Gall Structure and Organization Rai <1 UT ie Telos Ue aul ors eee OS UL) Me eee ees ke enF 02 ] Eee SCE Reo ese ACEC Rec cero ae PR TeeC MU MOOT Tee ce M Oe TUM OER ATS Tee Peo MOSSE C Te Teh Ole UCM OTRO KE USN ) a ae — ...... ——_ ee ‘ Agroup of related organs makes up a system. } For MCQs ee aeeriis The cellulose cell wall is not a partially permeable membrane. eee RU ao) a 07 |) Cmte nie olsctneY . ets 08 |) The cellulose wall is fully permeable to ions,sono control =) a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} Soci 09) 15 (eTe) Meee enema ete ERIC © metas Fi eee Remeeetemenecemen ReeDiffusion, Osmosis and Avtiye Trinsvort > i Iy 01 |) The molecules of a substance diffuse from a region where they are very concentrated to a region where they are less Recs | 02 ) Substances may enter cells by simple diffusion, osmosis or) active transport. “eke 08 ne, DOE ee CCE CIC mSe Ciba UL For MCQs Reem MOREA ee moles (oo een RN CMO Re UCSC a eR CLC) ) Cee Hen ect OCU EN lal PNR TIS eA MLC RUMI SULTS eco Baume enee Cee oue “ca cy 06 Kinetic energy of molecules and ions results in their diffusion. Active transport is importance as it allows movement of Anes eUe Ce Remsen ear a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss = 2 2 oO =) = a ors lo} Te Su RUE mOR uence Ceri a ul COME ECM CRC aielacs Samet ineeas ie, Active transport depends upon respiration thus, oxygen is ee CR OR UT Cele ae Fi eee eceetaenecemen ieeeDiffusion, Osmosis and Active Trinsyort ) iI The root hair cell take in soil water and become turgid. Hence the hair will aid support and is itself supported by the sap it contains. A xylem vessels lignified contains no cytoplasm or cell membrane when mature as drawn, and is incapable of taking in water, by osmosis. It does, of course, provide support, but not due to turgor. Peete Rete er ce me BESS U ea eR Ree een Lee atte “ee a ee cee Mtoe meee eae Tet separating membrane. But it can also take place across a membrane. TES emu er Conse on cone SC na tee eee Se EE \ STRUM Cm RSH RUM crc a ieee an(ci1e] Water moves down the water potential gradient, from zero (water) to more concentrated solutions with lower W's. Since the cells are losing water, the surrounding liquid must have a lower ¥ than the cell solution. y ECE NOMe UA) OR meen LUTNT Ree Active transport requires energy, so an oxygen supply is necessary. Diffusion and osmosis are physical processes and occur without any eau eon cS Boiling will damage the membrane proteins, so they are no longer Pate ae a eek ees an > distilled water will enter, swelling the cells one) 77) bees sin manana Sa ig yl coisBclgpnitemradShahid——(@)_tilgy th mara sh For MCQs a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss = 2 2 oO =) = a ors lo}ENicynies) ) Si jo1 TE CUCL or Rec ce PATEL LCM EO Mpc Sk STC a reaction speed needed to sustain life. ~iatt aagePelsD 03 |] BURSTS ee RUT NUN Ura oa Rec] eR UTE SUC 1 PN CRU n-oeeD ceetoa aetna ae For MCQs An enzyme and its substrate have complementary shapes. ) Sea 05 a ae » race) RC RCC en SS ee neers 06 To hydrolyze the substrate, the enzyme must be active. A substrate fits the shape of the active site, so the enzyme is the )) ~ lock and the protein the key. 08 | SPEC ee Cee 09 |] Substrate molecules fit into the active sites of the enzyme, as akey fits NAc a ese ere enn tian mus A one) Fs ee et ee a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo}Nuigition and Anil Nuidtion wp 01 |) Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contain carbon, hydrogen and =. xygen atoms; proteins also contain nitrogen and sometimes o phosphorus or sulfur. y 02 |] Carbohydrates are used as an energy source; glycogen and starch make good storage molecules. Cellulose gives plant cell walls their Sr 03 | Proteins are built up from amino acids joined together by chemical bonds. AT eMarri N ee eT SCRE ROU ELOM HT SEK | (e009 a ee — D.. pesensasaas Fr \ Water is important in living t } Se SE Re None ee eatery —< 06 | Rene ec eer ee ec fibre and water, in the correct proportions. Dietary needs are affected by the age, Gee een aes y, 07 Growing children and pregnant women have special dietary needs. ) , , 08 |) Malnutrition is the result of taking in food that does not match the y energy needs of the body, or is lacking in proteins, vitamins or minerals) For MCQs a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} The effects of malnutrition include starvation, coronary heart _ disease, constipation and scurvy. one) Fs ce eet ere ee erNuigition and Anil Nuidtion wnt 10 Peon T MCI cart tC > Proteins provide amino acids for the growth and replacement of the fests a For MCQs Mineral salts like calcium and iron are needed in tissues such as bone eon ) a win | | me a Shortage of vitamin C causes scurvy; inadequate vitamin D CSc ~liataaallity 14 eres er ————— Mechanical digestion or physical digestion breaks down food into smaller pieces, without any chemical change of the food molecules. This process Rete tote y masks Wan Chemical digestion is the process that changes large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules. a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} MRS CLEC er Uae EUs MO eee Cee ea EER Eee 17 The ileum absorbs amino acids, glucose glycerol and fatty acids These are carried in the bloodstream first to the liver and then to onc one) Fs ce eet er eee ereNuigition and Anil Nuidtion _ wp 19 PSC U Rute rue con ec 20 irene ec iar r RU EMSs es ae Internal folds, villi and microvilli greatly increase the absorbing surface of) the small intestine. ) 7 wis win | MSN cor CeO CO eee} ) eS ~ SU Deamination is the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino eerie “cicceniedaisleiciees art For MCQs SSE Se See ees eon aun unc) PC Suen ces a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} STE ORS R CCE eet ieee eee a aR UCL eee CUR E> Salivary amylase hydrolyses starch and the product is maltose. 