Zealots

The Zealots were a political movement in 1st-century Second

Temple Judaism which sought to incite the people of Judea Zealots
Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the ‫קנאים‬
Holy Land by force of arms, most notably during the First Jewish–
Leader Judas of Galilee
Roman War (66–70). Zealotry was the term used by Josephus for a
"fourth sect" or "fourth Jewish philosophy" during this period. Menahem ben
Judah
John of Giscala
Simon bar Giora
Contents Eleazar ben Simon
Etymology Eleazar ben Yair
History Founded 6 CE
In the Talmud Dissolved 73 CE
Headquarters Jerusalem
Sicarii
Gush Halav
Paul the Apostle
Masada
See also
Ideology Jewish nationalism
Notes
Jewish orthodoxy
External links

Etymology
The term zealot, the common translation of the Hebrew kanai (‫קנאי‬, frequently used in plural form,
‫קנאים‬, kana'im), means one who is zealous on behalf of God. The term derives from Greek ζηλωτής
(zelotes), "emulator, zealous admirer or follower".[1][2]

History
Josephus' Jewish Antiquities[3] states that there were three main Jewish sects at this time, the Pharisees, the
Sadducees, and the Essenes. The Zealots were a "fourth sect", founded by Judas of Galilee (also called
Judas of Gamala) in the year 6 CE against the Census of Quirinius, shortly after the Roman Empire
declared what had most recently been the tetrarchy of Herod Archelaus to be a Roman province.
According to Josephus, they "agree in all other things with the Pharisaic notions; but they have an
inviolable attachment to liberty, and say that God is to be their only Ruler and Lord." (18.1.6)

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia article on Zealots:[4]

Judah of Gaulanitis is regarded as the founder of the

Zealots, who are identified as the proponents of the
Fourth Philosophy. In the original sources, however,
no such identification is anywhere clearly made, and
the question is hardly raised of the relationship
 between the Sicarii, the upholders of the Fourth
Philosophy, and the Zealots. Josephus himself in his
general survey of the various groups of freedom
fighters (War 7:268–70) enumerates the Sicarii first,
whereas he mentions the Zealots last.

Others have also argued that the group was not so clearly marked
out (before the first war of 66–70/3) as some have thought.[5]

Simon the Zealot was listed among the apostles selected by Jesus
in the Gospel of Luke[6] and in the Acts of the Apostles.[7] He is
called Cananaean in Mark and Matthew (Matthew 10:4,
Mark 3:18)

Two of Judas of Galilee's sons, Jacob and Simon, were involved in

a revolt and were executed by Tiberius Alexander, the procurator
Statue of Simon the Zealot by
of Iudaea province from 46 to 48.[8]
Hermann Schievelbein at the roof of
The Zealots had the leading role in the First Jewish–Roman War the Helsinki Cathedral.
(66–73 CE). The Zealots objected to Roman rule and violently
sought to eradicate it by generally targeting Romans and Greeks.
Another group, likely related, were the Sicarii, who raided Jewish habitations and killed Jews they
considered apostate and collaborators, while also urging Jews to fight Romans and other Jews for the
cause. Josephus paints a very bleak picture of their activities as they instituted what he characterized as a
murderous "reign of terror" prior to the Jewish Temple's destruction. According to Josephus, the Zealots
followed John of Gischala, who had fought the Romans in Galilee, escaped, came to Jerusalem, and then
inspired the locals to a fanatical position that led to the Temple's destruction. They succeeded in taking over
Jerusalem, and held it until 70, when the son of Roman Emperor Vespasian, Titus, retook the city and
destroyed Herod's Temple during the destruction of Jerusalem.

