MODULE 3: IRRIGATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. Projects which have a culturable command area (CCA) of more than 10,000 ha but
more than 2,000 ha utilize mostly surface water resources.
a. Medium irrigation projects
b. Minor irrigation projects
c. Major irrigation projects
d. Rare irrigation projects
2. This scheme, sponsored by the central government was launched in 1974-75 with
the objective of bridging the gap between irrigation potential created and that utilized
for ensuring efficient utilization of created irrigation potential and increasing the
agricultural productivity from irrigated lands on a sustainable basis
a. Command Area Development Programme
b. Canal automation
c. Participatory irrigation management
d. Management of water for irrigation
3. Surface water reservoirs are common in irrigation systems and these are designed
and operated to cater to crop water requirement throughout the year
a. Watershed development
b. Water management
c. On farm water management
d. Choice of irrigation method
4. Where the irrigation water is conveyed by growing to the irrigated land
a. Flow irrigation system
b. Lift irrigation system
c. Reservoir/tank/storage irrigation
d. Direct irrigation
5. Projects which have CCA less than 10,000 ha. But more than 2,000 ha utilizes
mostly surface water resources.
a. Medium irrigation projects
b. Minor irrigation projects
c. Major irrigation projects
d. Rare irrigation projects
6. This refers to the heterogenous mass which provides the structural base to the
plants.
a. Water
b. Air
c. Pore
d. Soil
7. ______________ is a soil physical property which refers to the arrangement of soil
particles and aggregates with respect to each other.
 a. Soil Texture
b. Soil Structure
c. Soil Composition
d. Soil Grade
8. Volume of water that could easily be drained off due to gravity.
a. Hygroscopic Water
b. Capillary Water
c. Gravitational Water
d. Field Water
9. These denote to soil water proportions that dictate whether the water is available or
not for plant growth.
a. Soil Water Constants
b. Soil Water Variables
c. Soil Water Consistencies
d. Soil Water
10. On the basis of the suitability of water for irrigation, which particular class conveys
the excellent to good quality of water?
a. Class I
b. Class II
c. Class III
d. Class IV
11. It is a term used to describe the watering given to a crop when the plants are still
young.
a. Kor
b. ker
c. korr
d. kerr
12. It is the total depth of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land.
a. Maximum depth
b. Delta
c. Crop water height
d. Duty of water
13. It means that the area of land can be irrigated with unit volume of irrigation water.
a. Duty
b. Paleo
c. Kor
d. Delta
14. It is the period wherein the total water required for crop growth is not uniformly
distributed over its entire life span.
a. Base period
b. Duty period
 c. Crop period
d. Irrigation period
15. This type of irrigation is practiced in the initial stages before the crop is sown,
wherein the land is very dry. The soil is moistened with water as it helps in sowing the
crops.
a. Duty
b. Paleo
c. Kor
d. Delta
16. Plant roots extract water from the soil. Most of this water doesn’t remain in the plant,
but escapes to the atmosphere as vapour through the plants leaves and Version 2 CE
IIT, Kharagpur stems, a process which is called:
a. evapotranspiration
b. transpiration
c. evaporation
d. condensation
17. KC or crop factor has been evaluated for 4 stages of a crop growth, which of the
following stage is not included?
a. Initial stage
b. Crop development stage
c. Secondary stage
d. Mid-Season stage
18. What plant has been chosen as a standard reference to evaluate the
evapotranspiration rate?
a. Grass
b. Onion
c. Lentil
d. Cotton
19. What factor varies with the position of the equipment (say, whether placed in a
fallow area or a cropped area), humidity and wind speed.
a. ETO
b. ETC
c. Kpan
d. Epan
20. The soil is first moistured with water to help to sowing of seeds, and the water
application for this purpose is known as
a. Kor watering
b. Paleo irrigation
c. Overlap allowance
d. Outlet factor
21. This type of project consists of huge surface water, storage reservoirs and flow
diversion structures. The area envisaged to be covered under irrigation is of the
order over 10000 hectare.