27 Assimilation occurs after the nutrients are absorbed from the gut. one) Fs ce eet er eee ereNuigition and Anil Nuidtion _ vt E> TUE SM aoa UC ala Pe Cart _ during the earliest need (like a tennis match) | 29 | eo EO A MUSE eae Ose O ER UTS Glucose from the gut requires an active mechanism (Active transport). ) a For MCQs | a Teeth do not break molecules, nor change insoluble ones into soluble ones, In fact they break large food particles to smaller ones. ete 32 a ee —— Be Sa CLC UC A protease is pancreatic, then a higher pH than 7 would be effective. ) SEE aie ES Fat has the highest energy content per gram; the lowest is in the fibre. ED STEEN ES aaa ae Meteo buen a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} mS CMO uci sat nna oC Ro enn ei mo mr cn cme ccnrs Ce ics mie ete sry allowing effective enzyme action. one) Fs ee a erNuigition and Anil Nuidtion wp 37) teu Ue Cuenca me aici E> A protein in the diet can be digested and the amino acids may be used ) to synthesis the enzymes. eee For MCQs Pecan CRU a SOE RCO MIU Ceol Com a aad | we a Lipases hydrolyse fats, so the emulsion test is appropriate for testing of fats. ~ ae ——$—_—_—_—_—_—_ Vitamin D helps Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism and hence bone and) LE y) es 42 ] Lettuce will provide fibre and vitamin C. There is very little fat in lettuce, $0 the fat soluble vitamins A and D will be limited or even absent. )) st a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} fer ee cer emcee RU es ecb LC SSC a Pee m ures cere era hoe OAM IC TEMS Rune RUC UR Cm cme Can ests CME ss ceo cn lO MES MCO nS OTIC eg ce RU RCE Couey one) Fs ee a eePlant Nutttion ee! «ty jo1 Ceol AN Reet Te NMC) COMTI ULL) The word equation to represent photosynthesis is Me eee Ut 8) “leh anor ee 03) GOA i eo Oe Te ame et a substances it needs, provided it has a supply of mineral salts like nitrates. _) 7 FTEs wea For MCQs ae =e in eae In daylight, respiration and photosynthesis will be taking place) DE Aico aco Cui iy e EE ante 05 | a MENA ELAN R CLO OIeO ee Me Re TIUIe| > joutorygen, esr) 06 ] eee CROs Ue Rs . carbon dioxide. a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} Plants need a supply of nitrate ions to make protein and ET STUN R CRUEL L 08 | The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is \ Ronco ) con Rene | 09 | The rate of photosynthesis may be restricted by light intensity ENR noe UM Leer om TUN eR CeCe y ae ti eee Reeertaeiacemen neePlant Nutttion ety 10 |] ATTA cMeE RA OE UeCM eee UE UITeUeM CMU Teaelnl ec \ (EWN) Comsat) Peon eee Coney only takes place in presence of light. eT PNET eos CU ook ROK CCA a) PICS ~—ienan For MCQs At early morning and evening time rate of photosynthesis and ~ Pion cot RUN oie eee Cnionnene comes) y, 14 —— a Bicarbonate /indicator solution is now popular as a non-toxic » RCIA Senne nem mec mR YTebd(e( Set ec 15 ] Stomatal guard cells are the only epidermal cells which are ACOs 16 ] Pe One cD eae omer prevents the green colour developing and such plants are yellow Srocuon a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} Ifa factor is limiting, an alteration of its value will alter the rate ems ce 18) The upper and lower epidermises are not normally photosynthetic, Pause cet kes Se y one) Fs ee er eePlant Nutttion ety 19 SUeReNice aes aa Rs Cm 20, The epidermis of a leaf usually consists of transparent cells. a 21) Chloroplasts contain large amounts of magnesium and chloroplasts . produce oxygen in the light. aaa For MCQs ine an >i Guard cells (as opposed to the epidermis as a whole) contain ) chloroplasts. <—__ Only inorganic materials are required by the tree for photosynthesis.n. CMCC Mens uecrankec Seu ha Rouen tenes a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} “Leaf mesophyil’ refers to the layer (tissue) in the leaf, although . PCr ec NC Laer CU ecm y E> The raw materials for synthesis of cellulose are CO, and H,0. Deen RRs Tess are used in the synthesis of amino acids and hence proteins. on) FY) Bows wtn manana San yg oe colsBclgyniAsradShahid‘Teunsportin Panis ee! «ty BUCS CR op mee nee ee TS he Od _ the main route by which water and mineral salts enter the plant. Closure of the stomata stops the entry of carbon dioxide into a ee en RCM eae The xylem vessels in the veins carry water up the stemtothe (Ns For MCQs The phloem in the veins carries food up or down the stem to) urate aster y; “i i ——_ ee 05 | Cee IUSe TE ERATE Cae Tae uPT ee Ce ey The water travelling in the transpiration stream will contain CiSsaiV Re icg a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} BCR CIS Carey ASU MAL LD Uc ETT ROA LLe 08 | SEU een ce en Re UE ORCL mT) ) UCU | 09 | EO e CR eon Cm RUE CUES Cs osmosis in the roots. y © mots Fi eee eceetaenecemen ieee‘Teunsportin Panis ei The large surface area provided by root hairs increases the rate of absorption of water (osmosis) and mineral ions (active transport). ST elt A UR MCRCm Celeste) Boy greater than that absorbed by roots. oe aedeilbelialy STETIS Oe RRC ee ms eco eC ELOR:a y ysueea ——— For MCQs Xylem, transports water whereas phloem transport sugars ) (ete aE Wer aes ~All — es) a 14] Digging up a plant may damage roots and affect mineral uptake, ) Saud nen rene —— ee 3 D Water does pass from roots to leaves by transpiration and the \ translocation refers to sugars and amino acids movement from source CORLL 16 J TU ame Lee ene g y Wee a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} Bark includes the outer protective layers and the phloem, Meera cels/R Uae RD SEF y) 18) SCOR (CIS Ren IRC Sel RUSS mS ere IIT) ENT TOR-Tel eTemen Nm OURAN LO y fone) Fs ee ee ee‘Teunsportin Panis Rai <1 Evaporation in the leaf is from the cell walls of the spongy mesophyll") _ cells into the air spaces between them. a. Pere ae CoC aMC RUPEE Ie elo takes place from the surface of the mesophyll cells. ee alii edad 21 PUR eee sac er Me CCS ~_f7OE EES Pia | For MCQs aneae oN eae 22 Jaren a tec ee Cuca (kc ia concentration in the soil water exceeds that in the cells, in which SRC NSS SSO UN LAL COA —— = . E> Pear Meer CR Ue ces et US CIC® ) 24 ] po Cierny a 2 = 5 a > ay — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} Fe ec re eyTransvort in pumas ee! «ty The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels with a heart MER OR US aoc 02 SS ies eau Me ONT UC CUR uer enn ula ei — The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. eile Pi For MCQs BUR Ue RU aCe ORCI on cele R uicelt(: a) Eicus y; “Shieh 05 | es) a A » Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues. ee aes | 06 NSTC ROR UT ARR SR Ose UT ee ACO RIC Che ORCUTT) SULA NCW CSE Ok 08 The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries and veins. | 09 | ect RUC R Ue cl Rad Elicres p a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} © metas Fi eee Remeeetemenecemen ReeTeinsvort in rlumens pr 10 | ‘Smoking, fatty diets, stress, lack of exercise, genetic disposition ) RUC Teena CeO tae hc no ) > Rr ote murs eS lca eta Beene a For MCQs 12 ] DE neo eae eee se oa Beto )) eT wie | The red cells carry oxygen. The white cells attack bacteria by ~\ phagocytosis and production of antibodies. Platelets are needed to Gees y a eee Mee ene ar Nem ee Demet ——E [> Coronary heart disease can be treated by the use of drugs (aspirin), stents, angioplasty and by-pass. 16 CEREUS onan cake Wenn NG} ) 17] Lymph vessels return tissue fluid to the lymphatic system and finally) Soe ee ecu 18) Fibrinogen is the precursor of fibrin and red cells stick to the fibrin OLS UM Reena ire y one) Fs ee et ee a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo}Vreiisvort in Flues StI 19 ] STR RRR Ue Se RU A . Prem ouie Pa Caa Ce Reds cose Ue acc) ALSO Rue eed css y Blood from the gut directly goes to the liver, through the hepatic portal }) vessel, and that is the route which does not go to or from the heart. y ED Plasma is the fluid part of blood and tissue fluid leaks out into the )) reo Coos A wT ~ For MCQs Pre SESE ee U ec PC Sm UTR Ure LC ACCS en rR ssn y "cide eee E> The glucose content of plasma a RUSSO RSS RCS — a 24 Many protein molecules in blood are too big to pass out of the capillaries. seats) aie] wee Pm a | 25 | Pulmonary artery contains blood at a higher pressure than in y LUCAS y, 26 | Arteries do not always carry oxygenated blood (take an example of) a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} PUTO UCo} EIEN C Mae x OME esc IE naa Ue cca veins must be lower than that in the capillaries. TF wowaywn nnn so aig ewynteconcsccgninkimnmanane —@)_ ong. th mnwma sandWreiisoort i) luis Stl E> TIE CNC es UE CUR CHE C A RUCe Pours y, Se ie RURAL a OR Ue tes eto e oe ee from capillaries and bathes cell. Large protein molecules cannot leave the capillaries. White blood ces are amoeboid and do move through tissues, producing immune meactions, rejecting grafts and foreign materials and accumulating as pus Valves are pushed open and closed when the pressure on onesideis greater than on the other. When the ventricle pressure rises above that Seo nue ne neers toss Both plasma and tissue fluid contain amino acids and protein, but transfer is) not by osmosis, digestion or active transport. y 33) Capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues due to the pressure) Oa Le y) Liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. For MCQs a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) S cy ors lo} Pees : ee eeeagolation ee! «ty The word equation for aerobic respiration is RS ee (ecm NO Ra CC Ie) The word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles is _ glucose —““"" , lactic acid + energy “Se Cet The word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast is Y (ol Mees SCORCH eae For MCQs 04 PU eesti es Sura Cy aon a a » 05 | eee eer ace css Rcieuccieec ccs y) ie Eee MUM Eee NU RUT COMM Om TaCe eto TEL ens C,H,,0, + 60, ——®2C0, + 6H,0 + energy | 07 | The balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast is) er RO EHO