POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Analysis for Time of Concentration using velocity Method for the Siniloan,
Pagsanjan, Jala-Jala

An Output
Presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering Department
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

CIEN 3473 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

By:

Reyes, Denise Joy

Magnaye, Kimberly Wealth
Lagadan, Daryl John
Borilla, Jaderick
Alvarez, Andrick
Reyes, Carl Danvel Genrev

Dr. Donamel Saiyari

Adviser
July 2022

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Objective of the Study
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study

Chapter 2: Methodology…………………………………………………………………8
2.1 Study Areas
2.2 Determination of Number of Rivers and Watershed Area
2.3 Determination of Drainage Basin Slope
2.4 Gathering of Rainfall Data (August 2021)
2.5 Determination of Curve Numbers
2.6 Determination of Predicted Run-off and Hydrograph Generation
2.7 Determination of Water Velocity for Shallow Concentration
2.8 Determination of Water Velocity for Open Channel Flow
2.9 Time of Concentration Determination

Chapter 3: Results and Discussion…………………………………………………….19

3.1 Drainage flow length and Watershed River Basin Areas
3.2 Drainage Basin Slopes
3.3 Two-Year Precipitation Data
3.4 Curve Numbers
3.5 Hydrographs
3.6 Velocity Flow Type Adopted for Shallow Concentrated Flow
3.7 Velocity Flow Type Adopted for Open Channel Flow
3.8 Time of Concentration

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………..34

References………………………………………………………………………………..35
Annexes…………………………………………………………………………………..36

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Watershed is a geographic area through which water flows across the land and

drains into a common body of water, whether a stream, river, lake, or ocean. The

watershed boundary will more or less follow the highest ridgeline around the stream

channels and meet at the bottom or lowest point of the land where water flows out of

the watershed, the mouth of the water way. Much of the water comes from rainfall and

stormwater runoff. The quality and quantity of stormwater is affected by all the

alterations to the land mining, agriculture, roadways, urban development, and the

activities of people within a watershed. Watersheds are usually separated from other

watersheds by naturally elevated areas. (Watershed Management. Department of

Environmental Protection. (n.d.)).

It’s important to know that watersheds help to prevent floods and landslides

and store water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other productive uses. In

correspondence to the Hydrologic Atlas from the Laguna Lake Development

Authority, Laguna de Bay has 24 sub-basins. This study determines the time of

concentration from three municipalities surrounding the Laguna Watershed which

includes Siniloan, Pagsanjan, and Jala-jala. Siniloan and Jala-jala Sub-basins are

located in the northeastern part of Laguna de Bay, while the Pagsanjan Sub-basin is

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in the southeastern part. Among these three areas, Pagsanjan River in Pagsanjan is

one of the highest contributors of stream flow. By using the “velocity method”, we can

calculate the Time of concentration of the water sheds. (Press release. JICA. 2021).

The concept of time of concentration in the analysis of catchment responses dates

back over 150 years to the introduction of the rational method. Since then, it has been

used in a variety of ways in the formulation of both unit hydrograph and distributed

catchment models. It is normally discussed in terms of the velocity of flow of a water

particle from the furthest part of a catchment to the outlet. (Beven, K. J. 2020, May

25)

Time of Concentration (Tc) is the time required for runoff to travel from the

hydraulically most distant point in the watershed to the outlet. Tc is generally applied

only to surface runoff and may be computed using many different methods. In

hydrograph analysis, Tc is the time from end of excess rainfall to the point on the

falling limb of dimensionless until hydrograph where the recession curve begins.

(Woodward, D. 2010).

Using the velocity method is a common method of estimating river flow. As the

term implies, the flow is the product of the average velocity in the cross-section and

the cross-sectional area of flow. (Herschy, R. W. 1998, January 1)

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1.2 Objective to the study

The primary goal of the study is to carry out a watershed analysis to identify

the time of concentration using the velocity method for the three municipalities of the

Laguna Lake watershed sub-basins, specifically: Siniloan, Pagsanjan and Jala-Jala.

