DIGITAL & TRENDS

Global energy prices

 Table of Contents

01 Overview 04 Natural gas

Global primary energy consumption 2019-2021, by fuel 03 Global natural gas price index 1992-2022 22
Global primary energy demand breakdown by fuel type 2020-2045 04 Global monthly natural gas price index 2020-2023 23
Global energy commodity price index 2013-2024 05 Global natural gas commodity prices by region 2020-2024 24
Global monthly fuel price index 2020-2023 06 Global industry prices for natural gas by select country 2020 25
Average U.S. Henry Hub natural gas price 2003-2021 26
02 Coal U.S. Henry Hub prices per week 2020-2023 27

Global coal price index 1992-2021 08 Weekly Dutch TTF gas prices 2021-2023 28

Global monthly coal price index 2020-2023 09 Global LNG prices by select region 2021 29

Commodity price of coal in Australia 1980-2035 10 Monthly prices for LNG in Japan 2019-2022 30

China Qinhuangdao coal price 2003-2021 11

Wholesale Price Index of coal in India FY 2013-2022 12 05 Uranium
Northwest Europe coal marker price 2003-2021 13 Uranium price globally 2000-2021 32
Monthly uranium price globally 2020-2023 33
03 Crude oil
Global crude oil price index 1992-2021 15 06 Electricity & hydrogen
Global monthly crude oil price index 2020-2023 16 Global levelized cost of energy by technology 2021 35
OPEC oil price annually 1960-2023 17 Global renewable electricity generation price 2021, by source 36
Brent crude oil price annually 1976-2023 18 Global household electricity prices 2022, by select country 37
West Texas Intermediate annual average oil price 1976-2023 19 Forecast global green hydrogen projects' retail prices 2021 38
Weekly oil prices in Brent, OPEC basket, and WTI futures 2020-2023 20

1
CHAPTER 01

Overview
 Primary energy consumption worldwide from 2019 to 2021, by fuel type
(in exajoules)
Global primary energy consumption 2019-2021, by fuel

Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear energy Hydroelectricity Renewables

700

600
Consumption in exajoules

500

400

300

200

100

0
2019 2020 2021

3 Description: Oil is the most consumed primary energy fuel in the world. In 2021, some 184.2 exajoules worth of oil were consumed. This represented an increase of nearly six percent in comparison to the previous year. Hydroelectricity was the only primary energy
sources to note a consumption decline that year. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2019 to 2021
Source(s): BP
 Distribution of primary energy demand worldwide in 2020 and 2021 with a
forecast for 2045, by fuel type
Global primary energy demand breakdown by fuel type 2020-2045

Oil Coal Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass Other renewables

120%

100%
Share of primary energy supply

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
2020 2021 2045*

4 Description: Oil accounts for the greatest share of primary energy demand worldwide. In 2021, oil's share in total primary energy demand was 30.9 percent. However, this figure is forecast to decrease in the coming years and fall to around 28.7 percent by 2045 with
greater emphasis on renewables deployment. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2020 and 2021; *Forecast figures. Read more
Source(s): OPEC
 Energy commodity price index worldwide from 2013 to 2022, with a
forecast until 2024
Global energy commodity price index 2013-2024

160 152.6

140

120.1
Price index (2010=100)

120 113.2 113.3

111.7

100 95.4
87

80 76
68.1
65

60 55.1
52.7

40
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023* 2024*

5 Description: The global energy price index stood at around 152.6 in 2022. This was an increase compared to the previous year and a result of greater fuel and power demand as economies recovered from the coronavirus pandemic. For 2023, forecasts suggest the
price index would decrease to 113. Price indices show the development of prices for goods or services over time relative to a base year. Commodity prices may be dependent on a variety of factors from supply and demand to overall economic [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2013 to 2022; price indexes in nominal U.S. dollars; * Forecast. Figures were compiled from several editions of the report. Read more
Source(s): World Bank
 Monthly fuel energy price index worldwide from January 2020 to April
2023
Global monthly fuel price index 2020-2023