a. Medium Project
b. Major Project
c. Minor Project
d. Direct Irrigation Project
22. The area proposed under irrigation for these schemes is below 2000Ha and the
source of water is either ground water or from wells or tube wells or surface water
lifted by pumps or by gravity flow from tanks. It could also be irrigated from through
water from tanks.
a. Medium Project
b. Major Project
c. Minor Project
d. Direct Irrigation Project
23. These are also surface water projects but with medium size storage and diversion
structures with the area under irrigation between 10000 hectare and 2000 hectare.
a. Medium Project
b. Major Project
c. Minor Project
d. Direct Irrigation Project
24. The percentage of the irrigation proposed to be irrigated annually.
a. Medium Project
b. Intensity of Irrigation
c. Direct Irrigation Method
d. Gross command area
25. This project water is directly diverted from the river into the canal by constructing a
diversion structure like weir or barrage across the river with some pondage to take
care of diurnal variations.
a. Storage Irrigation Method
b. Intensity of Irrigation
c. Direct Irrigation Method
d. Gross command area
26. This is where the water is allowed to cover the surface of land in a continuous sheet
of water with the depth of applied water just sufficient to allow the field to absorb the
right amount of water needed to raise soil moisture up to field capacity.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Subsurface irrigation
c. Flooding method
d. Furrow irrigation
27. Is particularly suited to areas where water quality is marginal, land is steeply sloping
or undulating and of poor quality, where water or Labor are expensive, or where high
value crops require frequent water applications.
a. Drip irrigation system
b. Sprinkler irrigation system
c. Surface irrigation
d. Subsurface irrigation
28. In what way/s can the flooding method of irrigation be applied?
i. Controlled way
ii. Uncontrolled way
iii. In any ways
a. iii
b. i & ii
c. ii
d. i
29. This is achieved by distributing water through a system of pipes usually by pumping
which is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small
water drops which fall to the ground.
a. Subsurface irrigation
b. Drip irrigation system
c. Surface irrigation
d. Sprinkler irrigation system
30. Which is not one of the three ways of applying water to a field in furrow irrigation
method?
a. by using pipe outlets to deliver water to the furrows
b. by using pumps to help the water reaches the furrows
c. by using flexible pipes to siphon out the water from the field channel
d. by using the breach method to apply the water into the furrows
31. This canal takes its supplies directly from the river and derives water through a head
regulator.
a. Branch Canals
b. Major Distributaries
c. Main Canal
d. Minor Distributaries
32. Though irrigation canals may be constructed in natural or compacted earth, these
suffer from certain disadvantages which lead to adoption of lining of canals, except;
a. Bank Failure
b. Seepage of water into the ground
c. Maximum velocity limited to prevent erosion
d. Controls seepage
33. Also called as dry-stone lining or stone pitching, is used for lining the earthen canal
cross section, by proper placement and packing of stones, either after laying a filter
layer over the soil surface or without any such filter, depending upon the site
requirement.
a. Brick or Burnt Clay Tile Lining
b. Boulder Lining
c. Cement Concrete Lining
d. Shotcrete Lining
34. A type of earth lining where the graded soil containing about 15% clay is spread over
the sub-grade and compacted.
a. Loose Earth Blanket
b. Soil-cement Lining
c. Compacted Earth Lining
d. Stabilized Earth Lining
35. Another type of earth lining which is constructed by spreading soil-bentonite
mixtures over the sub-grade and covering it with gravel or compacted earth.
a. Buried Bentonite Membrane
b. Compacted Earth Lining
c. Loose Earth Blanket
d. Soil-cement Lining
36. What conveyance structure reduce the canal section to a rectangular section and
convey the flow across the natural stream in the form of bridge resting on piers?
a) Trough type aqueduct
b) Barrel type aqueduct
c) Super passage
d) Canal syphon
e) Level crossing
37. The natural stream is flumed and made to pass in a trough above the canal. If the
canal water flows with a free surface, that is,
a) Trough type aqueduct
b) Barrel type aqueduct
c) Super passage
d) Canal syphon
e) Level crossing
38. When the canal passes the trough as pressure flow, then it is termed as
a) Trough type aqueduct
b) Barrel type aqueduct
c) Super passage
d) Canal syphon
e) Level crossing
39. Normal canal section is continued across the natural stream but the stream section
is flumed to pass through ‘barrels’ or rectangular passages. This type is called a
a) Trough type aqueduct
b) Barrel type aqueduct
c) Super passage
d) Canal syphon
e) Level crossing
40. This type of structure is provided when a canal approaches a large sized drainage
with high flood discharges at almost the same level.
a) Trough type aqueduct
b) Barrel type aqueduct
c) Super passage
d) Canal syphon
e) Level crossing
41. Solid masonry structure which is constructed on the canal if the natural ground
slope is steeper than the designed channel bed slope.
