Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. In Tutorial 1 Question 3, the Green Building Index and LEED are compared. Is it
useful to compare green rating tools? Why?
Useful reading materials: See attachments (Assessed in Mid-term test, will not be
in FE)
2. Discuss List the United Nation’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals that are linked to
the construction industry as outlined in the article written by Ogunmakinde, O. E.,
Egbelakin, T., & Sher, W. (2022). Contributions of the circular economy to the UN
sustainable development goals through sustainable construction. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 178, 106023.
3. Discuss the contributions of steel towards higher green building rating and improved
environmental, economic and social qualities.
4. Discuss the sustainability aspect of steel’s life cycle from production, construction,
occupancy stage to end of life.
Structural Steel Contributions
toward obtaining a LEEDTM rating
uccessful sustainable design made and sustainable building projects marketplace toward more sustainable
structural systems were selected based Stormwater Not relevant Not relevant Special concrete pavement
Management mixes that are pervious
upon a variety of criteria, including ini- allow stormwater to infiltrate
(2 possible points)
tial cost, serviceability, building type, rather than creating runoff
bay size, and geographic location, they Reduce Heat Islands Not relevant Not relevant Concrete’s light color
(2 possible points) reflects heat instead of
also frequently cited the advantages of absorbing it
using structural steel when seeking Energy and Atmosphere
LEED certification, especially contribu- Energy Optimization Not relevant Not relevant Concrete cladding and
(10 possible points) flooring contributes to
tions to the percentage of recycled mate- thermal mass and may
rials used for a project. provide energy savings.
Materials and Resources
Table 1 evaluates the contributions
Building Reuse Steel buildings are flexible Concrete buildings can be
major structural building materials and adaptable and easily reused, but it is more
(2 possible points)
(steel and concrete) could make to a reinforced. challenging and costly.
LEED design effort. The table demon- Construction Waste Steel is consistently Concrete is consistently
Management recycled or salvaged crushed and reused as fill
strates that material selection also has (2 possible points) material. Steel rebar is
an impact in areas not directly related to removed and recycled.
Resource Reuse Structural steel can be re- Due to its monolithic
the building’s structural system (note fabricated and reused nature, cast-in-place
(2 possible points)
Other Considerations column). concrete affords little
opportunity for salvage
and reuse
CONCLUSION Recycled Content Steel has close to 100% Recycled content typically
Each structural system brings bene- (2 possible points) recycled content from applies to only the cement
scrap steel. portion of concrete and
fits to different LEED credits. A clear en- the steel reinforcing bars.
In some cases fly ash can
vironmental advantage to either a steel be substituted for up to
frame or a concrete frame is not clear in 50% of the cement.
regard to the LEED certification process. Local/Regional Locally manufactured, but Both locally manufactured
Materials not locally extracted and locally extracted
LEED is a performance standard, not a (2 possible points) materials are available. materials are available.
prescriptive standard. It does not favor Innovation and Design Process
one structural system over another. (4 possible points for The following ideas may Exposing structure and thus
Innovation) apply: using fewer materials may
As LEED certification becomes more apply.
popular among design professionals Exposing structure.
and building owners, further studies of
Using composite
the relationship between primary struc- members.
tural material and LEED certification
Design for future
will be possible. In the meantime, struc- recyclability.
tural steel remains a strong option,
Designing for
which can bring a variety of advantages deconstruction.
to environmental design and a LEED Using structure for
plumbing.
certification effort.
An integrated design process that
thoughtfully considers the implications References
of the structural system on other build-
ing systems, and its impact on the envi- 1. Heenan, Bill, Steel Recycling Institute, Recycling Institute, www.recycle-steel.org/
ronmental design effort, will bring value phone conversation, February 24, 2003. leed/leed.pdf, March 2002.
to the project, the owner, the user and, in
2. LEED Reference Package Version 2.0, U.S. 6. “Availability of Structural Steel Shapes,”
a broader sense, to the community. ★
Green Building Council, June 2001. Modern Steel Construction, January 2003.
RESOURCES 3. Carter, Charles J., Murray, Thomas M., 7. Engestrom, Michael, Nucor-Yamato Steel,
For further information please see Thornton, William A., “Economy in Steel,” phone conversation, March 3, 2003.
the following resources: Modern Steel Construction, April 2000. 8. “Utah Olympic Oval,” Modern Steel Con-
www.aisc.org/sustainability 4. Webster, Mark D., “The Use of Salvaged struction, July 2002.
www.recycle-steel.org Structural Materials in New Construction,” 9. Gore, Violet, “Crystal Box: House, Stuttgart,
www.usgbc.org International Green Building Conference Germany,” Architectural Review, September
and Expo, Austin, Texas, November 14, 2001.
2002.
10. “Good Design No Longer Needs the ‘Green’
5. LEED Documentation of Recycled Content Modifier,” Architectural Record, February
for Steel Building Material Products, Steel 2003.
