Sweden

History:

Proto-Germanic peoples (1700–500 BCE):

Peoples arriving from the Pontic–Caspian steppe and Caucasian Mountains settled in
Scandinavia and the North European Plain.

Germanic peoples (500 BCE–800):

Proto-Germanic peoples developed into Swedes and Geats. Germanic peoples in Jutland
developed the Proto-Norse culture in the coasts of Kattegat, that expanded into most of
Scandinavia meeting the Sámi people to the north, and established commerce networks with
other cultures.

Viking Age (800–1050):

The agricultural capacity of Scandinavia was not sufficient for the increasing population.
Consequently, many Scandinavians resorted to piracy and raiding in the Baltics to obtain
wealth to trade for food. This developed a strong warrior culture that expanded into other
parts of Europe, which sacked port cities and traded slaves. Vikings invaded and established
colonies in Great Britain and France.

Kingdom of Sweden (10th century–1397):

Eric the Victorious unified the Kingdom of Sweden, and Olof Skötkonungwas started its
process of Christianization. The Swedish throne was disputed between the House of Sverker
and the House of Eric. Sweden fought many wars against other Scandinacian kingdoms,
incorporating Hälsingland, Varmland and Österland. Birger Jarl founded Stockholm, and
Magnus III established a nobility and feudal levy. Swedish people settled in the Gulf of
Bothnia, establishing a monopoly of fur trade with the Sámi. In 1219, Magnus IV inherited
the throne of Norway and was elected King of Sweden in the Convention of Oslo, replaced by
Albert in 1364, who was himself replaced by Margaret I in 1387.

Kalmar Union (1397–1523):

The Kalmar Union was established to counter the Hanseatic League, and Eric of Pomerania
became its first ruler. A separatist movement led by Sten Sture the Younger started growing
among Swedes who rejected Christian II as their king. As a response, he invaded Sweden and
suppressed them by force, carrying out the Stockholm Bloodbath. This sparked the Swedish
War of Liberation (1521–1523), that successfully expelled Christian II’s army.

Kingdom of Sweden: Early Vasa (1523–1611):

The Kalmar Union was divided into the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden, following the
ousting of Christian II in a rebellion led by Gustav Vasa. Infrastructure, technology, and
ideas of the Enlightenment and Protestantism started flourishing in Sweden.

Swedish Empire (1611–1721):

Age of Liberty (1718–1772):

Gustavian era (1772–1809):

United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905):

Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present):