400

350

300
Price index (2016=100)

250

200

150

100

50

0
N '20

N '21

N '22

M '23
M '20

M '21

M '22
O '20

Ja 20

O '21

Ja 21

O '22

Ja 22
D '20

D '21

D '22

Ap 23
Ap '20

Ju 20

Ap '21

Ju 21

Ap '22

Ju 22
Au '20

Au '21

Au '22
Fe '20

M '20

Ju 0

Fe '21

M '21

Ju 1

Fe '22

M '22

Ju 2

Fe 23

3
Se '20

Se '21

Se '22
'2

'2

'2

r'2
'

'

'
'

'

'

'
'
b
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6 Description: The global fuel energy price index stood at 192.37 index points in April 2023, up from 100 in the base year 2016. Figures increased six-fold between summer 2020 and summer 2022 as a result of an ongoing energy supply shortage that was exacerbated by
the Russia-Ukraine war. The decrease noted in October was due to mild weather and reduced demand outlooks as recession fears loomed. The fuel energy index includes prices for crude oil, natural gas, coal, and propane. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; January 2020 to April 2023
Source(s): IMF
CHAPTER 02

Coal
 Coal price index worldwide from 1992 to 2021
Global coal price index 1992-2021

250

200
Price index (2016=100)

150

100

50

0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

8 Description: The global coal price index amounted to 199.94 index points in 2021. This was more than double the price recorded a year prior, and the peak in the period in consideration. Increased power consumption led to a rise in natural gas and coal demand that
brought about an energy supply shortage in the latter half of 2021. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1992 to 2021
Source(s): IMF
 Monthly coal price index worldwide from January 2020 to April 2023
Global monthly coal price index 2020-2023

700

600

500
Price index (2016=100)

400

300

200

100

0
N '20

N '21

N '22

M '23
M '20

M '21

M '22
O '20

Ja 20

O '21

Ja 21

O '22

Ja 2
D '20

D '21

D 22

Ap 23
Ap '20

Ju 20

Ap '21

Ju 21

Ap '22

Ju 22
Au '20

Au '21

Au '22

Fe 23
Fe '20

M '20

Ju 0

Fe '21

M '21

Ju 1

Fe '22

3
M '22

Ju 2
Se '20

Se '21

Se '22

'2
'2

'2

'2

r'2
'

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'

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9 Description: The global coal price index reached 242.2 index points in March 2023. Although figures decreased compared to the last months, coal prices have seen a significant net increase over the past two years. This was largely due to greater fuel and electricity
demand as countries slowly exited more stringent coronavirus restrictions as well as fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war. As many European countries moved to restricting gas imports from Russia, coal has become the alternative choice [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; January 2020 to April 2023
Source(s): IMF
 Commodity price of coal in Australia from 1980 to 2020 with a forecast
until 2035 (in U.S. dollars per metric ton)
Commodity price of coal in Australia 1980-2035

160

140
140

120
Price in U.S. dollars per metric ton

120
107
99.1
100
87.6 88.5 90
86.4
80.3 82.9
79.7 77.9
80
70.1 67.5
66.1
60.8
57.5 55
60 52.7
41.1
40
29.4

20

0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021* 2022* 2023* 2024* 2025* 2030* 2035*

10 Description: One of the leading economic industries in Australia, coal mining has contributed significantly to the local economy. In 2020, the price of Australian coal was around 60.8 U.S. dollars per metric ton. Read more
Note(s): Australia; 1980 to 2020; * Forecast. Prices in nominal U.S. dollars. Figures prior to 2019 were taken from previous reports. Read more
Source(s): World Bank
 China Qinhuangdao coal spot price from 2003 to 2021 (in U.S. dollars per
metric ton)
China Qinhuangdao coal price 2003-2021

