6.00
18,000
installed capacity in MW dc
5.00
Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at

16,000
https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data
14,000 4.00
12,000
10,000 3.00
8,000
2.00
6,000
4,000 1.00
2,000
0 0.00
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
ANNUAL US SOLAR CAPACITY
ADDITIONS: 2010 - 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data

residential non-residential utility
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
ANNUAL NON–RESIDENTIAL SOLAR
PV INSTALLATIONS: 2010 - 2019
2200

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
ANNUAL RESIDENTIAL SOLAR PV
INSTALLATIONS: 2010 - 2020
Source: SEIA/wood mackenzie power & renewables US solar market insight 2020 year in
review, available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data
3000
2500
capacity in MW dc
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
ANNUAL RESIDENTIAL SOLAR PV
SYSTEM COSTS: 2014 - 2021
$

3.5 66
soft costs as a % of overall system costs

residential solar PV system price ($/Watt)
3.0 64
2.5 60
2.0 58
1.5 56
1.0 54
0.5 50
0.0 48
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
ANNUAL COMMERCIAL SOLAR PV
CAPACITY AND PENETRATION: 2010 - 2020
Source: SEIA/wood mackenzie power & renewables US solar market insight 2020 q2, available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data
share of total commercial electricity sales in %

1,800 annual commercial 0.9
solar installations
1,600 0.8
installed annual capacity in MW dc
1,400 estimated share of 0.7

total commercial
1,200 electricity sales 0.6
1,000 0.5
800 0.4
600 0.3
400 0.2
200 0.1
0 0.0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
THE TOP 10 US STATES WITH THE
LARGEST 2020 PV CAPACITY
35,000
31,873
Source: https://www.seia.org/research-resources/top-10-solar-states-0
30,000
capacity in MW dc
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000 9,311
7,132 7,074
5,247
5,000 3,904 3,653 3,263 3,069
2,840
0
CA TX NC FL AZ NV NJ MA GA NY
CUMULATIVE US COMMUNITY SOLAR
INSTALLATIONS
Source: SEIA/wood mackenzie power & renewables US solar market insight 2020 q2, available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data
3,000
2,600
CO
2,200 MD
IL
NJ
1,800
1,400
1,000 MD
600
MN
200 MA NY
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
US CUMULATIVE SOLAR CAPACITY
2010 – 2020
160 151.1
Source: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/electricity/sub-topic-02.php
140
123.1
120
103.7
100
GW
85.0
80
63.2
60
44.4
40 32.0
20.7
20 7.1 12.1
4.4
0
US NET SOLAR GENERATION 2010 – 2020
140 total annual
Source: https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/browser/index.php?tbl=
120 distributed
T10.06#/?f=A&start=1984&end=2020&charted=0-4-9-10
100
80 total annual
TWh
utility-scale
60
40
20
0
US ANNUAL SOLAR WORKERS BY
JOB CATEGORY: 2010 - 2020
280,000
240,000
Source: national solar jobs census 2020, available online at

https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data
200,000
160,000
120,000
80,000
40,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GLOBAL PURCHASES OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY: JULY 31, 2020, STATUS
❑ Global corporate renewable energy deals
continued at record pace in the first 7 months of
2020, according to a BloombergNEF report issued
August 11, 2020
❑ In 2020, Latin America, Europe and Asia-Pacific have
picked up the slack as US purchases slowed

GLOBAL PURCHASES OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY : JULY 31, 2020, STATUS
❑ US corporations, primarily in the technology
sector signed on for approximately 4,300 MW of
renewable energy through July 31, 2020
❑ More than 240 companies worldwide have
committed to cover 100 % of their electricity use
with renewables with a combined annual
electricity demand of 247 TWh

10 LARGEST CORPORATE PURCHASERS
OF WIND ENERGY IN 2019
Source: AWEA Wind Powers American Business, p. 3; available at https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports
contracted wind power capacity (MW)
3,000
total 10 top corporate
2,500 2,397 purchasers = 9,400 MW
2,000
1,459
1,500 1,333
1,000
500
0
CORPORATE WIND PURCHASERS SERVED BY
198 WIND PROJECTS IN 29 STATES
Source: AWEA Wind Powers American Business, p. 14; available at https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports
CORPORATE RENEWABLE ENERGY
DEVELOPMENTS
Source: REN 21 at https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf; p. 232
100 +23.7GW dc
increase in
80 2020
60
GW dc
40
20
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
10 LARGEST CORPORATIONS IN
SOLAR CAPACITY INSTALLATIONS

400
total installed solar capacity (MW)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
❑ Wind capacity tied to corporate buyers avoids 20
million metric tons of CO2 annually, equivalent to
the emissions from 4.2 million cars
❑ Annually, these wind projects avoid 24,000 metric
tons of SO2 and 16,000 metric tons of NOx – important
environmental improvements

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Lecture 1 - Introduction and Overview - B

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ECE 333 – GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY

1. Introduction and Overview

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

❑ We discuss the two key aspects of demand

 future demand growth

❑ We examine the energy supply picture and the

impacts on greenhouse gases

Source: EIA, 2010; data exclude biomass

Source: US energy information administration, international energy outlook 2019

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019

Source: BP Statistical Review of the World 2021 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.12; available at https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-

Source: BP Statistical Review of the World Energy 2021

anthropogenic forcing only

natural + anthropogenic forcing

adding human influences (greenhouse

Source: International Energy Agency

Sources: NYT article using China National Bureau of Statistics

data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, p.50

Source: REN 21 at https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2018_Full-Report_English.pdf; p.127

❑ Sustainable development refers to living, production

definition of sustainable development:

15 life on land protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

16 peace and promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

17 partnerships strengthen the means of implementation and

4.009 trillion kWh

wood and biomass 4.8 %

Source: Ren21 GSR 2021: https://www.ren21.net/wp-

share of renewable resource

share of renewable power capacity

solar energy share of global electricity

Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/up

Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD; https://www.lazard.com/media/451419/lazards-

levelized cost of new-build marginal cost of selected existing

Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD; https://www.lazard.com/media/451

wind average crystalline

Source: Lazard (2021); all prices in 2020 USD, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/up

Source: EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory, November 2018,

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, p.53; available at https://gwec.net/wp-

Mexico 2 % rest of world

on shore off – shore

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, p.53; available at https://gwec.net/wp-

Source: GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2020, available at

total installed capacity: 742,689 MW

region installed capacity in MW

Asia Pacific 346,836

global installed capacity 742,689

❑ Wind installed power capacity exceeds the US

Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p.4; available at https://cleanpower.org/wp-

201 (198) million

water consumption in billion gallons

per capita power sector avoided

equivalent to 308 (312) gallons 200

Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p. 4; available at

Source: AWEA WPA Executive Summary p. 4; available at

New Jersey 25,400

Europe America APAC China MEA

blended average PV system price ($/W )

Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at

Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data

Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data

Source: Wood Mackenzie and SEIA; available online at https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data