Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be

able to:
• design farm plans and layouts according
to crop grown;
• follow strictly planting system and
practices according to approved cultural
practices;
• interpret irrigation system plan according
to established procedures; and
• differentiate designs of irrigation systems.
 Definition of Terms
Lay-outing - the act of
locating the position of plant in
the orchard.

Source: https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/57/7b/d9/577bd923776fb4
6126cee1343c4c6783.jpg
Definition of Terms
Irrigation - the application of
water to the soil by any other
means than rainfall.
 Definition of Terms
Mono-cropping – the
agricultural practice of
growing a single crop year
after year on the same land.
Source:
https://images.wisegeek.com/cornfield.jpg
 Definition of Terms
Intercropping – the
cultivation of two or more
crops simultaneously on the
same field.
Source: https://www.wur.nl/upload/a760ef0f-
f2a1-4d66-9df4-a34c405baa95_strokenteelt2.jpg
Take this
test!
 MAKE YOUR
INTERPRETATION USING
THE FOLLOWING GUIDE
1 QUESTIONS:
 

2 Area = l x w 42m² 1. What is your area?

2. How many rows are
6 rows
3 = 7m x 6m 5 plants
there in the area?
3. How many plants are

= 42m²
there in a row?
30 plants 4. How many plants are

4 1m
there in the area?
5. What is the distance
between plants per

5 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7m
row?
6. What is the length of
the area?
6m 7. What is the width of the
area?  
Planning is an important part of
any work to be done, specially
when money is involve. A
businessman has to be cautious,
so a plan should be present to
prevent disarray on what will
happen in your crop production
farm.
 Common knowledge in
measurement, basic
computation, and drawing
skills are essential in
creating a plan for your
farm.
INTERPRET
FARM PLANS
AND LAYOUTS
The Farming for the Future (FFTF)
program
• It is an initiative of NSW Government
agencies focusing on whole farm
planning.
• Can help you to plan the best farm layout.
• A whole farm plan considers the farm‘s
physical, financial and human/personal
resources for both now and the future.
Site Assessment
An on-site assessment of a farm
is necessary so that a map can be
drawn of the property‘s
topography, boundaries,
soils, water resources
and so on, and a farm
business plan can be
formulated.
Government Plans
• Acquaint yourself with relevant Regional, Local and
Development Control Plans and their short and long-term
effects on your proposed or existing farm enterprise.
• This will help reduce unforeseen risks and enhance your
farm business.
• Government’s approval may be needed for:
• Building greenhouses and constructing dams or erecting hail
and windbreak netting.
• Land clearing or a no burning of crop debris or waste materials
on farm.
• Odor or noise is a nuisance likely to be generated from the
development.
How Crops are
Arranged in Row
Planting
ROW
PLANTING
Row planting as applied in conventional
horizontal farming or gardening is a system of
growing crops in linear pattern in at least one
direction rather than planting without any
distinct arrangement.
ROW PLANTING
ROW
PLANTING
The specific advantages of row planting over broadcasting or scatter
planting include the following:
(1) light absorption is maximized and, conversely, the excessive
shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more
efficient photosynthesis and improved crop yield;
(2) wind passage along the interrows is enhanced which increases gas
exchanges and prevents excessive humidity;
(3) access through the interrows facilitates cultivation, weeding, and
other farm operations including hauling;
(4) movement within the crop area is convenient and allows close
inspection of individual plants; and
(5) visibility is enhanced.
ROW
PLANTING
In row-planted fruit trees and other perennial crops like
coconut, oil palm and rubber, the common types of planting or
spatial arrangement are the square, rectangular, quincunx, and
triangular or hexagonal.
MULTIPLE ROW
PLANTING
Multiple row planting is a system of growing
crops in blocks or strips of 2 or more rows.
The adjacent blocks are separated by a space
which may remain vacant or planted to other
crops.
MULTIPLE ROW PLANTING
MULTIPLE ROW
PLANTING
Coconut and other perennial crops are often
intercropped with multiple rows of annual
crops like corn and pineapple.
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
IN INTERCROPPING
Spatial arrangement is the systematic
apportioning of the farm area or any growing
surface for crop production. In multiple
cropping by intercropping, the intercrop can
be planted in any of the following ways: (1)
within the rows of the maincrop, (2) between
the rows of the maincrop, and (3) in
replacement series.
Spatial Arrangement in Intercropping