Below are the study's particular goals are outlined.

1. Determine the number of rivers and measure their length.

2. Tabulate the precipitation and the sub-watershed’s area.

3. Create a hydrograph for the month of Nov 2020 for each sub/sub-watershed like

the attached example, i.e., showing the peak rainfall and the peak discharge.

4. Determine the type of velocity flow method to use, as well as the appropriate

equation and Manning's coefficient to be used.

5. Determine the water velocity and tabulate in excel the evaluated/calculated data

results.

6. Calculate the "time of concentration" for each sub-watershed and the total time of

concentration.

focused on the designated area.

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1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study only covers the three municipalities within the Laguna Lake

watershed, which includes Pagsanjan and Siniloan in the province of Laguna, and

Jala-Jala in the province of Rizal. The time of concentration was calculated from the

two-year period from 2019-2021.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study anticipates contributing additional information to serve the following

individuals and organizations.

Laguna Lake Development Authority. LLDA’s website contains a Hydrologic

Atlas of Laguna de Bay that dates up to 2004. This study will help affirm the accuracy

of the hydrological data written on the atlas and serve as additional information to

back up the atlas’ contents.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This study will

serve as additional information for the utilization and conservation of the country’s

largest freshwater lake.

Local Government Unit. This study will be beneficial to the local government

units of Siniloan, Pagsanjan, and Jala-Jala as it will provide useful information

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essential for water management. For them to be able to fully utilize their water

resources and manage water-related risks.

Other Researchers. This study will be an effective tool and reference for other

researchers who would intend to make any further relevant study regarding the

incorporation of water hyacinth fibers in concrete and the usage of eggshell powder

as cement replacement.

Community. For the locals surrounding the three areas cited on this study,

time frames of the water flow will be relevant. These time frames will be helpful for the

residents’ awareness and response to possible landslides and flooding on the lower

terrains of the areas.

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Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Areas

2.1.a SINILOAN

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Barangay Wawa, Siniloan is the location of the Mayor River, also known as the

Romelo River, in the lower half of the watershed as cited in LLDA (Laguna Lake

Development Authority). According to LLDA the Llavac River drains the watershed's

northeast, northwest, and southwest regions. It was reported that the Llavac River

flows into the Mayor/Romelo River, which is located within the Siniloan barangays of

Buhay and Wawa, which may be explained by the practically flat terrain of the land in

the lower half of the watershed. Lagunlan River drains areas on the eastern edge of

the Siniloan-Famy Microwatershed. This river flows into the Mayor/Romero River at

Siniloan's Barangay Buhay. The Mayor/Romero River flows through Siniloan

Municipality and drains into Laguna Lake.

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2.1.b PAGSANJAN

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At the southeast portion of Laguna de Bay basin in the Southern

Tagalog Region where Pagsanjan Sub-basin can be located. It is limited to the east

by the Paete/Pangil/Pakil sub-basins, to the west by the Sta. Cruz sub-basin, to the

north by the east bay of Laguna Lake, and to the south by Mount Banahaw. The

watershed includes the municipalities of Cavinti, Luisiana, Lumban, Magdalena,

Majayjay, and Pagsanjan in the Province of Laguna, and Lucban Municipality in the

Province of Quezon. This data stated above is according to Laguna Lake

Development Authorities.

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2.1.c JALA-JALA

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According to Laguna Lake Development Authorities’ data, the total area of the sub-

basin is 7,311.87 hectares, with a basin length of 11.39 kilometers (km) and a

perimeter length of 67.71 kilometers (km) with an average width of 3.50 kilometers

(km).

2.2 Determination of Number of Rivers and Watershed Area

The number of rivers was determined using the available Synthetic Aperture

Radar – Digital Elevation Model (SAR-DEM) from lidar data. The Laguna Lake

watershed was analyzed using ArcGIS Pro version 3.0 to identify the length of rivers

and its numbers. Slopes for basins are acquired using ArcGIS Pro.

