SHRINKAGE OF OIL WELLS CEMENT SLURRIES

S.K.LYOMOV K.R.BACKE P.SKALLE O.B.LILE H.JUSTNES

J.SVEEN

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THE PETROLEUM SOCIETY PAPER 97-77 Shrinkage of Oil Well Cement Slurries S.K. Lyomov, K.R. Backe, P. Skalle, O.B. Life Norwegian University of
Science and Technology H. Justnes SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering J. Sveen SINTEF IKU Petroleum Research This paper is to be presented at the 48th Annual Technical Meeting of The Petroleum
Society in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8 - 1 1, 1997. Discussion of this paper is invited and may be presented at the meeting if filed in writing with the technical program chairman prior to the conclusion of the meeting. This paper and any discussion filed will be considered for publication in CIM journals. Publication rights are reserved. This is a pre-print and is subject to correction. Abstract
Introduction Gas leakage into and through the cemented annulus in Cement, or more precisely, cement slurries, are used in oil and gas wells is a safety problem The conditions for oil and gas wells for cementing the steel casing to the gas migration develop when the hydrostatic pressure of the wellbore and thus sealing the rock formations from the hydrating cement slurry column slowly
declines and finally well. Gas leakage into and through the cemented annulus is falls below the pore pressure of a gas bearing formation. still a problem, in particular where shallow gas sands are This pressure decline is mainly caused by chemical penetrated and in deep gas wells, i.e. under high shrinkage of the cement. A low shrinkage will reduce the temperature and high pressure (HTHP) conditions. The
pressure decline and hence the risk of gas migration. leakage may manifest itself either as vertical A new and simple method for measurement of total communication between permeable gas reservoirs or chemical shrinkage at high temperatures has been migration all the way to the surface. Gas pressure in excess _ developed. It has proved to be reliable and sensitive for of
the cement hydrostatic slurry pressure is the driving monitoring the cement hydration process. The equipment force behind gas migration. was used to show that there is a marked difference in Reasons and mechanisms of gas migration are discussed 3 shrinkage behaviour for the tested slurries up to
180øC, by Levine et al.', Sabins et and Cheung and Beirute. probably due to a temperature effect on the cement Annular gas flow may be initiated when the hydrostatic hydration chemistry. The results confirmed the correlation pressure of the cement slurry declines and falls below the between total shrinkage and cement content. pore pressure of a gas bearing formation due to the
combined effect of shrinkage, fluid loss to the porous well bore and gel strength build up. Normally a slurry volume reduction would be compensated for by contraction and
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ｾ THE PETROLEUM SOCIETY PAPER 97-77
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Shrinkage of Oil Well

Cement Slurries

S.K Lyomov, KR. Backe, P. Skalle, O.B. Lite

Norwegian University of Science and Technology
H. Justnes
SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering
J. Sveen
SINTEF IKU Petroleum Research

This paper is to be presented at the 48th Annual Technical Meeting of The Petroleum Society in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8 - 11,
1997. Discussion of this paper is invited and may be presented at the meeting if filed in writing with the technical program chairman prior
to the conclusion of the meeting. This paper and any discussion filed will be considered for pUblication in CIM journals. Publication rights
are reserved. This is a pre-print and is subject to correction.