180

160

140
Price in U.S. dollars per metric ton

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

11 Description: The China Qinhuangdao coal spot price reached an average of 153.55 U.S. dollars per metric ton in 2021. This was the peak in the period of consideration and a result of growing energy demand as the world economy recovered from the coronavirus
pandemic-induced slump. A coal shortage in the latter half of the year led to multiple power blackouts across China and pushed coal prices further upwards. Read more
Note(s): Asia, China; 2003 to 2021
Source(s): BP; IHS
 Wholesale Price Index of coal across India from financial year 2013 to 2022
Wholesale Price Index of coal in India FY 2013-2022

135

129
130
126.6
125.3
125 123.3
Wholesale Price Index

120 118.7

115

109
110
106.7 106.5
104.8
105
102.1

100

95
FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022

12 Description: At the end of fiscal year 2022, the Wholesale Price Index of coal across India was over 129. An overall increase in the price index of coal was seen over the years from financial year 2013 in the country. Read more
Note(s): India; FY 2013 to FY 2022; base year FY 2012 = 100
Source(s): OEA (India)
 Northwest Europe coal marker price from 2003 to 2021 (in U.S. dollars per
metric ton)
Northwest Europe coal marker price 2003-2021

160

140
Price in U.S. dollars per metric ton

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

13 Description: The Northwest Europe coal marker price stood at 121.7 U.S. dollars per metric ton in 2021. This was more than double the average weekly price recorded the previous year and the result of increased energy demand, which brought about a supply
shortage in the latter half of the year. Prices varied during the period under consideration, peaking at 147.67 U.S. dollars per metric ton in 2008. Read more
Note(s): Europe; 2003 to 2021
Source(s): BP; IHS
CHAPTER 03

Crude oil
 Crude oil price index worldwide from 1992 to 2021
Global crude oil price index 1992-2021

250

200
Price index (2016=100)

150

100

50

0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

15 Description: The worldwide crude oil price index stood at 157.46 index points in 2021. This was an increase of nearly 64 percent from the previous year, when the price index had fallen below 100 for the first time since 2004. In the period of consideration, figures
peaked at 222.45 index points in 2012 and reached a low of 31.28 index points in 1998. The global crude oil index is determined by benchmark prices such as Brent, WTI, and Dubai Fateh. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1992 to 2021
Source(s): IMF
 Monthly crude oil price index worldwide from January 2020 to April 2023
Global monthly crude oil price index 2020-2023

300

250
Price index (2016=100)

200

150

100

50

0
N '20

N '21

N '22

M '23
M '20

M '21

M '22
O '20

Ja 20

O '21

Ja 21

O '22

Ja 2
D '20

D '21

D 22

Ap 23
Ap '20

Ju 20

Ap '21

Ju 21

Ap '22

Ju 22
Au '20

Au '21

Au '22

Fe 23
Fe '20

M '20

Ju 0

Fe '21

M '21

Ju 1

Fe '22

3
M '22

Ju 2
Se '20

Se '21

Se '22

'2
'2

'2

'2

r'2
'

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'

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16 Description: The monthly crude oil price index worldwide reached 195.46 in April 2023, which represented the highest price index in 2023. An energy supply shortage, which began unfolding in the latter half of 2021, as well as the fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war
resulted in crude oil prices rising to 15-year highs. However by the second half of 2022, a bleak economic outlook put downward pressure on global prices. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; January 2020 to April 2023
Source(s): IMF
 Average annual OPEC crude oil price from 1960 to 2023 (in U.S. dollars per
barrel)
OPEC oil price annually 1960-2023

120

100
Average price in U.S. dollars per barrel

80

60

40

20

0
60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
17 Description: The 2022 annual average OPEC oil price stood at 100.08 U.S. dollars per barrel. This is up from 69.89 U.S. dollars the previous year and comes in the wake of an energy supply shortage and sanctions on Russia following the Russia-Ukraine war. The
abbreviation OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and as of March 2023 it includes Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1960 to 2023
Source(s): en2x; OPEC
 Average annual Brent crude oil price from 1976 to 2023 (in U.S. dollars per
barrel)
Brent crude oil price annually 1976-2023