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All of the lowest elevations were depicted using the ArcGIS Pro watershed

analysis drainage command. Rivers and streams were regarded as elevations. This

identifies all the major tributary rivers. Each tributary or river was assigned an object

ID and its length was determined. The river basin areas were also calculated using

the ArcGIS Pro analysis.

2.3. Gathering of Rainfall Data

The amount of precipitation in millimeters was obtained from World Weather

Online (https://www.worldweatheronline.com) for the months September 2019 to

August 2021. World Weather Online provides weather forecast and provides an

average daily, monthly and annual amount of precipitation. In this study, rainfall data

from September 2019 to August 2021 for the plotting of hydrograph. While rainfall

data from the previous two years was used to calculate the time of concentration in

the various river basins.

2.3. Predicted Surface Run-off and Hydrograph siniloan Pagsanjan jala-jala

The rainfall data for the month of November for Siniloan, Pagsanjan and Jala-

Jala were obtained from World Weather Online and it is being tabulated from excel.

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The volume was obtained following the equations developed by USDA-SCS

(1972) (Ward et al., 2016) The equations for predicting total runoff volume were

shown in the following paragraphs The excess rainfall could be calculated using the

NRCS curve number procedure. In this case the infiltration losses are combined with

the surface storage because of the relationship.

(𝑃−𝐼𝑎 )2
𝑄 = (𝑃−𝐼
𝑎 +𝑆𝑖 )

Where:
Q = is the accumulated runoff of rainfall excess in inches or millimeters,
P = is the rainfall depth in inches or millimeters,
Si = is the surface storage in inches or millimeters, is a parameter given by:

100
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑘( 𝐶𝑁 − 10)
Where:

CN = is known as the curve number.

k = is a constant, k = 1, if Q and P are in inches.

k = is a constant, k = 25.4, if Q and P are in millimeters.

Ia = is the initial abstractions in inches or millimeters and includes surface storage,

interception, and infiltration prior to runoff. The initial abstractions term Ia is commonly
approximated as 0.2Si.

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(𝑃 − 0.2𝑆𝑖 )2
𝑄=
(𝑃 + 0.8𝑆𝑖 )

To calculate the volume of stormflow based on USDA-SCS (1972) equations,

the curve numbers must be identified based on the surface description according to
land use. While the land use map was taken from the Philippine River catalogue of
Hydrology and Water Resources Research Laboratory of Kyoto University in Figure
2.2.

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2.5. Determination of water velocity for swallow concentrated and open channel
flow
The velocity method assumes that the time of concentration is equal to the

sum of the travel times for segments along the hydraulically most distant flow. As

shown in Equation 4.

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑡1 + 𝑇𝑡2 + 𝑇𝑡3 + ⋯ 𝑇𝑡𝑛

Where:
𝑇𝑐 = time of concentration, h
𝑇𝑡𝑛 = travel time of a segment n, h
n = number of segments comprising the total hydraulic length
There are three types of flow of the segments in the velocity method:

Sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow, and open channel flow

1.) Sheet flow defined as flow over planar surfaces. It is the most common in the

headwaters of a stream near the watershed’s ridgeline. Sheet flow for no more than

100 ft before transitioning to shallow concentrated flow

0.007(𝑛𝑙)0.8
𝑇𝑡 = (𝑃2 )0.5 𝑆 0.4

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Where:
𝑇𝑡 = travel time, h
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
l = sheet flow length, ft
𝑃2 = 2-year, 24-hour rainfall, in.
S =slope of land surface, ft/ft

2.) Shallow concentrated flow occurs when sheet flow becomes shallow

concentrated flow collecting in swales, gullies and small rills, it occurs at

approximately 100 feet. Shallow concentrated flow is assumed not to have a well-

defined channel and has flow depth of 0.1 to 0.5 feet. It is assumed that shallow

concentrated flow can be represented by one of seven flow types. These flow types

are shown in Figure 2.1 and Table 2.2

After estimating average velocity using Figure 2.1 or the equations from Table

2.2, use Equation 2.1 to estimate travel time for the shallow concentrated flow

segment

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Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Siniloan, Jalajala, and Pagsanjan Rivers and Watershed Areas