A. Canal Fall
B. Canal Regulator
C. Topography of Canal
D. Excavation or Filling
42. It consists of both convex and concave curves gradually. This gradual combination
helps to provide smooth transition of flow and also reduce the impact. If the canal
natural ground surface is suddenly changed to steeper slope, this type is recommended
for that canal.
A. Stepped fall
B. Straight Glacis Fall
C. Ogee fall
D. Well type falls
43. A vertical drop fall is the basic example of this fall. This was also tried in Sarda
Canal of Uttar Pradesh which came to be commonly called as the Sarda-type fall.
A. Rapid fall
B. Stepped fall
C. Modern falls
D. None of the above
44. Gated structure combined with bridges and falls for economic and other
considerations like topography. It also controls the flow through a parent canal and its
off-taking distributary.
A. Cross Regulator
B. Canal Regulator
C. Head Regulator
D. All of the above
45. For small discharges of a canal, which of the following may be provided:
A. Well drop fall
B. Pipe drop fall
C. Baffled apron drop
D. All of the above
46. Silt vanes are also called ____.
a. King’s Vanes
b. Queen’s Vanes
c. Princess’ Vanes
d. Prince’s Vanes
47. It is an RCC slab resting on low height piers on the bed of the parent canal, and in
front of the off-taking canal, and in front of the off-taking canal.
a. Silt vanes
b. Skimming Platform
c. Groyne walls
d. Canal Escapes
48. These are structures meant to release excess water from a canal, which could be
main canal, branch canal, distributary, minors etc.
a. Silt vanes
b. Skimming Platform
c. Groyne walls
d. Canal Escapes
49. These are gated escapes with a very low crest height.
a. Silt vanes
b. Skimming Platform
c. Sluice escapes
d. Weir or surface escapes
50. These are constructed in the form of weirs, without any gate or shutter and spills
over when the water level of the canal goes above its crest level.
a. Silt vanes
b. Skimming Platform
c. Sluice escapes
d. Weir or surface escapes
51. This is a pipe with the exit end submerged in the watercourse. The pipes are placed
horizontally and at right angles to the centre line of the distributing channel and acts
as a non-modular outlet.
a. Canal outlets
b. Module outlets
c. Pipe outlets
d. Open flume outlets
52. The following are classification of modules except:
 a. Semi-modular outlets
b. Partial-modular outlets
c. Module outlets
d. Non-modular outlets
53. Discharge through these outlets depend on the water level of the distributing
channel but is independent of the water level in the watercourse.
a. Pipe outlets
b. Semi-modular outlets
c. Open flume outlets
d. Partial-modular outlets
54. It has been use as discharge measuring devices in open channels since almost two
centuries and are probably the most extensively used devices for measurement of
the rate of flow in open channels.
a. Flumes
b. Weirs
c. Canal outlets
d. Open flume outlets
55. Discharge through an outlet is usually less than:
a. 0.080 cumecs
b. 0.800 cumecs
c. 0.085 cumecs
d. 0.850 cumecs

ESSAY
1. Discuss at least three benefits of irrigation.
2. Give and explain shortly the two ways of how does the soil holds water.
3. Explain the effect of major climatic factors in variation of evapotranspiration?
4. What are the differences between Direct Irrigation Method and Storage Irrigation
Method?
5. What are the two ways by which irrigation water may be applied below ground?
Explain briefly.
6. Discuss the problems created by water logging.
7. Briefly describe the two conveyance structures used when canal flows are to
cross beneath the natural stream.
8. Explain the considerations in designing canal outlets.