120
Average crude oil price in U.S. dollars per barrel

100

80

60

40

20

2023*
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
18 Description: The average annual price of Brent crude oil stood at 82.55 U.S. dollars per barrel as of February 2023. This is around 18 U.S. dollars lower than the annual average in 2022. Increase in oil prices came in the wake of an energy supply shortage that began
gripping Europe in late 2021, as well as concerns over oil supply bottlenecks following the Russia-Ukraine war. Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. Crude oil is one of the most closely observed [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1976 to 2023; * As of February 2023. Figures calculated manually. Read more
Source(s): EIA; en2x
 Average annual West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price from 1976
to 2023 (in U.S. dollars per barrel)
West Texas Intermediate annual average oil price 1976-2023

120

100
Price in U.S. dollars per barrel

80

60

40

20

2023*
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
19 Description: The annual average price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil reached 77.47 U.S. dollars per barrel as of February 2023. This was a notable decrease compared to the 2022 average, which stood at 94.9 U.S dollars. Oil prices have been on the rise as the
world suffered from an energy supply shortage in the fall/winter of 2021/22 and the Russia-Ukraine war began squeezing oil supplies even further. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1976 to 2023; * As of February 2023. Figures were calculated manually. Read more
Source(s): EIA; en2x
 Closing price of Brent, OPEC basket, and WTI crude oil at the beginning of
each week from March 2, 2020 to May 15, 2023 (in U.S. dollars per barrel)
Weekly oil prices in Brent, OPEC basket, and WTI futures 2020-2023

Brent OPEC basket WTI

Closing price of crude oil in U.S. dollars per barrel

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60

Oct 31, '22

Febr 22, '21

Feb 22, '22

Feb 21, '23

Oct 5, '20

Oct 4, '21

Oct 3, '22
Dec 28, '20

Dec 27, '21

Dec 27, '22

Nov 29, '21
May 18, '20

Sep 8, '20

Nov 30, '20

May 17, '21

Sep 7, '21

May 16, '22

Sep 6, '22

Nov 28, '22

May 15, '23

Mar 24, '20

Mar 22, '21

Mar 21, '22

Mar 20, '23

Nov 2, '20

Nov 1, '21
Jul 13, '20

Jul 12, '21

Jul 11, '22

Mar 2, '20

Jun 15, '20

Jan 25, '21

Jun 14, '21

Jan 24, '22

Jun 13, '22

Jan 23, '23

Apr 20, '20

Apr 19, '21

Apr 18, '22

Apr 17, '23

Aug 10, '20

Aug 9, '21

Aug 8, '22
20 Description: On May 15, 2023, the Brent crude oil price stood at 75.23 U.S. dollars per barrel, compared to 71.11 U.S. dollars for WTI oil and 74.45 U.S. dollars for the OPEC basket. Europe's Brent crude oil, the U.S. WTI crude oil, and OPEC's basket are three of the most
important benchmarks used by traders as reference for oil and gasoline prices. In March 2022, oil prices soared to highs not seen since 2008 as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war. The decrease noted since August reflects market uncertainty [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; March 2, 2020 to May 15, 2023
Source(s): BNN Bloomberg; Intercontinental Exchange; OPEC
CHAPTER 04

Natural gas
 Natural gas price index worldwide from 1992 to 2022
Global natural gas price index 1992-2022

600

500
Price index (2016=100)

400

300

200

100

0
1992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

22 Description: The global natural gas price index reached a peak of 521.58 in 2022. This was a more than two-fold increase from the previous year. In the period of consideration, the lowest figures were recorded in 1998, at 57.45 index points. Natural gas prices
increased significantly in the latter half of 2021 owing to greater power demand combined with supply constraints. This trend has continued into 2022, as shown by the monthly natural gas price index. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 1992 to 2022
Source(s): IMF
 Monthly natural gas price index worldwide from January 2020 to April
2023
Global monthly natural gas price index 2020-2023