iy ), G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} ee RUN Mem en Ue Ra Co _ area, have a thin, moist surface for efficient gas exchange. one) Fs ee ee eeHeasolfation Ry 10 |) eeaae of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli takes place y diffusion Se ues Se Me MUP Aut eu EC Ce eam Ree IEC SUL y Airis drawn into the lungs through the trachea, bronchiand bronchioles. y, ae eee RF we Limewater is used as a test for the presence of carbon dioxide. Teena cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=) HF wowaywn nnn so aig ewyineconcsccgnintkienmanane ong. th nwa sandRasoulerion Ry (eee ce ee ar ened eee) for the synthesis and secretion of enzymes. Brain activites require energy too -not only for neve impulses but also for the action of effectors - muscles and hormones. Iie Seo ec ee ce ae oD and so supply more energy, which will allow the person (like athlete) to run Coat memes y Emphysema, (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), may be due to alveolar walls breaking, 0 fewer, larger alveoli will have a smaller surface area. Tar may coat the walls to some extent, Smet gee eee I en Ee eee eto ES eee For MCQs OUTER Reem en Se Ae ee) CU mauris y ~EN Training of athletes increases tolerance of lactate/lactic acid, so the anaerobic phase of an activity can be prolonged ~ Wier The diaphragm is domed when relaxed, but is pulled down into a more Ree cE y) Aerobic respiration products are CO, and water. ee Set eee eo LO eR EMU RU ase ce Mora Cool Mn) Loa) y, yanibecmisaacgyiesiranranass tang. th mans n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=)Hesoltation Ry 28 Lung cancer is due to the tar in the smoke. lai nic alll ata” 29 CS MU ann ACS CF ) a ee” NS CAC Rae RCCL A UCM ~ A EEES Pee — ES 7... PSST Ua COUR mse erie ome RED RIEL LE eMac une so cluy “i 32] When breathing in the diaphragm is pulled down, increasing the thoracic) PTE I RUS For MCQs EET Human anaerobic respiration does not produce CO,, but yeast does. etre CUS ee Reem Ue URL LOUIE eS Ue ume ues E> The concentration of CO, in exhaled air is 4%. ) (eee GO EUeSe eee ene ee Mme HSU LOL Ne Petter cence am n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=) HF wowaywn nnn so aig ewyineconctccgninttienmanane ong. th mewn sandExeratlon Excretion is getting rid of toxic, surplus or unwanted substances Mee Rec cM nil ome Cums BTCC CR Cee MEO OI oR ee AUTRE elms ORC Mm TCM M UEC ean CURL UAT err re SNe nn ee een) by water intake, temperature and exercise. For MCQs ee Treatment, in response to damage to kidneys, may involve y BU CSSOmUCUS cule cl die il y OR Secs Se ss oR UC CRU Pe een ne ems ere) will ifuse out during dialysis. The glucose concentration ofthe dialysis ids kept same as the concentration ofthe blood thus, the blood glucose content remains the same during dialysis, a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) S cy ors lo} Urea is made inthe liver (as result of deamination) so its already in the blood arriving at the kidneys. Kidney cells wll be using 02 and amino acids and releasing . CO,. Kidneys at the same time remove urea and excessive water from blood y) STR Ue eur OU RCSD MCR eee enn M Use , one) Fs ee oe ee Ce reeExvofation Ry > eCheck met me cee okie coma although tiny amounts of ex-haemoglobin are lost from the liver into tire y > The roller pump in dialysis machine, forces blood through the dialysis) Guo y Excretion is defined as heing the removal of waste products of metabolism, ) which are mainly water, urea and CO, y) ee as via i. Pee nce men ence tm respiration and urea is a waste product of deamination, so regardless of how Resmi y 14 Defecation is the loss of undigeste Re CuL TD — For MCQs ere Tels Urea leaves the liver in the hepatic vein and enters the general circulation 17 The dialysis fluid contains protein and salts. ) (ee ae 18 ] Urea is removed by the kidneys, the low urea level mustbe the n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=) (rN Pe ere: Eeraijon _ wr 19, The loss of faeces from the gut, is not an example of excretion. ~~ CO, is a waste product of metabolism and itis excreted. : - ED ee Ee Oe eee me faeces, but in each case the major function of these process is not excretion. _) For MCQs To imitate a kidney, the dialysis machine must lose excess salt, urea and Roca eo Cuca eCk a eeu ous y, COR TR EL UN CSC eee Tee SoCo etre Mccrre acme crt y, n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 [ea] oO — ow —_ l=)rlomeosiisis am 01 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal ) _ environment. The epidermis of skin is growing all the time mitosis takes SCCM S UCM om ec ness Aa abel ee ha a A Tete Tee aM CORSA ACSA Tm Ce) eI AOC and capillaries. “tee >. Meee ence en tone which give us the sense of touch, warmth, cold and pain, and controls the body eC For MCQs —— ee Neier lt NMR Use eC) eu Burts ergo tC crs ela If the body temperature rises too much, the skin cools it down CEU IO RCN H Elen 07 ] TUT aS ACORN cae S eee Ua COLE RSI my RO a 08 |] Negative feedback provides a means of contro: if levels of substances in the body change, the change is monitored and a response to adjust levels to erent 09 |] Glucose concentration in the blood is controlled using insulin a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} UR