Using ArcGIS Pro, the drainage from the Synthetic Aperture Radar-Digital

Elevation Model (SAR-DEM) was obtained as shown in the figure. The rivers and

other stream were determined using watershed flow in ArcGIS PRO by setting up

pourpoint in the given software. Based on the ArcGIS watershed area analysis,

Pagsanjan, JalaJala and Siniloan have one major river each. Its watershed areas are

22.43 km2 19.19 km2 and 17.85 km2.

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JalaJala, Pagsanjan, and Siniloan Rivers and Sub-basin Map

Table 3.1a Siniloan, Jalajala and Pagsanjan drainage lines detected by ArcGIS
Object Shape Length Object Shape Length Object Shape Length
ID (m) ID (m) ID (m)
1 1595.19 18 1223.19 35 205.16
2 1699.87 19 3380.11 36 948.04
3 290.84 20 89.9 37 2513.49
4 371.05 21 92.2 38 1214.03
5 2191.45 22 92.2 39 626.4
6 1593.91 23 1237.25 40 1274.91
7 257.5 24 870.2 41 581.71
8 486.9 25 458.68 42 128.8
9 310.81 26 386.33 43 386.39
10 1566.68 27 874.7 44 659.07
11 1865.42 28 515.11 45 714.55
12 329.87 29 4067.62 46 1401.84
13 2775.71 30 329.92 47 591.56
14 858.6 31 872.56 48 620.8
15 418.88 32 4001.06 49 744.66
16 179.78 33 2338.94 50 205.6
17 3253.49 34 3413.97 51 410.33

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3.2 Drainage basin slopes

Table 3.2a Jala-Jala mean average slope

Table 3.2b Siniloan mean average slope

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Table 3.2c Pagsanjan mean average slope

In the tables 3.1a, 3.2b and 3.2c represents the mean average slope in areas

of Jala-Jala, Siniloan and Pagsanjan, with values of 183.88 km, 130.99 km, and

200.54 km. The slopes are generated using ArcGIS PRO by using the watershed

areas/ sub-basins as rasters for the given data.

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3.3 Precipitation

In the table 3.3a, the daily precipitation was taken from World Weather Online.

The highest precipitation is on November 12, 2020, with a precipitation of 42.45mm.

Precipitation Precipitation
Month Month
(mm) (mm)
2019-Sep 447 2020-Sep 413.6
2019-Oct 219.7 2020-Oct 735.8
2019-Nov 210 2020-Nov 819.5
2019-Dec 335.6 2020-Dec 277.8
2020-Jan 63.5 2021-Jan 153.4
2020-Feb 61.6 2021-Feb 121
2020-Mar 21.4 2021-Mar 67.2
2020-Apr 86.3 2021-Apr 54
2020-May 225.5 2021-May 58.8
2020-Jun 382.8 2021-Jun 491.5
2020-Jul 369.3 2021-Jul 279.8
2020-Aug 375.5 2021-Aug 187.8

Table 3.3a, Jala-Jala, Siniloan and Pagsanjan precipitation during the month of
November

Day Precipitation(mm) Day Precipitaion(mm) Day Precipitation(mm)

1 28.4125 11 1.75 21 0.3875
2 1.2125 12 42.45 22 0.7375
3 2 13 0.5 23 0.4875
4 3.05 14 0.175 24 0.7375
5 2.225 15 0.1625 25 0.4875
6 0.925 16 0.15 26 0.325
7 0.4375 17 0.1375 27 0.775
8 10.275 18 0.1875 28 1.125
9 0.3625 19 0.0625 29 1.5875
10 0.55 20 0.1375 30 0.625

Two-year average precipitation

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The two-year average precipitation of JalaJala, Siniloan and Pagsanjan was

273.5875 mm. The highest precipitation is on the month of October and November

2020 whose average monthly precipitation were 735.8 and 819.5 mm. It occurred.