In the Talmud
In the Talmud, the Zealots are the non-religious (not following the religious leaders), and are also called the
Biryonim (‫ )בריונים‬meaning "boorish", "wild", or "ruffians", and are condemned for their aggression, their
unwillingness to compromise to save the survivors of besieged Jerusalem, and their blind militarism against
the rabbis' opinion to seek treaties for peace. However, according to one body of tradition, the rabbis
initially supported the revolt up until the Zealots initiated a civil war, at which point all hope of resisting the
Romans was deemed impossible.[9] The Zealots are further blamed for having contributed to the demise of
Jerusalem and the Second Temple, and of ensuring Rome's retributions and stranglehold on Judea.
According to the Babylonian Talmud, Gittin:56b, the Biryonim destroyed decades' worth of food and
firewood in besieged Jerusalem to force the Jews to fight the Romans out of desperation. This event
directly led to the escape of Johanan ben Zakai out of Jerusalem, who met Vespasian, a meeting which led
to the foundation of the Academy of Jamnia which produced the Mishnah which led to the survival of
rabbinical Judaism.[10][11] The Zealots advocated violence against the Romans, their Jewish collaborators,
and the Sadducees, by raiding for provisions and other activities to aid their cause.[12]

Sicarii
One particularly extreme group, perhaps a subgroup of the Zealots, was known in Latin as sicarii, meaning
"violent men" or "dagger men" (sing. sicarius, possibly a morphological reanalysis), because of their policy
of killing Jews opposed to their call for war against Rome. Perhaps many Zealots were sicarii
simultaneously, and they may be the biryonim of the Talmud that were feared even by the Jewish sages of
the Mishnah.

According to historian Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson, the Sicarii, originally based in Galilee, "were fighting for
a social revolution, while the Jerusalem Zealots placed less stress on the social aspect" and the Sicarii
"never attached themselves to one particular family and never proclaimed any of their leaders king". Both
groups objected to the way the priestly families were running the Temple.[8]

Paul the Apostle

While most English translations of the Bible render the Greek word zelotes in Acts 22:3 and Galatians 1:14
of the New Testament as the adjective "zealous", an article by Mark R. Fairchild[13] takes it to mean a
Zealot and suggests that Paul the Apostle may have been a Zealot, which might have been the driving force
behind his persecution of the Christians (see the stoning of Saint Stephen) before his conversion to
Christianity, and the incident at Antioch, even after his conversion. In the two cited verses Paul literally
declares himself as one who is loyal to God, or an ardent observer of the Law, but the relationship of Paul
of Tarsus and Judaism is still debated. This does not necessarily prove Paul was revealing himself as a
Zealot. The Modern King James Version of Jay P. Green) renders it as 'a zealous one'. Two modern
translations (the Jewish New Testament and Alternate Literal Translation) render it as 'a zealot'. The
Unvarnished New Testament (1991) renders Galatians 1:14 as "being an absolute zealot for the traditions".
These translations may not be inaccurate, but it is disputed by those who claim it gives the wrong
association with the "Zealots".

See also
Knanaya
Sicarii (1989), a modern group inspired by the Sicarii
Sikrikim, a modern group inspired by the Sicarii
Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth, a book about the life of Jesus by Reza
Aslan

Notes
1. Zealot (http://www.etymonline.com/word/zealot), Online Etymology Dictionary
2. Zelotes (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.005
7%3Aentry%3D%2346226), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English
Lexicon", at Perseus
3. "Josephus, Antiquities Book XVIII" (http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html).
4. Jewish Encyclopedia | second edition | vol 21 | pg 472
5. Richard Horsley's "Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs" and Tom Wright's "The New
Testament and the People of God"
6. Luke 6:15
7. Acts 1:13
8. H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-
674-39731-2, page 275
 9. Neusner, Jacob (1962). "6". A Life of Rabban Yohanan Ben Zakkai: Ca. I-80 C.E. E.J. Brill.
ISBN 978-9004021389.
10. Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher. "Johanan B. Zakkai" (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.c
om/articles/8724-johanan-b-zakkai). Jewish Encyclopedia.
11. Bavli Gittin 56b
12. Sorek, Susan (2008). The Jews Against Rome: War in Palestine AD 66–73 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=WcTiAAAAQBAJ&q=The+first+was+on+Engeddi+where+they+cut+dow
n+its+defenses+and+took+provisions+which+they+brought+back+to+Masada&pg=PA98).
Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 9781847252487.
13. Fairchild, M. R., "Paul's Pre-Christian Zealot Associations: A Re-examination of Gal. 1:14
and Acts 22:3" (http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=
23547). New Testament Studies 45(4), pp. 514–532

External links
Smith, Sydney F. (1913). "Zeal" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(191
3)/Zeal). Catholic Encyclopedia.
"Zealot" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Zeal
ot). New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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