er-feColn one) Fs ee ee eerlomeostisis StI Tee RUC gore Ule Pee nicer ke)l| lay get smaller in lumen to avoid some heat loss. y) > Inwarm the hair erector muscles relax and the surface capillaries get) wider in lumen to promote heat loss. y re eee UE ec ete me a ero eer sone [AU eee | Se. 7 a ae eee eR U ee eee eT ROR URS a CER eet SAM oe eMC LOLA a aa ee PACER CRS CUR Ue eC cE not be lost unless sweat evaporates, taking latent heat of vaporization. ~ cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=)Coortlingtion & pasvonse Ry The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord, Mea Roem ios CTE AOE Se 0 UL BTC NSS NAS Seer SRO eC OR Ua brain or from the brain to muscles and glands. yy eS ee SS Se. A reflex is an automatic nervous reaction that cannot be elo meeu lel ce) ae ATER CUE MENUISM LETT CSMTAN COLT el COS For MCQs EE OnE Lom oie CN cel onto ESTES eC eee nes ski) Ce CM Spe D NAS can cue sy y, n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=) 8 Sense organs are groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals. enn ea eee Reet y Rr ecm eee eee Rica eae Cae HF eowaywn nnn soy myateconctcngntttienmanane ong. th mewn sandCourtlinetion % feusvorse Sy The testes, ovaries and pancreas are also endocrine glands in ECC RUTRUsmtue Cesy y) 11 ae Oe eee ee Mena Cur ) [DB Adrenalin is secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations. Tee ICES MCE TUIO EIT ek) Sierras y a ee a sae The nervous system is much faster and its action tends to be over a shorter time span than hormonal control systems. } —~_ u 15 ] Adrenalin increases the blood glucose and the glycogen level must consequently = aks rs aE Cm eae Um CCC aT Sa eur tuum For MCQs n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 [ea] [7 — ow —_ l=) POT Inge RUS Se aE Reece y 18 ] Inareflex action, the brain receives the information that has caused the response, but only after the reaction has occurred, so the response Pero ora) TF wowaywn msn soi ewyineconctccgnintkienmanane ong. th nama sandGyordinutlon & Resyonse ety iD Ligaments suspend the lens and are not muscular. Iris muscles control the amount of light entering the eye and are not ose ncn) 4 al AA 21 DU ee UC NAC EDO E eR UAC OR TC k RU For MCQs Cet) ENC RU Ion ATMO ELM Uae Con US er nie atl SU Uae CUTE mS RCTS ere ut TTT PTC ap “Seepage oto | 24 ) Contracting the ciliary muscles, reduces the diameter of the ring, slackening Rees cuensei E Soren ct ee eG a 2 = iS) a > G — Ss a 2 2 oO =) = cy ors lo} cleat Mord een UN EU ROSCOE insulin, amongst others. he dose of insulin given to a patient is measured by its effectiveness S MUSCLES Uo J) 27 ] Cte ater nerve cells, although the movement of sodium and other ions is passive ~ during the actual passage of an impulse. y one) Fs eet re ee ereGuurtlingition & feusvonse Ry OE ect eR eM Tem OL oreo Renner ct Messen eee Eee h s a, 29 The secretion of insulin varies with the blood glucose concentration. )) ee a ae” No response occurs until the brain receives impulses from y Ruri y) Sees a, 7 TIC NeUac Neue eRUlLeleN elma oy contract. y, aaa eau Mae eS Cie Rue a ROC For MCQs PA nce ee aici aia aa) Relay neurons are found in the spinal cord and brain and connect Roop Cm cts )) Pee Mores eCem lr Cen A Ee aS) SOR Tan MSR Col Cem UT n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) wo — ow —_ l=) ONES os ori ees AUR Sm Tare Cea) ices 36] Refraction occurs at a surface when light passes to a different density material. ricci wien aye djustable lens. The muscle ring controls light intensity reaching the retina, TF wowaywn msn soi ewyineconctccgnintkienmanane ong. th nama sandGuo rlineition & Haggorse _ wr | 37 J PTE Ue ACM ema Ul EC ISL (et) (esa ess y) SO OSes MS Sree a osc while relay neurons form the network of cells within the system. ) _ zap Iris is not involved in the focusing of light by the eye ) ATES SNS —— — ae ~ ec Mee une ae For MCQs ntraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens of the eye to become thiker. n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) oO — ow —_ l=) Pee) ee ee eeSupport, Movamantand Loeomotion St C ) When the person is in the ‘dipped position’, with his legs hanging down in the air; not supporting him, his triceps will be in a contracted position and ~ bicep will bein a relaxed position, y) If the man is ‘lifting the bars’, while standing on the ground, his wicepsY will be in a relaxed position and bicep will be in a contracted position, ) Eo The straightening of the elbow is due to the triceps contracting.) Ge 7. The elbow hinge joint only moves in one plane BE ee eR UROL eee Cc 05 | three, which would imply that th UO SUT an ene nel STO aoe ct rr y For MCQs n 2 Ss Oo ao > cy SZ > = 2 2 fea) oO — ow —_ l=) Pee) ee ee eeThe Ussaned Abuse of Drugs Stl A drug is any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body. 02 Antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses. ) nn fete Mee Ree aE) AMMO Rm OCerl Ce ei _ illnesses b but Bd dangerous if u if a cy CSc Eos ........ Geen s mec eu cuc a etree For MCQs Dependence means that a person cannot do without a \ PEW Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant physical effects Orie sel mee LHe em URC Sela CLC 07 |) BNR USI CLU muon Kei emer ecules )) Wess 08 | Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria. The malarial parasite is not affected a 2 = iS) [eG s & — > = = 2 o =) = a mn (=) Deas 09 | Nicotine accounts for smoking being addictive. ) (einen heen MeeMigroorganisins and Sivtsennology St In bread making yeast produces alcohol as well as CO,, but the alcohol will evaporate immediately, although it contributes to smell of bread baking The CO, expands as the bread is cooked and causes it to rise ble Re lis Remo ime a a, Se Mea ne eet at —~_ZEEES = — Tee cn Cemet DRC “continuous") is characterized by starting each batch afresh and the product ia y is removed before cleaning the vessel and restarting the process. Bacteria and fungi are effective decomposers. The proteins do coagulate and form curds - the semi-solid part of yoghurt and \ cheese, itis the acid from the respiration of the bacteria that cause the coagulation. _ Enzymes are produced, but they are not as significant in the process. Meu ie plant cells have a cell wall. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus with a TEeeU Fungal cells are eukaryotic and contain nuclei ULE one ROR UU Cm a _ provide oxygen for production of penicillin. For MCQs 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) one) ia celine aeaenenan ee Ree——~ Migroorganisins and Sivtsennology Ry SC Sen crake Mery otherwise require stirring.e ) Nites te ae at Gee Or cae ee Me cL Many bacteria are not parasitic e.g, those involved in nitrogen metabolism in the soil and in rotting. ee y Se Fungi may be saprophytes or parasites, but do require organic » tac y, Sc ee Re ee urn Cee ese eco Reet cue For MCQs 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) Ci eeeeeae nS Rataeenemsaemmeen MeaEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten Stl 01 The Sun is the principal source of energy input to food chain. ) 02] SM eo cee ACR LORe oul Rute) A ele) Lu TUS ec now, Cy) a For MCQs A food chain shows the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, )y beginning with a producer. )) Se mie | A food web is a network of interconnected food chains... QR aaSe—e | at Gece Creu CME ee ecu MUeaem ey ee emcee a etm neo ns y, SN 06 ) Cee ue eee ee Lae) 07 A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy by eating plants. 08 CSU RUC oS kU aT uae Plants are the producers in a food web; animals may be primary, eR RW us 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) one) Ci eeeeeae nS Rataeenemsaemmeen MeaEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten ot 10 |) (Wetec een ee meee eeu i es PRCU EN eins y) 11) Ateach step in a food chain, only a small proportion of thefood is used for) growth. The rest is used for energy to keepthe organism alive a For MCQs eT aU Oe ) renee ae )) ers wae 13 oo COO e SSCs ET Cuneo Cd oe PERC ) i DCU aue cr cue Uae soe ett ee ead yr 15 ] ee Ta seni ue a te Ce eo tare een ie tester w Reckoner create enters} dioxide from respiration and combustion. y, Meee RU aen UK One Sat shy eel Cele lic CoB eu y COM MMe tc _animals and the dead remains of living organisms. 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) © sores Ci eeeeeae nS Rataeenemsaemmeen MeaEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten Ril Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can make nitrogenous compoundsfrom gaseous ) nitrogen }, Micro-organisms play an important part inthe nitrogencycle. They are involved in decomposition, nitrificationitrogen fixation and denitrification. J, ~e eta Deforestation is an example of habitat destruction: it canlead to extinction, ) soil erosion, flooding and carbon dioxidebuild-up in the atmosphere. y) For MCQs Pesticides kill insects, weeds and fungi that could destroyour crops. EEE - ‘ow sfelevecan become ecto toro Meus sce ie eeeleeteT ea _ dangerously concentrated as it passes along afood chain, SS SS er Cre et ioe Sue ee) ‘an oxygen shortage when thealgae die and decay. ) The acid rain resulting from air pollution leads to poisoning oflakes and possibly destruction of trees. 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) The process of eutrophication of water involves Dee tone em tos Meee cited es Oech eee er UR een d) increased aerobic respiration by bacteria, resulting in areduction in dissolved oxygen. e) the death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water. one) ia celine aeaenenan ee ReeEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten ot | 27 | Tt Mee eb ue ROSS ee eC plants, as well as animals in watersystems. y 28 | Eee TIC OM) mt SOU eae ORe eS a ule Ti a) Piet ee For MCQs SS ec Ru ncaa Om) Cu CMU aoa ute ) 7 eras ae E>... CRE Se Ciencia ise ACC eTs Eom climate change, habitat destruction, hunting,pollution and introduced species, Nee ~~ ED Sree he eee rc cur Cn and protecting species and habitats education, captive breeding programmes OY TRS 32 ] Forest and fish stocks can be sustained using strategiessuch as education and ) ec) ) a possible sourceof genes and Loss of a plant species deprives us of (a) (b) a possible source of chemicals for drugs. ) Coe R se Somes tad tec eee y Decomposers use dead and decaying organisms as food and produce ammonium compounds, carbon dioxide, ions (nitites/nitrates) 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) Fe ee ey olay th ara hcEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten Rit) ED Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium compounds into nitrites and nitrates.) [37 PE cc emer nO uo a -— Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter, which is used as an energy source by aerobic bacteria )) iis wie | Respiration release water which the producers can use in photosynthesis. a y IS ot aor eg % y Nitrifying bacteria make nitrate, from nitrite. 