DFI J-F-2019 Digital

THE MAGAZINE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE JAN/FEB 2019
TIONS
DA I
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
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DFI ST
EP FO
ITUTE
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®
®
Driven Piles Support LNG Tank
Grouted Rigid Inclusions
Drilled Displacement Piles for

Liquefaction Mitigation
Column Supported Embankments
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• Slurry Wall Installation
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CONTENTS FEATURES
TIONS
DA I
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COVER STORY
DFI ST
EP FO
ITUTE
14 Driven Pile Supported LNG Tank in Savannah, Georgia
DE
Guoming Lin, Ph.D., G.E., D.GE, and Cheng Lin, Ph.D., P.E.
® The authors present a synopsis of the design, full-scale static and dynamic testing,
construction and long-term performance monitoring of a driven prestressed concrete
piled foundation supporting a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank. The findings of the
Executive Director densification effects and the results from different testing methods are also presented.
Theresa Engler
tengler@dfi.org
Executive Editor
Dr. Antonio Marinucci, M.B.A., P.E.
mageditor@dfi.org
Managing Editor and
Advertising Manager
Karol Paltsios
magads@dfi.org
Graphic Design
Faye Klein
DFI Executive Committee

President
Matthew Janes, P.Eng.
Vice President
Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E.
Secretary
James O. Johnson
Treasurer
Gianfranco Di Cicco
Past President
Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE
Other Trustees
Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E.
Frank Haehnig
59 Member Profile —
Gerry Houlahan, P.E. Tom Richards, Jr., P.E., D.GE:
Mike Kelley Giving to the Industry on Many Levels
K.S. Rama Krishna, Ph.D.
Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E.
J. Erik Loehr, Ph.D., P.E.
Dan MacLean, P.E.
Matthew E. Meyer, P.E. 63 Grouted Rigid Inclusions
Morgan NeSmith, P.E. Support Wilmington
David Paul, P.E.
Howard Perko, Ph.D., P.E.
Riverfront Sports Complex
Thomas D. Richards, P.E., D.GE Ed O’Malley, P.E., and Mike Pockoski, P.E.
Lori Simpson, P.E., G.E. The variable subsurface stratigraphy,
Martin G. Taube , P.E., P.G. including a thick, highly-compressible
Stefano Valagussa organic layer, protection of the
groundwater, concerns with the
generation of contaminated spoils, and
differential settlement required the use
of an innovative foundation solution for the new sports complex and youth training
center. The composite aggregate/grouted rigid inclusions resulted in cost savings and
reduced the construction time.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 3

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CONTENTS FEATURES
Departments 69 Drilled Displacement Elements/Piles for Liquefaction Mitigation

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E.
Thanks for the Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE
The DFI Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
DFI ACTIVITIES
Highlights of the India 2018 Conference,
updates on upcoming events, news of the
DFI Traveling Lecturer, in memory of
Manny Fine, and more. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
REGIONAL REPORT
DFI of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
EDUCATIONAL TRUST REPORT
An update on the Trust board meeting, Drilled displacement systems that densify coarse-grained soils by mechanically displacing
Annual Gala Dinner, Giving Tuesday, the soils laterally can provide an efficient alternative for the mitigation of liquefaction-
upcoming 2019 events and recent induced settlement and structure movement due to lateral spread. The author provides
donors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
background on drilled displacement elements/piles, their use as ground improvement
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES UPDATE systems, and a mini-case history.
New committee chairs announced, and
updates from the Codes and Standards
and the Testing and Evaluation 75 Column Supported
Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Embankments at I-295/
GUEST EDITORIAL I-76/Rte 42 Direct
Success Tomorrow Takes Succession
Planning Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Connection Project
Nina F. Carney, P.E., Sarah K.
LEGALLY SPEAKING
Ramp, P.E., and Dylan P. Davis
False Implied Certifications in Making
Payment Requests - What We Can Learn Rigid inclusions were installed to
from Lance Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 mitigate potential settlement and
improve the external stability and bearing characteristics of the mechanically
DFI PEOPLE AND COMPANIES
stabilized earth walls and embankments constructed to raise the grades for the new
News about people, companies and
interchange. The authors present a synopsis of the design, stability analyses and
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
estimation of settlement along with the various challenges faced on the project sites.
CALENDAR & AD INDEX . . . . . . . . 108
83 Multiple Pile Systems for New Disney