1,000

900

800

700
Price index (2016=100)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
N '20

N '21

N '22
M '20

M '21

M '22

M '23
O '20

Ja 20

O '21

Ja 21

O '22

Ja 22
D '20

D '21

D '22
Ap '20

Ju 20

Ap '21

Ju 21

Ap '22

Ju 22

Ap '23
Au '20

Au '21

Au 22
Fe '20

M '20

Ju 0

Fe '21

M '21

Ju 1

Fe '22

M '22

Ju 2

Fe '23

23
Se '20

Se '21

Se '22
'2

'2

'2
'

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'

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23 Description: The global natural gas price index stood at 187.3 index points in April 2023. A surge in electricity demand, particularly in Europe, drove up prices for natural gas in the latter half of 2021, which was the main contributor to a global energy supply shortage
that was worsened by the Russia-Ukraine war. As a result, the natural gas price index increased more than seven-fold from the base year 2016. The decrease noted in October 2022 was the result of the weather being warmer than [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; January 2020 to April 2023
Source(s): IMF
 Natural gas commodity prices in selected markets in 2020 to 2022, with a
forecast until 2024 (in nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units)
Global natural gas commodity prices by region 2020-2024

Europe U.S. Japan**

45
Price in nominal U.S. dollars per million Btu

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2020 2021 2022 2023* 2024*

24 Description: Natural gas prices increased across Europe, the United States, and Japan in 2021 due in large part to an energy supply shortage brought about by an increase in electricity demand. Apart from economic determinants, unexpectedly cold winters or warm
summers may also drive price spikes. In 2022, natural gas prices increased further, largely as a result of tighter supplies following the Russia-Ukraine war. During the same year, Europe saw an annual average price of 40.3 nominal U.S. [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2020 to 2022; * Forecast. ** Data for Japan refers to liquefied natural gas costs. Read more
Source(s): World Bank
 Natural gas prices for the industrial sector worldwide as of 2020, by select
country (in U.S. dollars per megawatt hour)
Global industry prices for natural gas by select country 2020

Prices in U.S. dollars per megawatt hour*

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Switzerland 64.94

Ireland 43.38

South Korea 39.84

Sweden 38.08

France 37.78

Slovakia 30.26

Austria 29.29

Czechia 29.19

Denmark 29.09

Germany 26.4

Netherlands 25.92

Spain 25.87

United Kingdom 25.46

Turkey 23.56

Hungary 22.97

25 Description: Switzerland has one of the highest natural gas prices for the industry in the world. In 2020, industrial customers paid approximately 64.9 U.S. dollars per megawatt hour worth of natural gas. This was considerably higher than the price of gas in natural gas
producing countries such as the United States and Canada. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2020; * Based on gross calorific value. Read more
Source(s): IEA
 Average U.S. Henry Hub natural gas price from 2003 to 2021 (in U.S.
dollars per million British thermal unit)
Average U.S. Henry Hub natural gas price 2003-2021

10.0

9.0
Price in U.S. dollars per million British thermal

8.0

7.0

6.0
unit

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

26 Description: Average natural gas in the U.S. Henry Hub stood at 3.84 U.S. dollars per million British thermal unit in 2021, an increase of nearly 93 percent when compared to the previous year. During the period in consideration, figures presented a trend of decline,
despite some oscillation. Overall, Henry hub natural gas prices decreased by 1.79 U.S. dollars per million British thermal unit, peaking in 2008 at 8.85 U.S. dollars per million British thermal unit. Read more
Note(s): United States; 2003 to 2021
Source(s): BP; Energy Intelligence
 Weekly U.S. Henry Hub natural gas prices from October 30, 2020 to May 5,
2023 (in U.S. dollars per million British thermal units)
U.S. Henry Hub prices per week 2020-2023