42, Mie MOU CeCe ROI ee le ei — = Acid rain is due to SO, and SO,.. Meee ne neem OU to amino acids and hence proteins. For MCQs 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) © sora Ci eeeeeae nS Rataeenemsaemmeen MeaEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten Stl The dry weight of plants is largely cellulose, which is made up of many glucose) molecules ands the major source ofthe C02 produced during decay. y, £ 6 ome etm teeta toan increase in bacteria. Since bacteria are aerobic thus, they use available Os ween alate For MCQs Pee eRe eC ea Se eee RS RS eee will result in smaller oil drops with more surface area Pee ee eee i Mee Serco cL a eM ROR Oe RS eS Nie - “Vector” means carrying from one host to another. N y Global warming is melting polar ice so sea levels are rising and some land areas are becoming dryer. Many migratory species are extending their habitats. ) Cee CRC eC eeu eco gr Luc Race ) Ae Redes Maer Suet eur rs _ producers first, but much energy is lost at each stage. 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) With no wings, the female mosquito would not be a problem to Man as it Renter irene Fe ee ey lay th ara hcEeulogy & rlumain Inuaet on Zeosysten Stl 54 ) Decay releases alot of C02 tothe atmosphere but all production depends upon) Preemie J, 55 ] PcLor i meee acids are synthesized fiom sugars. Energy i lost as heat eventually andis not oe y 56 Ue re ROM. Aa cur) ) “7 OEE ES win | For MCQs The mosquito merely carries the parasite and is therefore the vector. ae y E> Pee eee cr eee ETUC a eam cs eal ee E> Energy cannot be produced, just transferred. All food chains begin wit producers, which Cee Eu eS eee MTEC cu ete a Seu TC Onno ee eu ert Pentel ese UE WM ROU UR ) [61 Food chains start with a green, photosynthetic producer. ieee eae ae 62, Core eeo cus © sora Ce eelceetae Ratnam came 2) 2 = 5 a, a) o = at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S)Hevroduetion in Plints add rlumeans St 01 CSAC SC un mune cute cute ke | aaa VSS a UNC ROR CE snes eects cells and in asexual reproduction. J "cn ae DSSS Me TS UR Sao aC Cn et ee sa Ment utente ecu )) <7 Fries oie COS RU a aaS—_— | at At meiosis, only one chromosome of each pair goes intothe gamete. cis A 06 ] ‘Meiosis produces variation by forming new combinationsof maternal and paternal) CieeceS ) | 07 | eter ee ee Ce ck For MCQs 2) 2 = 5 a > o wd at Dm 2 2 oo (1) > o in S) genetically identical offspring from one parent. | 08 ST er ae MUMS Cenc DEWAN nue Peon te cot ANAC c Res © sores Ci eeeeeae nS Rataeenemsaemmeen MeaHeoroduetion in Phints and rlumens St 10 |) A clone is a population of organisms produced asexually froma y eect 11 Vegetative propagation produces (genetically) identicalindividuals. ) a For MCQs 12] ‘Asexual reproduction keeps the characteristics of the organism the same“ from one generation to the next, butdoes not result in variation to cope with . environmental change. y; [ -. reproduction is the process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two Pee OCU cemeteries Tur are genetically different from each other. y 14 The nuclei of gametes are haploid and the nucleus ofthe zygote is diploid [a 15 eee ener ws ae The stamens are the male organs. They produce pollen grains, which contain the male gamete. )) The carpels are the female organs. They produce ovules, which contain RUC CR ROR Re y Flowers that are pollinated by insects are usually brightly CDT aC n 2 = 5 a a ) 4 and t=) 2 a=} jaa} o > <8) a ° a ey ——Heoroduetion in Pints and rlumans Sy 19] Flowers that are pollinated by the wind are usually small andgreen. ~\ Their stigmas and anthers hang outside the flowerwhere they are exposed RCE y 20] Ae tett a eon Telsouee Me Tie = y eee soot S_ xX at E> Germination is influenced by temperature and the amount ofwater and) For MCQs Ocul ACCRUES Ree CUR LCR em Ree meme ees J ee ene On 23 | Cre CO ens em no cake nS une gee the stigma of a flower on a differentplant of the same species. ital 24 ] The male reproductive cells (gametes) are sperm. They areproduced in the testes and expelled through the urethra andpenis during mating } n 3 = 5 a a ) 4 and t=) 2 a=} jaa} o > <8) a ° The female reproductive cells (gametes) are ova (eggs). Theyare produced in the ovaries. One's released each month. fsperm are present, the ovum may be fertilized as it passesdown the oviduct to the uterus. Dee ec cme Lon Ree el iene seer emma erss es SUSU ROR CMe Ree Ue LU or from a zygote forming two embryos. TF) ocearvan anand yy pecans — Baka, mth mbar sadHeoroduction in Plints and pumas Ri | 28 ree MP esc neuer ua T ect )) Peet estan eM scuncee our) Pout pes ke ens be relieved by surgery fertility drugsorin vitro) For MCQs ue cy Snel ey Male infertility can be by-passed by artfcial insemination. Pee oe TET E> Germinating seeds do not normally photosynthesize. ED Umbilical cord is essential to the exchange