Abstract
Gas leakage into and through the cemented annulus in
oil and gas wells is a safety problem. The conditions for
gas migration develop when the hydrostatic pressure ofthe
hydrating cement slurry column slowly declines and finally
falls below the pore pressure of a gas bearing fonnation.
This pressure decline is mainly caused by chemical
shrinkage of the cement. A low shrinkage will reduce the
pressure decline and hence the risk ofgas migration.
A new and simple method for measurement of total
chemical shrinkage at high temperatures has been
developed. It has proved to be reliable and sensitive for
monitoring the cement hydration process. The equipment
was used to show that there is a marked difference in
shrinkage behaviour for the tested slurries up to 180 DC,
probably due to a temperature effect on the cement
hydration chemistry. The results confirmed the correlation
between total shrinkage and cement content.
Introduction
Cement, or more precisely, cement slurries, are ､ｾｳｵ in
oil and gas wells for cementing the steel casing to the
wellbore and thus sealing the rock formations from the
well. Gas leakage into and through the cemented annulus is
still a problem, in particular where shallow gas sands are
penetrated and in deep gas wells, Le. under high
temperature and high pressure (HTHP) conditions. The
leakage may manifest itself either as vertical
communication between permeable gas reservoirs or
migration all the way to the surface. Gas pressure in excess
of the cement hydrostatic slurry pressure is the driving
force behind gas migration.
Reasons and mechanisms of gas migration are discussed
by Levine et al. l , Sabins et al.2 and Cheung and Beirute.3
Annular gas flow may be initiated when the hydrostatic
pressure of the cement slurry declines and falls below the
pore pressure of a gas bearing formation due to the
combined effect of shrinkage, fluid loss to the porous well
bore and gel strength build up. Normally a slurry volume
reduction would be compensated for by contraction and
downward movement of fluids from above, thus
maintaining its hydrostatic head. However, during the
setting process the cement slurry develops a gel structure
causing it to stick to the wall thus hindering compensation
of the shrinkage. The second requirement for gas migration
is that the cement must enable gas flow into the cement
either by permeability, channels, microannuli or
microfractures before the slurry has reached a sufficient
strength. Thus, the gas migration phenomenon is thought
to be initiated during the transition state, from being fluid
to becoming hard, Le. between initial and final set of the
cement.
A low shrinkage is preferable because the resulting
hydrostatic pressure decline will be lower than for a slurry
with high shrinkage, i.e. pressure equilibrium between gas
and slurry column is reached at a later point of time.
The chemical shrinkage may be divided into two parts;
external shrinkage and total shrinkage. The external
shrinkage expresses the bulk volume change of the slurry
leading to a possible microannulus between the cement and
the borehole wall. The total chemical shrinkage is the sum
of the external chemical shrinkage and the contraction
pores of the slurry. The formation of contraction pores
contribute to the connectivity between pores in a set cement
and hence to its permeability.
Chemical shrinkage of oil well cements have been
investigated by several authors. The most extensive tests
have been carried out by Chenevert and Shrestha,4 and by
Sabins and Sutton,S but other papers have been presented
as well.6os Both totalsos and external chemical shrinkage4-6
were reported with a total shrinkage at 20 or 24 hours
varying from 0.6 to 6 vol.%, while most results were in the
range of 1.5-3 vol.%. Only Sabins and SuttonS have
performed measurements of external shrinkage under
realistic downhole conditions. According to them, most
external shrinkage occurs when the slurry still is plastic.
Their results showed an average shrinkage of 0.15 vol.%
and they calculated the contraction pores to account for
97.5 to 99 % of the total shrinkage. Thus, from a gas
migration point of view, the formation of contraction pores
is by far the largest and most important part of the
chemical shrinkage.
Experimental Method
The method we have used exploits the pressure-volume
relationship of a gas. The principle is shown in Figure 1,
indicating initial conditions in the left hand figure. At a
later stage, shown in the right hand figure, the shrinkage
process, consuming water, leads to a lower gas pressure.
When the initial temperature, pressure and volumes are
known, the shrinkage can be calculated on the basis of the
continuously declining pressure during the test. The
calculation is corrected for gas temperature. Total
shrinkage was measured by submerging a permeable paper
cup containing around 50 ml of cement slurry in water
inside the measuring cell. All samples were weighed before
and after each test, and the volume of the hardened sample
was found by applying the principle of Archimedes. The
applied pressure was in the range of 6-16 bars, and all
parameters (including cement temperature evolution) were
recorded by a data logger and stored in a personal
computer.
The method works well and the results are repeatable,
but the method have some drawbacks. It requires precision
in the initial values as any inaccuracy will lead to
systematic errors and at present the set-up cannot handle
downhole pressures. The temperature influence on the
measurements is large: both when heating up the cell and
when the set temperature is reached. When the cell is
heated, the water inside will expand and increase the
pressure. The shrinkage calculations are therefore taken
from the point when the test temperature or pressure levels
off and stabilises. This has the advantage that it simulates
field conditions; any shrinkage occurring before placement
of the cement in a well will not be taken into account.
However, some initial but minor shrinkage may not be
observed. A stable set temperature is important for the