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www.usgbc.org/leed/v4.
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ht is that of a collab-
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Coporative nature, encouraging and location are split into two separate categories
dialogue between design in LEED v4, Sustainable Sites (SS) and a new cat-
What’s New in LEED v4
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disciplines, contractors and egory, Location and Transportation (LT). Those
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the owner. Thus, structural credits related to site development, rain water
for Structural Engineers engineers are encouraged to
n management, and heat island effect are found in
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become familiar with the the SS category, and those related to site selec-
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whole of LEED, as well as tion, density, and transit land in the LT category.
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those credits they are most likely to work with However, the total number of available points has
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By Christine A. Subasic, P.E., directly. While this article is intended primarily remained constant at 110 points, and the certi-
LEED AP a
for structural engineers, it cannot provide detail fication levels remained unchanged. The Figure
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on all of the changes in LEED v4. For a look at
other changes, particularly in the area of build-
shows the points allocated to each category with
the new categories in green. Structural and civil
ing products, see LEED v4 – New Categories and engineers should pay particular attention to the
Credit Shake Up Ways of Contributing, in a 2014 Materials and Resources, Sustainable Sites, and
issue of SMART/dynamics of masonry magazine Location and Transportation categories.
(www.dynamicsofmasonry.com). The new category, Integrative Process, focuses on
achieving “synergies across disciplines and build-
ing systems” through collaborative efforts across
Christine A. Subasic, P.E., LEED
New Organization disciplines. This credit requires preliminary analysis
AP, is a consulting architectural LEED v4 boasts 9 distinct categories in which in the areas of energy and water use, including site
engineer and owner of projects can earn points toward certification. A conditions, massing and orientation of the build-
C. CALLISTA SUBASIC in new category, Integrative Process, was added. In ing, and the building envelope – all areas where
Raleigh, NC. She can be reached addition, the credits related to the building site the structural engineer can provide valuable input.
at CSubasicPE@aol.com.
28 April 2014
Changes in Sustainable
Sites Category
Sustainable Sites includes a new credit on Site
Assessment whose goal is to encourage early
analysis of the site to inform design. Issues
such as topography, hydrology, climate and
soils are among the issues to be addressed.
This category also had numerous smaller
changes to existing credits such as renam-
ing the Storm Water Management credit to
Rainwater Management, and combining the
Heat Island credits for roof and non-roof
surfaces into one credit with slightly revised
criteria. Sustainable Sites is a category where ®
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the civil/structural engineer will want to
closely review the new requirements.
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Comparison of materials and resources credits in LEED v4 versus LEED 2009.
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Atmosphere Category Say Copto the
Goodbye 500 Mile Radius limited to 30% of the total by cost when
doing the calculations.
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The Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category A significant change related to building
has a new prerequisite for building-level products is the elimination of the regional Think More about Building Renovation
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energy metering and two new credits, one materials credit. While LEED 2009 and Reuse
for advanced metering and one for demand
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included a credit that awarded points for n
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MR Credit 1, Building Life-Cycle Impact
response programs. Perhaps the most signifi-
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materials and products that were extracted,
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Reduction, incorporates the former Building
cant change, though, is that the minimum
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harvested and manufactured within a 500
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Reuse and Material Reuse credits and gives
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energy standard is now the 2010 edition of mile radius of the project site, this is no
more weight (points) to reuse of whole build-
ASHRAE 90.1. The change from the 2007 to
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longer a stand-alone credit in LEED v4.
ings than the previous versions of LEED.
the 2010 version represents a nearly 20% sav-
ings in overall building energy use according
to the U.S. Department of Energy. EA credit
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According to USGBC responses to public
comment during the LEED v4 develop-
ment process, the former regional materials
Options 1, 2 and 3 focus respectively on
reuse of historic buildings, abandoned or
blighted buildings, and other building and
1: Optimizing Energy Performance has been credit did not necessarily achieve the desired
material reuse, and are worth up to 5 points.
adjusted to reflect the more stringent base environmental benefits, and so the deci-
Option 4 awards 3 points for new construc-
standard. Structural engineers involved with sion was made to focus on the benefits of
tion that meets whole building life cycle
wall systems would benefit from understand- supporting the local economy. As a result,
assessment (LCA) criteria that includes a
ing these changes. regional sourcing now applies to products
reduction in global warming potential. LCA
that are extracted, manufactured and pur-
gives a bigger picture than looking only at
chased within 100 miles of the project site.
Changes in Materials and This attribute is used only as a multiplier
single-attribute criteria (i.e. recycled content)
and considers the full life of a product, which
Resources (MR) Category / within the Building Product Disclosure
is a good thing; however, databases for LCA
and Optimization credits (MR credits 2,
Building Products 3 and 4).
for building products are not robust, nor
up-to-date in some cases.
