Chapter7

7.2.2 A study by Thienprasiddhi et al. (A-4) examined a sample of 16

subjects with open-angle glaucoma and unilateral hemifield defects. The
ages (years) of the subjects
were: 62 62 68 48 51 60 51 57 57 41 62 50 53 34 62 61
Source: Phamornsak Thienprasiddhi, Vivienne C. Greenstein, Candice S.
Chen, Jeffrey M. Liebmann, Robert Ritch, and Donald C. Hood,
“Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential Responses in Glaucoma Patients with
Unilateral Hemifield Defects,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136
(2003), 34–40.
Can we conclude that the mean age of the population from which the
sample may be presumed to have been drawn is less than 60 years?
Let a = .05
1-What is the sample size?
16 patients.
2-What is the population?
All patients have open-angle glaucoma and unilateral hemifield defects.
3-What is an experimental unit?
patient
4-What is a measurement variable?
mean age of the population with open-angle glaucoma and unilateral
hemifield defects

5-What is a type variable?

Quantitative -continuous

1) H0: µ >= 60 (no Significant difference)

H1: µ < 60 (Significant difference)
2) α = 0.05
3) t- value = 0.018
4) P- value (sig.) = 2.28
5) Decision
P- value > α
0.018<0.05

Then there is not sufficient evidence to reject H1

this means that a significant difference between the population less
than 60 age have open-angle glaucoma and unilateral hemifield
defects.

7.2.12. The following data are the oxygen uptakes (milliliters) during
incubation of a random sample of 15 cell suspensions:
14.0, 14.1, 14.5, 13.2, 11.2, 14.0, 14.1, 12.2, 11.1, 13.7, 13.2, 16.0, 12.8,
14.4, 12.9
Do these data provide sufficient evidence at the .05 level of significance
that the population mean is not 12 ml? What assumptions are necessary?
 What is the sample size?
15 cell suspensions.from one sample
2-What is the population?.
All cell suspension for data are the oxygen uptakes (milliliters) during
incubation.
3-What is an experimental unit?
Cell suspension
4-What is a measurement variable?
Mean population data are the oxygen uptakes (milliliters) during
incubation.in random sample
5-What is a type variable?
Quantitative/continuous.

1-H0: µ >= 12 (no Significant difference)

H1: µ < 12 (Significant difference)
we would have had a one-sided test with all the rejection region at the
upper tail of the distribution.
2-α = 0.05
3-t- value = 4.3100
4- P- value (sig.) = 0.000719
5-Decision
P- value > α
0.000719>5.05

Then there is no sufficient evidence to reject H1 this means that,

significant difference between the population data is the oxygen uptake
(milliliters) during incubation of a random sample of cell suspensions:
7.2.13Can we conclude that the mean maximum voluntary ventilation
value for apparently healthy college seniors is not 110 liters per minute?
A sample of 20 yielded the following values:
132, 33, 91, 108, 67, 169, 54, 203, 190, 133, 96, 30, 187, 21, 63, 166, 84,
110, 157, 138
Let a = .01. What assumptions are necessary?
What is the sample size?
20 seniors
2-What is the population?.
all voluntary ventilation value for apparently healthy college seniors
3-What is an experimental unit?
senior
4-What is a measurement variable?
 mean maximum voluntary ventilation value for apparently healthy
college seniors
5-What is a type variable?
Quantitate -continuous
1-H0: µ >= 110 (no Significant difference)
H1: µ < 110 (Significant difference)
2-α = 0.01
3-t- value = 0.12708
4-P- value (sig.) = 0.900207
5-Decision
P- value > α
0.900207 >0.01

Then there is no sufficient evidence to reject H0

this means that, not significant difference between the population
mean maximum voluntary ventilation value for apparently healthy
college seniors is not 110 liters per.
 7٠2.14The following are the systolic blood pressures (mm Hg) of 12
patients undergoing drug therapy
for hypertension:
183, 152, 178, 157, 194, 163, 144, 114, 178, 152, 118, 158
Can we conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is
less than 165? Let a = .05. What assumptions are necessary?
1-What is the sample size?
12 patients
2-What is the population?.
All patient are the systolic blood pressures undergoing drug therapy
3-What is an experimental unit?
patient
4-What is a measurement variable?
systolic blood pressures (mm Hg) of patients undergoing drug therapy

5-What is a type variable?

Quantitative - continuous

1- H0: µ >= 165 (no Significant difference)

H1: µ < 165 (Significant difference)

2-α = 0.05
3-t- value = 1.0529

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.157

5-Decision
P- value > α
0.157 > 0.05

Then there is no sufficient evidence to reject H0

this means that, not significant difference between data that the
population mean patient are the systolic blood pressures undergoing
drug therapy.

7.2.16 The following are intraocular pressure (mm Hg) values recorded
for a sample of 21 elderly subjects
14.5 12.9 14.0 16.1 12.0 17.5 14.1 12.9 17.9 12.0 16.4 24.2 12.2 14.4
17.0 10.0 18.5 20.8 16.2 14.9 19.6
 Can we conclude from these data that the mean of the population from
which the sample was drawn is greater than 14? Let a = .05. What
assumptions are necessary
What is the sample size?
21 elderly.
2-What is the population?.
All elderly are intraocular pressure (mm Hg) values.
3-What is an experimental unit?
Elderly

4-What is a measurement variable?

the mean of the population from which the sample are intraocular
pressure (mm Hg) values.
5-What is a type variable?
Quantitate -continuous

1-H0: µ >= 14 (no Significant difference)

H1: µ < 14 (Significant difference)
2- α = 0.05
3- t- value = 2.199
4- P- value (sig.) = 0.01987
5- Decision
P- value > α
0.01987 <0.05