same reason. At 180°C, a 1 °C temperature fluctuation
will lead to an apparent change of 0.3 percentage points in
the cement shrinkage. This influence is reduced at lower
temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Temperature Influence
The tests were run at several temperatures ranging from
25 to 180°C. A total of 20 slurries were tested. The
shrinkage curves for six of the tests are shown in Figures
2-7 where the slurries are named TI5, T60, W90, Wl40
and W180. The number represents the test temperature and
T stands for a very simple test slurry containing only water,
cement and retarder. The W slurries contain all the
necessary additives for actual oilwell use. The W180 slurry
was run twice, both at the stated temperature and at
160°C.
It is immediately seen that there is a considerable
difference in temperature evolution and shrinkage
behaviour between the six slurries in Figures 2-7, which of
course is influenced by the different additives they contain.
However, for all slurries the temperature peaks coincides
with maximum shrinkage rates. And generally, the higher
, .- Ｍ ｾＭ ".............- --
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the cement temperature is above the set temperature, the
higher the shrinkage rate is. This correlation is to be
expected as the temperature evolution reflects the rate of
hydration and hence the shrinkage. Note the two
temperature peaks of slurry W90 and W180 (with the
exception of Figure 6), the first being at 5-10 hours and the
secondary peak around 20-25 hours. Both peaks again
coincides with the highest shrinkage rates, and the step-
wise hydration rate may be influenced by a number organic
admixtures in the slurries.
Some other slurries (not presented here) were tested at
90, 140 and 180 DC and they exhibited the same shrinkage
and temperature behaviour demonstrating that this is a
general trend. The behaviour is also continned by Lile et
｡ｬＮｾ using penneability, tensile strength, hydrostatic
pressure and temperature as indicators. Chenevert and
Shrestha4 tested fresh water slurries at 93, 121 and 177 DC
and their medium temperature slurry showed the fastest
initial shrinkage.
The difference in shrinkage and temperature evolution
that we see in the results may also be due to a temperature
effect on the cement hydration chemistry. It is well known
that curing of cement already at 50-70 DC leads to an
uneven distribution of hydration products with a densified
calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) layer around the remaining
unhydrated cement grains which eventually will slow down
the following hydration rate. It is possible that at even
higher curing temperatures that such a densified layer is
fonned initially and broken off after some further moderate
hydration (rate increasing with increasing temperature),
leading to a renewed acceleration period of the cement
hydration explaining the step-wise hydration rate shown as
the S-shaped shrinkage curves in Figures 4, 6 and 7.
With respect to gas migration, an initial fast shrinkage
reflecting the hydration rate (as with slurry W140) will
limit the period in which gas can enter the cement and thus
reducing the likelihood of gas migration.
Shrinkage versus Cement Content
10 9 SPE 8255 presented at the 1979 SPE Annual Fall Technical
Elvebakk used the method of Lile et al. to study the
influence of additives on gas migration. He found that the
hazard of gas migration generally increased when the
recipe was simplified. The same slurries were also tested
for shrinkage. The shrinkage curves of the six slurries
A140 through F140 are presented in Figure 8. The
difference in shrinkage level was found to be correlated
with the cement content as shown in Figure 9 where the
straight line fitted to the data points is forced through zero,
as zero cement content should yield no shrinkage.
3
This correlation is self-evident and known,4.5 but has not
before been linked to the gas migration problem: As long
as the strength development of the cement slurry is
satisfactory, more use of extender will reduce the shrinkage
and the risk of gas migration. And if the extender particles
are small enough, they will fill the space between the
cement particles, lowering the cement penneability and
thus reducing the likelihood for gas intrusion even further.
Conclusions
A new and simple method for measuring total shrinkage
of curing oil well cements at elevated temperatures has been
developed. It has proved to be reliable and sensitive for
monitoring the cement hydration process. The recorded
shrinkage at 20 hours varied between 1.4 and 3.5 vol.%
which is in agreement with published results.
The results show that there is a marked contrast in
shrinkage behaviour over the temperature range from
ambient and up to 180 DC, where the tested slurries at 90,
160 and 180 DC exhibited two temperature peaks and
S-shaped shrinkage curves. This difference is most likely a
temperature effect on the cement hydration chemistry.
It was confInned that there is a close correlation between
total chemical shrinkage and cement content. A low
shrinkage and a short transition period (Le. fast initial
shrinkage) should reduce the risk of gas migration.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank The Research Council of
Norway, Norsk Hydro, Saga Petroleum and Statoil for
supporting this work. We also thank Vincent HJ. Bosch for
carrying out some of the experiments.
REFERENCES
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gas flow after cementing: A look at practical solutions; paper
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G.C., Transition time of cement slurries between the fluid and
set state; SPE Journal, 1982, Dec., Vol. 22, No.6, pp. 875-82.
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4. CHENEVERT, M.E. and SHRESTHA, B.K., Chemical SPE 13176 presented at the 1984 SPE Annual Technical
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elasticity: A new approach for a good zonal isolation; paper Technology, 1994.

FIGURE 1: Principle of the shrinkage measurements.

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