Another practice is in strip

intercropping, for example the
simultaneous growing of 6 rows corn
and 12 rows soybean in alternating
strips. These particular examples
result to multiple row planting
arrangement.
Methods of
Planting Crops in
the Farm
Direct seeding or
direct sowing
• either by broadcast, hill or dibble, or by drill method. The hill
and the drill methods are alternative options in row planting.
• a method of planting in which seeds are directly planted on
the ground in the farm or any growing surface while
transplanting makes use of pre-grown plants, seedlings or
vegetatively propagated clones.
• The term transplanting is also used to refer to the practice of
replanting an already established plant in one location and
moving it elsewhere.
1. BROADCASTING
Or sabog tanim, or scatter planting, commonly applies to
small seeds, like rice and mungbean, that are capable of
germination and sustained growth without soil cover. There is
no control of plant-to-plant spacing. The seeds are simply
distributed on a well prepared ground by hand or with a
mechanical broadcaster.
2. HILL OR DIBBLE
Dibbling is an old method of planting crops
practiced by subsistence farmers in hilly lands.
With a dibbler or ―panghasok (a pointed,
spear-like stem) held by one hand, he strikes
the ground to make holes about 2 inches ( 5
cm) deep and 1-2 steps apart. As the pointed
tip of the dibbler is lifted, someone else
immediately drops 3-4 seeds of an
indigenous, open-pollinated corn into the
hole. The hole is not refilled with soil, that
part is done naturally by the cascading
downward movement of surface soil and
fragments of rock.
2. HILL OR DIBBLE
3. DRILL METHOD
The drill method of planting crops is done, either manually or
mechanically, by releasing seeds continuously, as if pouring water
from a bottle with a small opening. The seed drill allows farmers
to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths at a specific
seed rate; each tube creates a hole of a specific depth, drops in
one or more seeds, and covers it over.
TRANSPLANTING
• A method of planting crops in which potted plants or pre-
grown seedlings or clones are planted on the ground, other
growing surface, or any growing structure.
• Transplanting is also convenient with a few plants that can be
transferred with a ball of soil around the roots.
Irrigation and
Drainage in
Agricultural
Production
 Water is very important to
crops. In the absence of rain,
irrigation provides the
necessary moisture and carrier
of plant food to obtain
maximum growth and
development of crops.
FUNCTIONS OF
FARM IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
 The primary function of farm irrigation systems is to
supply crops with irrigation water in the quantities and at
the time it is needed. Specific function includes:
1. Diverting water from the water source.
2. Conveying it to individual fields within the farm.
3. Distributing it within each field.
4. Providing a means for measuring and regulating
flows.
Other functions of farm irrigation system include crop
and soil cooling, protecting crops from frost damage,
delaying fruit and bud development, and controlling wind
erosion
Two systems of
irrigation
 Gravity
a system of irrigation that
requires a dam to direct the
water to a stream.
Pumping
a system of irrigation that
uses a pump to draw water
either from a nearby stream
or a ground water supply.
Methods of
irrigation
1. SURFACE IRRIGATION
The water is applied on the surface of the soil either in
furrows or by flooding. This is the most economical method of
irrigation.
2. SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD IRRIGATION
The water is applied in the form of a spray or artificial rain.
This method uses water efficiently and the operation is flexible.
3. DRIP IRRIGATION
The water is applied through pipes at calibrated pressures.
Drainage – excess water in the field is removed. Excess water
in the field may damage the crops, cause run off and leaching
of soil nutrients.
Methods of
drainage
 Natural
the method that drains
excess water from the field
without the intervention of
man.
Artificial
this method may take the form of open
ditches and tile drains or under drains.
This is the best method of removing
excess water from the field because
water passes down quickly, avoiding the
removal of surface flow.
Advantages of well- drained land:
1. It is porous. Porous soil is easy to work on.
2. It does not become muddy.
3. It is not acidic.
4. There is no submergence of small growing plants.
5. The growth of plants is generally better.
6. The activities of microorganisms are disturbed.
7. Well-drained land prevents the removal of top soil
which is the most fertile part of the soil.
8. Good drainage helps in flood control.
 Hay! Hay! Hooray!

Words to Ponder
What you see depends on how
you view the world. To most
people, this is just dirt. To a
farmer, it’s potential.
Doe Zantamata