Structural systems fall under the broad
You Can’t Meet the Requirements with continued on next page
category of building products, and when
the Structural Frame Alone ADVERTISEMENT–For Advertiser Information, visit www.STRUCTUREmag.org
it comes to building products, LEED has
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changed dramatically. In LEED v4 the focus The limit on the contribution of structure rat
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has shifted from “green” attributes of prod- and enclosure materials toward meeting co peri p
ex velo
ucts (recycled content, bio-based content, the minimum criteria for the Building de end
certified wood, and regional sourcing) to Product Disclosure and Optimization att rn
lea are
product disclosure. In fact, six of 13 avail- credits (MR credits 2, 3 and 4) is another sh eet
PPORTUNITY
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able points in the Materials and Resources important change in LEED v4. Structure LA
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(MR) category relate to building product and enclosure materials may not contrib-
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disclosure in the form of environmental ute toward more than 30% of the value We can help you get a head start, get ahead,
get recognized, and give back.
product declarations (EPD), supply chain of compliant building products for some
No matter what stage of your career,
reporting, material ingredient reporting options within these credits. This does not SNAME has opportunities for you.
and the like. The Table shows the old and mean that such products cannot be used
new MR credits side by side. in higher amounts, but only that they are The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers F www.sname.org
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products in the project. Regional weighting Product Disclosures
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and structure/enclosure limits apply to this • Cradle to Cradle Certified Product Standard, www.c2ccertified.org/
option, and the calculation can be somewhat • GreenScreenTM for Safer Chemicals (“GreenScreen”),
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complex. Though development of LCA and www.cleanproduction.org/Greenscreen.v1-2.php
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EPD requires significant investment from righ Declaration, HPD Collaborative, www.hpdcollaborative.org
• Health Product
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product manufacturers, availability of LCA
Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Product Declarations
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and EPD for building products continues to
• ASTM International article on environmental product declarations,
grow. Several common structural and enclo-
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www.astm.org/sn/features/environmental-product-declarations-nd12.html
sure products have, or are working on, LCA
and EPD for their products.
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• U.S. EPA website on life cycle assessment, www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/lca.html
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MR Credit 3, Building Product Disclosure
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found in LEED 2009. This option also
includes extended producer responsibility.
enclosure limits apply to both Options 2
and 3 of MR Credit 4.
The First “R” is Reduce
Source and Extraction Reporting requires use Regional weighting and structure/enclosure New in LEED v4 is Option 2 in MR
of a specified number of products sourced limits also apply. Credit 5, Construction and Demolition
from manufacturers that have publicly Waste Management. Option 2, Reduction
Do You Know What’s In That?
released a report from their raw material of Total Waste Material, awards 2 points
suppliers. Like MR Credit 2, products are MR Credit 4, Building Product Disclosure if the project does not generate more than
valued differently depending upon the type and Optimization – Material Ingredients, 2.5 lbs of construction waste per suare-foot
of report. Third-party verified corporate sus- has three options that require documentation of the building’s floor area. This recogni-
tainability reports are counted at their full of the raw material ingredients for building tion of the value of minimizing waste in
value. Self-declared reports are valued at half. products. Several chemical and ingredient products and packaging is long overdue.
Option 2: Leadership Extraction Practices screening programs are listed as compliance Option 1, Waste Diversion, now includes
requires use of a minimum dollar value paths including the GreenScreenTM for Safer a requirement that diversion must include
of products that meet criteria for recycled Chemicals, Cradle to Cradle certification, three material streams and 50% diversion
and the Health Product Declaration (for for 1 point, or four material streams and
more information, see Resources). Option 75% diversion for 2 points.
Software and ConSulting 1 in MR Credit 4, Material Ingredient
FLOOR VIBRATIONS Reporting, focuses on reporting of mate-
rial ingredients and requires use of a
Putting it into Action
FLOORVIBE v2.10 specific number of products meeting As you evaluate product choices on LEED
• Software to Analyze Floors for Annoying Vibrations
• New release the listed criteria. Option 2, Material projects, the new LEED v4 requires a para-
• Demo version at www.FloorVibe.com Ingredient Optimization, awards points digm shift from thinking focused on product
• Calculations follow AISC Design Guide 11 Procedures
• Analyze for Walking and Rhythmic Activities
for selection of products meeting mate- attributes to consideration of life cycle,
• Check floors supporting sensitive equipment rial ingredient certification criteria for product disclosure and waste avoidance, all
• Graphic displays of output at least 25%, by cost of the total value in the context of collaboration with other
• Data bases included
CONSULTING SERVICES
of products in the project. Option 3, design disciplines and input from the con-
• Expert consulting available for new construction Product Manufacturer Supply Chain tractor and owner. The structural engineer
and problem floors. Optimization, requires selection of can be a valuable contributor to this pro-
Structural Engineers, Inc. materials that, among other things, cess, particularly if educated on the details
Radford, VA 540-731-3330 tmmurray@floorvibe.com have a third-party verified supply chain. of commonly-used structural systems and
Regional weightings and structure/ building products.▪