14

12
Price in U.S. dollars per million Btu

10

0
Oct 30, '20

Oct 22, '21

Oct 14, '22

Feb 12, '21

Feb 25, '22

Feb 17, '23

Dec 11, '20

Sep 10, '21

Oct 1, '21

Dec 24, '21

May 20. '22

Sep 23, '22

Dec 16, '22

Feb 4, '22
Nov 20, '20

Nov 12, '21

May 28, '21

Dec 3, '21

Sep 2, '22

Nov 04, '22

Nov 25, '22
Mar 26, '21

Mar 18, '22

Mar 10, '23

Mar 31, '23
May 7, '21

Jul 30, '21

Jul 22, '22

Mar 5, '21
Jan 22, '21

Jun 18, '21

Jan 14, '22

Jun 10, '22

Apr 16, '21

Jan 27, '23

Jul 9, '21

Apr 29, '22

Jul 1, '22

Apr 21, '23

Aug 20, '21

Aug 12, '22

Jan 1, '21

Jan 6, '23
Apr 8, '22
27 Description: On May 5, 2023, the Henry Hub natural gas price amounted to 2.03 U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This was one of the lowest U.S. Henry Hub natural gas price in the period of consideration. Generally, natural gas prices have been decreasing
in 2023 compared to the previous two years, when prices saw a net increase due to an energy crunch that had been worsened by the Russia-Ukraine war. The European gas benchmark Dutch TTF has also soared to record levels as a result. Read more
Note(s): United States; October 30, 2020 to May 5, 2023
Source(s): EIA; NYMEX
 Dutch TTF gas futures at the beginning of each week from January 4, 2021
to May 15, 2023 (in euros per megawatt hour)
Weekly Dutch TTF gas prices 2021-2023

300
Gas futures in euros per megawatt hour

250

200

150

100

50

0
Oct 25, '21

Oct 17, '22

Feb 15, '21

Feb 28, '22

Feb 20, '23

Sep 13, '21
Oct 4, '21

Dec 27, '21

Sep 26, '22

Dec 19, '22

Feb 7, '22
Nov 15, '21
May 10, '21
May 31, '21

Dec 6, '21

May 23, '22

Sep 5, '22

Nov 28, '22

May 15, '23

Mar 29, '21

Mar 21, '22

Mar 13, '23

Nov 7, '22
Jul 12, '21

May 2, '22

Jul 25, '22

Mar 8, '21
Jan 25, '21

Jun 21, '21

Jan 30, '23

Apr 19, '21

Jan 17, '22

Jun 13, '22

Apr 11, '22

Jul 4, '22

Apr 24, '23

Aug 23, '21

Aug 15, '22

Jan 4, '21

Jan 9, '23

Apr 3, '23
Aug 2, '21

28 Description: Dutch TTF gas futures amounted to 32.31 euros per megawatt hour on May 15, 2023 for contracts with delivery in June 2023. Dutch TTF is seen as a Europe-wide natural gas price benchmark. Gas prices rose significantly across Europe in the latter half of
2021 as the continent experienced a supply shortage. In the week between February 28 and March 7, gas prices spiked to 227.2 euros per megawatt hour following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war. The fall in gas prices since [...] Read more
Note(s): Europe; January 4, 2021 to May 15, 2023
Source(s): Intercontinental Exchange
 Estimated landed prices of liquefied natural gas worldwide as of October
2021, by select country (in U.S. dollars per million British thermal units)
Global LNG prices by select region 2021