The highest amount of precipitation

for this month is because there is a typhoon active typhoon that occurred in the

country named Rolly and Ulyssess.

3.4 Curve Numbers

The curve number for each municipality were computed using the average of

their territorial land uses. The composite column on the table represents the curve

number.

Watershed/Sub- Marsh,
watershed Name Arable Brushland Forest Grass rice Plantation Urban Composite
paddies
Siniloan 65 79 79 74.33
Jalajala 65 65 87 74 87 75.6
Pagsanjan 65 74 79 87 76.25

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3.5 Hydrograph for August 2021

After obtaining the curve number, Runoff and Discharge were computed using

daily precipitation from the month of November 2020 which showed the highest

amount of rainfall on the 2-Year period from September 2019-August 2021. The

stormflow of each of the municipalities were also computed and shown on the tables

below.

Siniloan Stormflow on Nov. 2020

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Jala-jala Stormflow on Nov. 2020

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Pagsanjan Stormflow on Nov. 2020

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The hydrograph was created using precipitation data of each municipality and

their respective discharges during the 2-year period.

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3.6 Velocity Flow type Adopted for Shallow Concentrated Flow

The river characteristics were obtained from Kyoto University Hydrology and
Water Resources
Research Laboratory Catalogue for Philippine Rivers.

(Source: http://hywr.kuciv.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ihp/riverCatalogue/Vol_05/9_Philippines-4.pdf)

(Source: http://hywr.kuciv.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ihp/riverCatalogue/Vol_05/9_Philippines-4.pdf)

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Table 3.6a shows the shallow concentrated flow for the Jalajala, Siniloan and
Pagsanjan river basins. The adopted shallow concentrated velocity equation that was
adopted was V=8.762 (s)0.5 for cultivated straight row crops. The shallow
concentrated velocity obtained were 0.09 m/s, 0.01 m/s, and 0.01 m/s for Siniloan,
Jala Jala and Pagsanjan, respectively.

Watershed/Subwatershed Surface Velocity Velocity

Name description equation (ft/s) (m/s)

Cultivated
V=8.762 (s) ^
Siniloan straight row 0.89483736
0.5
crops
Cultivated
V=8.762 (s)
Jala Jala straight row 0.81967357
^0.5
crops
Cultivated
V=8.762 (s)
Pagsanjan straight row 0.80339662
^0.5
crops
Table 3.6a Shallow Concentrated Flow

3.7 Velocity Flow type Adopted for Shallow Concentrated Flow

Table 3.7a shows the watershed/sub-watershed area of the municipalities in
question, the length of the river/stream, and the average slope of the river basin. The
sub-watershed areas, river or stream lengths, and average slopes were derived from
the ArcGIS analysis results.

Sub-
River/Strea Average
Watershed/Subwatersh watershe
River/Stream m Length Slope
ed Name d Area
(m) (km/km)
(m2 )
Siniloan Siniloan River 12,559.49 0.0104299
17850000
Jala Jala
Jala Jala 21011.67 0.0087514
19190000 River
Pagsanjan
Pagsanjan 23853.44 0.0084072
24430000 River
Table 3.7a Watershed/sub-watershed area, river/stream length and average slope of
the river basin.

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3.8 Time of Concentration

Being able to calculate the various concentration times based on flow segments It is

necessary to identify each parameter for the particular flow segment. For instance, the slope

and Manning's coefficient for sheet flow were calculated as given in Table 3.12. The times of

contentment for the three river basins in Siniloan, Jala-jala, and Pagsanjan are shown in

Table 3.12. To compute for the Time of Concentration, data such as sub-watershed area,

River/Stream Length, and Average Slope were tabulated. These were obtained from the

results of the project accomplished in ArcGIS. These data are shown in the table below.