of gases, but is not the site of Peet y 35 ] SCR Ree a ee wall is termed as the testa y a el URS URS UO Sen a ULE AT come a) ne er ee ae FSSA Neu SAUCE Reale Seal lea Etc euro a 2 = iS a SS @ ss > a 2S 2 fea) x) = o on lo} on) bie Ree Ce erHeoroduetion in Plants and rlumans i wo ou fo} ‘Allthree tissues in a germinating seed are active, Mitosis inthe tissues of the plumule and radical is obvious, whereas the biochemical activity in the Cotyledonsis less so. Starch hydrolysis, transamination and protein synthesis re perhaps the most obvious and will require mitochondrial respiration, on Fs eet ee ee erHeoroduetion in Plants and rlumans - ERC Mente eee 51] Following ovulation, progesterone peaks at or near day 24 and declines if pregnancy For MCQs eects n 2 = S a a) } wd ant t=) 2 a=} cay [<3 > wo ou fo} Leaves, petals and roots of the single tree all develop from the original ) eee Ree ue oe eee y [53 eRe re ours os 54 Dee eer SUS oe ee Sau eo i y ae bi eae ae Reaeeeteneamemeetiemen ReactHeoroduetion in Plants and rlumeans tI 55 Menstrual cycle begins with the breakdown of the uterus wall ) 56 Egg and sperm fuse in the fallopian tube. a For MCQs When gametes come from two different parents, male and female, the offspring must be different. ), cn it > ee aos n 2 = S a a) } wd ant t=) 2 a=} cay [<3 > wo ou fo} Fer ee ee ee ee erJnbariianes ety el ter Ceo eee Seu) ) Btnrunorte ieee cret rite J, 02 enum Rom EMM Comune ToC cas ) a [03 | ea Se Coe Ty “EEE .. POETS =< | 05 ] SAU Se CU RU UR LCS LLL XY; females are XX. "aeclaiietaeee ay 06 ] All body cells in an organism contain the same genes, butmany genes in a particular Seeece iota en rece ae 07 | The genotype of an organism is its genetic make-up. 08 | Se COR cSu eich ecie eect R ire 09 Ee RU SS nee cle ) ene hai For MCQs n 2 = 5 a a ) 4 and t=) 2 a=} jaa} o > <8) a °Iniperittings ) A recessive alele is one that is only expressed when there isno dominant ) allele of the gene present. J, Renee SSM Oma ees This is calledco-dominance. y) a The inheritance of ABO blood groups is an example ofco-dominance. (eects meme Se eae oe an Coe et) Te A. ee MN eM Teo No Oxon Oe a ann ——ee——_ Ee For MCQs Discontinuous variation results in a limited number ofphenotypes with no intermediates, Ce} )) Bree eeu ee MN Dee eee es Ue Fecha ean r nn mS Crore ech uncer ee em emt ane) MUCUS Fe ec ee ey eee n 3 = 5 a a ) 4 and t=) 2 a=} jaa} o > <8) a °Iniaritiies Sy Ue eee ees See Ere ck mn hemoglobin, This resuts inabnormal hemoglobin, which changes shape Mercier y) Te eee REIS ene Ue LR ieires )) aie EES Zan For MCQs RESUS See ety Cieue cei y nihil ee eS CW el eae a CU SEE aE cee nanaaaTD Selective breeding by artificial selections carried outover many generations to improve CO Se sua Eau )) Evolution is the change in adaptive features of apopulation overtime as the result Carteret a za = iS) jae ~~ @ a = a 2 2 [ee} a) = o = lo} Creer Rone MS ome ea Ome ene en etc RC eco UCC cud Pe ee ee reeInberitanes ) Ry 28) Genetic engineering is used in the production of enzymes hormones ) _ and drugs, y, | 29 Crop plants can be genetically modified to resist insect pestsand herbicides. a For MCQs Cees MRS Cece eed cs Eset )) oes EUR US Sor ee enn ssuca ike raucous Este I a ~~ ne 32] Bacterial plasmid DNA is cut with same restrictionenzymes, forming \ Reena ten elie ene Tat ED PP Sense Cie cu) y [34 ] ONIN ec cue SG) Te Su serene) a 2 = iS a SS ® ss = D> 2 aS) fea) oO > cm a lo} Dee ecu et cs Pee : : eeInieritings Sy ED Abbinism is a recessive trait, so the albino child must be homozygous. eniacicikaliaieiiantieialee” The heterozygous person has a half chance of passing on the dominant allele, so the person without the disease must be homozygous for the normal eons Insulin is a protein and a gene is the information for the synthesis of a Bese [AST AST Pew TT | wT =_, >. The probability of recessive genotypes is always 0.25 out of 1 or 25%. a ah eee en Tents Tu en ease ee Eu ee Cer Conc RUE NE ord y, ~Scinahedr haey The 3:1 ratio is produced when two heterozygotes are mated The mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides are produced because only resistant mosquitoes survive and breed. This is natural selection. _) There are four blood groups, but there is no intermediate state, so they) shows only discontinuous variation. y, The insulin produced from transplanted human genes is the same molecule as natural and just as effective. For MCQs a a = iS) jae ~~ @ a = a 2 2 [ee} a) = o = lo} pe ee reeInheritanes ety Nee otc’ 47] Tel elee eee eee RRR Rae ) genes, but may be represented by different alleles. “Sie gO Meg For MCQs Dees eee ess “EEE SD. . isthe basis of transcription and then transiation, producing protein ) a ee enn E> aa Coa e eC Peet face ery =i) oa) CL ed ) aes 51] Alleles are alterate forms of the information of a gene. Tt shows thatthe two alleles for the single gene are different. )) [52 Anaemia is due to iron-deficiency, but sickle-cell anaemia is a genetic problem; Variation is discontinuous when there are two different phenotypes exist and no intermediate forms are present. y eee nea i Sue cee Re dominant allele wll cause the organism to look lke the dominant form, n 2 = 5 a a ) 4 and t=) 2 a=} jaa} o > <8) a ° ee Ree eeent cannot produce an O group child, since IA and IE