Prices in U.S. dollars per million Btu

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

South Korea 35.43

China 35.39

Belgium 35.28

India 34.66

Argentina (Bahia Blanca) 33.9

Spain 32.49

Mexico (Altamira) 32.01

UK 31.98

Canada (Canaport) 7.15

U.S. (Cove Point) 6.94

U.S. (Lake Charles) 5.43

29 Description: South Korea had the highest landed price of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world as of October 2021. South Korea's landed price of LNG stood at 35.43 U.S. dollars per million Btu at this time, compared with the United States' (Lake Charles) price of just
5.43 U.S. dollars per million Btu. LNG landed prices refers to the price that is received at the regasification terminal. These prices are determined by a netback price which is based on the effective price for a seller or producer at a defined [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide
Source(s): FERC; IHS
 Average price for liquefied natural gas (LNG) in Japan from September 2019
to September 2022 (in nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal unit)
Monthly prices for LNG in Japan 2019-2022

25
Monthly average prices in nominal U.S. dollars

20
per million Btu

15

10

0
N '19

N '20

N '21
M '20

M '21

M '22
O 19

Ja 9

O 20

Ja 0

O 21

Ja 1

2
D 19

D 20

D 21
Ap 20

Ju 0

Ap 21

Ju 1

Ap 22

Ju 2
Au '20

Au '21

Au '22
Fe 20

M '20

Ju 0

Fe 21

M '21

Ju 1

Fe 22

M '22

Ju 2
Se 20

Se 21

Se 22
'1

'2

'2

'2
'2

'2

'2
'2

'2

'2
'

'

'
'

'

'
'

'

'
'

'

'
'

'

'
ct

ct

ct
b

b
p

ec

ec

ec

p
ov

ov
ar

ay

ov

ar

ay

ar

ay
l

l
n

n
g

g
Se

30 Description: The monthly average price of LNG imported to Japan climbed to nearly 22 U.S. dollars per million British thermal unit in September 2022 as a result of supply constraints. As many countries exited the more stringent travel constraints put in place during
the height of the coronavirus pandemic, global natural gas demand rallied leading to a surge in energy prices in the last months of 2021. This supply bottleneck worsened even further due to the Russia-Ukraine war. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2019 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
CHAPTER 05

Uranium
 Average annual uranium price worldwide from 2000 to 2021 (in U.S.
dollars per pound)
Uranium price globally 2000-2021

120

99.24
100
Price in U.S. dollars per pound

80

64.18

60 56.24

46.67 45.96 48.9

38.57 36.82
40 33.49 32.56
27.93 29.43
26.49 24.54 25.91
22.09
18.05
20
9.83 11.24
8.28 8.62

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021*

32 Description: The average annual price for one pound of uranium was 32.56 U.S. dollars as of November 2021. This is the highest annual average since 2015 and comes in the wake of greater fuel demand as the global economy began recovering from the coronavirus
pandemic. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2000 to 2021; * As of November. Read more
Source(s): IMF; St. Louis Fed
 Monthly price of uranium worldwide from January 2020 to April 2023 (in
U.S. dollars per pound)
Monthly uranium price globally 2020-2023

55

50
Price in U.S. dollars per pound

45

40

35

30

25

20
N 20

N 21

N 22
M 20

M 21

M 22

M 23
O 0

Ja 0

O 1

Ja 1

O 2

Ja 2
D 20

D 21

D 22
Ap 20

Ju 0

Ap 21

Ju 1

Ap 22

Ju 2

Ap 23
Au 20

Au 21

Au 22
Fe 20

M 20

Ju 0

Fe 21

M 21

Ju 1

Fe 22

M 22

Ju 2

Fe 23

3
Se 20

Se 21

Se 22
2

2
2

2
2

r2
ct

ct

ct
b

b
p

ec

ec

ec
ov

ov

ov
ar

ay

ar

ay

ar

ay

ar
l

l
n

n
g

g
Ja

33 Description: In April 2023, the global average per pound price for uranium stood at 41.76202 U.S. dollars, a decrease from 40.74152 U.S. dollars the month before. The price of uranium peaked in June 2007, when it reached 136.22 U.S. dollars per pound. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 2020 to April 2023; * Not seasonally adjusted. Values represent the benchmark prices which are representative of the global market. They are determined by the largest exporter of a given commodity. Prices are [...] Read more
Source(s): IMF; St. Louis Fed
CHAPTER 06