Then there is no sufficient evidence to reject H1

this means that, significant difference between the population less than
60 age have open-angle glaucoma and unilateral hemifield defects.
 7.3.1 Subjects in a study by Dabonneville et al. (A-9) included a sample of
40 men who claimed to engage in a variety of sports activities (multisport).
The mean body mass index (BMI) for these men was 22.41 with a standard
deviation of 1.27. A sample of 24 male rugby players had a mean BMI of
27.75 with a standard deviation of 2.64. Is there sufficient evidence for one
to claim that, in general, rugby players have a higher BMI than the
multisport men? Let a = .01.?
1-1-H0: mean body mass index (BMI) for mans variety of sports
activities (multisport)= µ mean body mass index (BMI) for mans rugby
players (no Significant difference)
H1: mean body mass index (BMI) for mans variety of sports
activities (multisport )#µ mean body mass index (BMI) for mans rugby
players (Significant difference)

2-α = 0.01

3-t- value =10.898

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.001

5-Decision
P- value > α
0.001<0.01
Yes, there is sufficient evidence for one to claim that, in general, rugby
players have a higher BMI than multisport men. Then there is not
sufficient evidence to reject H1 this means that a significant difference
between mean body mass index (BMI) for man's variety of sports
activities (multisport)and mean body mass index (BMI) for man's rugby
players.
 7.3.2 The purpose of a study by Ingle and Estell (A-10) was to examine the
bone mineral density (BMD) and ultrasound properties of women with
ankle fractures. The investigators recruited 31 postmenopausal women
with ankle fractures and 31 healthy postmenopausal women to serve as
controls. One of the baseline measurements was the stiffness index of the
lunar Achilles. The mean stiffness index for the ankle fracture group was
76.9 with a standard deviation of 12.6. In the control group, the mean was
90.9 with a standard deviation of 12.5. Do these data provide sufficient
evidence to allow you to conclude that, in general, the mean stiffness index
is higher in healthy postmenopausal women than in postmenopausal
women with ankle fractures? Let a=.05.
1-1-H0 bone mineral density (BMD) and ultrasound properties of
postmenopausal women with ankle fractures = µ healthy
postmenopausal women to serve as controls (no Significant difference)

H1: bone mineral density (BMD) and ultrasound properties of

postmenopausal women with ankle fractures # µ healthy
postmenopausal women to serve as controls (Significant
difference)

2-α = 0.05

3-t- value =4.391

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.001

5-Decision
P- value > α
0.01 <0.05
Yes, these data provide sufficient evidence to allow you to
conclude that, in general, the mean stiffness index is higher
in healthy postmenopausal women than in postmenopausal
women with ankle fractures. Then there is not sufficient
evidence to reject H1
this means a significant difference between mean bone
mineral density (BMD) and ultrasound properties of
postmenopausal women with ankle fractures and healthy
postmenopausal women.
1-H0 new mothers had attended prenatal classes held by the local health
department to measure mothers' attitudes toward their labor and delivery
experiences = µ new mothers did not attend the classes.
(no Significant difference)
H1: new mothers had attended prenatal classes held by the local health
department to measure mothers' attitudes toward their labor and delivery
experiences #µ new mothers did not attend the classes.
(Significant difference)

2-α = 0.05

3-t- value = 4.268

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.001

5-Decision
P- value > α
0.001<0.05
yes, these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that
attenders, on average, score higher than nonattenders Then
there is not sufficient evidence to reject H1
this means a significant difference between mean new mothers
had attended prenatal classes held by the local health department
to measure mothers' attitudes toward their labor and delivery
experiences and µ new mothers did not attend the classes.
 1-H0 = Cortisol level determinations for women at childbirth underwent emergency
cesarean section following induced labor= µ delivered by either cesarean section or the
vaginal route following spontaneous labor.(no Significant difference)

H1: Cortisol level determinations for women at childbirth underwent emergency cesarean
section following induced labor #µ delivered by either cesarean section or the vaginal route
following spontaneous labor. (Significant difference)

2-α = 0.05

3-t- value = 6.661

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.001

5-Decision
P- value > α
0.001<0.05

yes, these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the

mean cortisol levels in the populations. Then there is not sufficient
evidence to reject H1
this means a significant difference between mean cortisol level
determinations for women at childbirth who underwent emergency cesarean section
following induced labor and delivered by either cesarean section or the vaginal route
following spontaneous labor.
7.3.11Does sensory deprivation have an effect on a person’s alpha-wave
frequency? Twenty volunteer subjects were randomly divided into two
groups. Subjects in group A were subjected to a 10-day period of sensory
deprivation, while subjects in group B served as controls. At the end of
the experimental period, the alpha-wave frequency component of
subjects’ electroencephalograms was measured. The results were as
follows:
Group A: 10.2, 9.5, 10.1, 10.0, 9.8, 10.9, 11.4, 10.8, 9.7, 10.4
Group B: 11.0, 11.2, 10.1, 11.4, 11.7, 11.2, 10.8, 11.6, 10.9, 10.9 Let
.a=0.05
1-H0 = mean measured the alpha-wave frequency component of subjects’
electroencephalograms groupA period of sensory deprivation=u group B
served as controls.(no Significant difference)

H1: mean measured the alpha-wave frequency component of subjects’

electroencephalograms groupA period of sensory deprivation #u group
B served as controls. (Significant difference)

2-α = 0.05

3-t- value = 3.356

4-P- value (sig.) = 0.00175
5-Decision
P- value > α
0.00175<0.05
yes there sensory deprivation have an effect on a person’s
alpha-wave frequency. Then there is not sufficient evidence
to reject H1
this means a significant difference between mean measured the alpha-
wave frequency component of subjects’ electroencephalograms groupA
period of sensory deprivation #u group B served as controls.