Equation 5 was used to determine the time of concentration. For a segment of sheet flow with

a distance of 30 feet, the Jalajala river recorded the longest time of concentration (0.22

hours), followed by Siniloan (0.20 hours), and Pagsanjan (0.17 hours).

Table 3.12

As for the travel time for the shallow concentrated flow, it is shown on the table below.

The sheet flow length was used along with the respective velocities of the

municipalities. This Travel Time formula was used:

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The equations used were derived from the velocity versus slope for

shallow concentrated flow graph for various flow types according to its land cover

while the slopes used were from Table 3.13. .

Table 3.13. Time of Concentration for shallow Concentrated flow

Pagsanjan recorded the longest Tc of 8.247 hours for shallow concentrated

flow with an average Slope of 0.84 percent. Jalajala came next, with a Tc of 7.121

hours and an average slope of 0.87 percent. Last but not least is Siniloan, whose Tc

is 3.899 hours with an average slope of .89 percent.

Between the three river basins (Table 3.15). Pagsanjan's attention span was

the longest at 2.32 hours. Jalajala came next, taking 2.07 hours, while Siniloan took

just 1.22 hours. It is evident that the terrain, rainfall totals, and land use within the

watershed had the most impact on the timing of concentrations.

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Table 3.14:

Table 3.15:

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Chapter 4
Conclusion and Recommendation

• Pagsanjan and Siniloan both have a significant river. Unfortunately, Jala-Jala

only has a little stream that is about a 1 kilometer long.
• The Siniloan, Jala Jala and Pagsanjan watershed areas were 17850000 m2
,19190000 m2 and 24430000 m2
• Based on the hydrographic results, the highest rainfall happened in November
12, 2020 with a rainfall data of 42.45mm.
• The adopted shallow concentrated velocity equation that was adopted was
V=8.762 (s)^0.5 for cultivated straight row crops.
• The shallow concentrated velocity obtained were 0.09 m/s, 0.01 m/s, and 0.01
m/s for Siniloan, Jala Jala and Pagsanjan, respectively
• The Manning’s coefficient adopted for sheet flow for cultivated soils was 0.17
while open channel flow was 0.04 for light brush and trees in summer.
• The time of concentrations obtained for Siniloan, Jala Jala and
Pagsanjanwere 1.23 hour, 2.08 hour and 2.32 hour, respectively.
• The lag time obtained for Siniloan, Jala Jala and Pagsanjan were 0.74 hour,
1.25 hour and 1.39 hour, respectively.

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References:
Beven, K. J. (2020, May 25). A history of the concept of time of concentration. Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences. Retrieved June 30, 2022,
fromhttps://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/1-4020-4513-1_228

Woodward, D. (2010). Chapter 15 time of concentration - USDA. Chapter 15 Time of

Concentration. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from
https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=27002.wba

Press release. JICA. (2021). Retrieved June 30, 2022, from

https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/210805.html#:~:text=Watersheds%
20help%20prevent%20floods%20and,critical%20watersheds%20in%20the%20Philippines.
Watershed Management. Department of Environmental Protection. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30,
2022, from
https://dep.wv.gov/wwe/watershed/pages/watershed_management.aspx#:~:text=Watersheds%
20are%20important%20because%20the,Everything%20upstream%20ends%20up%20downstream

(https://www.worldweatheronline.com)

(https://llda.gov.ph/)

ArcGIS 10.1 (Redlands, California).

(Ward et al., 2016) Ward, A. D., Trimble, S.W., Burckhard, S. R., Lyon, J. G. (2016). Environmental
Hydrology, 3rd edition. Boca Raton : CRC Press.

(Fang et al., 2007) Fang, X., Pradhan, P., Cleveland, T. (2007). Variations of time of Concentration
Estimates Using NRCS Velocity Method. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,
133:4(314). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437.

(Tiongson et al., 2012) Tongson E. E., E. C. Hernandez and A. A. Faraon. 2012. Hydrologic Atlas of
Laguna de Bay 2012. Laguna Lake Development Authority and WWF-Philippines. Quezon City.
Philippines.

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ANNEX

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