Electricity & hydrogen

 Average levelized cost of energy (LCOE) by energy source worldwide in
2021 (in U.S. dollars per megawatt hour)
Global levelized cost of energy by technology 2021

120
108

100
LCOE in U.S. dollars per megawatt hour

80

60
60

38 36
40

20

0
Coal Gas (combined cycle) Wind Solar

35 Description: Renewable sources such as wind and solar have notably lower levelized costs compared to fossil-based sources. In 2021, the global average LCOE for solar stood at 36 U.S. dollars per megawatt hour compared to 108 U.S. dollars per megawatt hour of
coal electricity generated. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2021
Source(s): Energy Post; Lazard
 Average renewable electricity generation cost worldwide in 2021, by
energy source (in U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour)
Global renewable electricity generation price 2021, by source

Electricity generation cost in U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Concentrating solar power 11.4

Offshore wind 7.5

Geothermal 6.8

Bioenergy 6.7

Solar photovoltaics 4.8

Hydropower 4.8

Onshore wind 3.3

36 Description: Amongst the different sources of renewable electricity generation, concentrating solar power and offshore wind were the most expensive in 2021, with an average cost of 11.4 and 7.5 cents per kilowatt-hour, respectively. In contrast, onshore wind
electricity generation cost an average of 3.3 cents per kilowatt-hour that year. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2021; in 2021 U.S. dollars
Source(s): IRENA
 Household electricity prices worldwide in June 2022, by select country (in
U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour)
Global household electricity prices 2022, by select country

Electricity prices in U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Denmark 0.53

Germany 0.52

United Kingdom 0.47

Italy 0.46

Spain 0.37

Ireland 0.33

Japan 0.25

Rwanda 0.24

Australia 0.22

Singapore 0.22

France 0.21

Brazil 0.2

Poland 0.18

United States 0.18

Kenya 0.17

37 Description: Denmark and Germany had some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide, as of June 2022. At the time, Danish households were charged around 0.53 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Germany the price stood at 0.52 U.S. dollars per
kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in neighboring Poland and in the United States, residents paid three times less. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; June 2022
Source(s): GPP
 Forecast hydrogen selling price of selected giga-scale projects worldwide
by 2021 wind and solar costs
Forecast global green hydrogen projects' retail prices 2021

Wind cost (U.S. dollars per Solar cost (U.S. dollars per Electrolyzer capacity factor Hydrogen cost (U.S. dollars
kilowatt) kilowatt) (in percentage) per kilogram)
Aman (Mauritania) 1700 1060 70 3.18
HNH (Chile) 1153 1060 61 3.2
Helios (Saudi Arabia) 1250 600 34 3.33
Beijing Jingneng (China) 1013 726 57 3.53
Western Green Energy Hub (Australia) 1944 1000 71 3.53
Asian Renewable Energy Hub 1944 1000 71 3.63
(Australia)
Unnamed project (Oman) 2500 790 73 3.7
SeaH2Land (Netherlands) 2024 66 5.75

38 Description: Taking into account 2021 wind and solar costs, most planned green hydrogen projects will end up with a hydrogen selling price between 3.18 and 5.75 U.S. dollars per kilogram. Although all projects listed aim at hydrogen costs of below three U.S. dollars
per kilogram, when looking at capacity factors of electrolyzers and the costs for wind and solar power production, only the Aman project in Mauritania and HNH project in Chile come close. Both are estimated to reach selling prices below [...] Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2021
Source(s): Recharge
 Sources

BNN Bloomberg
BP
EIA
en2x
Energy Intelligence
Energy Post
FERC
GPP
IEA
IHS
IMF
Intercontinental Exchange
IRENA
Lazard
NYMEX
OEA (India)
OPEC
Recharge
St. Louis Fed
Statista
World Bank

39