World Skyliner System
Gordon King
The contractor proposed a value engineered
alternate that reduced construction expense and
DEEP FOUNDATIONS construction time while improving operational
The Magazine of the Deep logistics but resulted in the redesign of most of
Foundations Institute (DFI) is the foundations for the cable gondola system.
published bimonthly by DFI. The author describes the various project
326 Lafayette Avenue constraints, installation challenges, and full-scale
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA testing of the new foundations, which
T: (973) 423-4030 | F: (973) 423-4031 incorporated six different pile types.
Email: staff@dfi.org

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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Thanks for the Support

s I embark on my two-year term as DFI The stakeholders include the
Athepresident, I am, first of all, thankful for
support that surrounds me. The tasks
DFI staff and my fellow trustees.
Our devoted and energetic staff
Matthew Janes, M.B.A., P.Eng.
President
matthew@isherwood.to
and demands of the office are great, which has the unenviable task of
are in addition to existing commitments, herding the trustees, executive
including a busy career, a vivid family life, committee (ExComm) and the
and personal health and development. We technical committees to complete t h ro u g h m y w i f e a n d h e r
all have busy lives and the demands of their goals and deliver industry participation in DFI events, we
volunteering exist over and above the life leading products to our hear all about my fellow
commitments we have chosen and those members. Their well-timed, member’s families and
that we have earned throughout our careers. polite reminders, sentient
Serving DFI and accomplishments; we have
Serving DFI and its mandate of finding edits and enlightening made lifelong friendships
common ground among all stakeholders be opinions are particularly
its mandate of and enjoy a rich social time
they academics, contractors, consultants or well appreciated by all.
owners for the advancement of our industry Thank you, in advance, for
finding common together. So, most of all,
thanks go to my family, and,
is an enjoyable honor and privilege. your continued excellence in ground among all in particular, to my wife,
The privilege is granted to us by a shaping our organization. Maria, for allowing me the
number of seldom recognized stakeholders We have become great stakeholders be indulgence of serving our
in our lives. They include our employers, friends and we thank you for organization, reaping the
who support our efforts through donated making us look good. they academics, social and professional
hours and travel expenses, and colleagues The stakeholders also benefits and the small part I
that pick up the slack when we are include our families and contractors, can play in advancing our
otherwise disposed or simply through community. The increasing great industry forward.
tolerating our distraction as we devote our demands on my time inevi- consultants or In closing, just as saying
energy and intellectual resource to the tably results in less time for ‘please’ changes the out-
organization. My employer, Isherwood my wife and three children. owners for the come of a request, saying a
Associates, makes a significant contri- The result is difficult and, heartfelt ‘thank you’
bution indirectly to DFI and to me as an often, poor choices, such as advancement of changes a relationship
employee through this support. I have showing up late for events forever. A great man once
witnessed my time and effort increase as my and travel conflicts, mean our industry is an said “To the world you are
mandate with DFI has grown, culminating that I wish Happy Birthday just one person. But to one
in the high demands I will experience over or experience the score and
enjoyable honor person, you are the world.”
the coming two years. For this, I thank my personal triumphs over the Thank you, Maria. To our
employer greatly for its recognition of its phone. My wife and kids
and privilege. members, may I suggest you
responsibility to the advancement of the enjoy the perks of access to turn to your significant
industry and for its disproportionate the business lounge and seat upgrades other and say thank you. You don’t even
contribution to that effort over my tenure when they travel with me, but this is poor have to tell them what for.
on the DFI Executive Committee. remuneration for the absences. But,
DFI President Matthew Janes, M.B.A., P.Eng.
DFI’s new president, Matthew Janes, is a senior engineer with and contracting. He has been involved in the development and
Isherwood Associates in Toronto, where his activities include promotion of new technologies throughout his career including
senior technical design, strategy, financial analysis and risk man- specialized SOE design and analytical methods, pile installation
agement. Janes has more than 35 years of design and manage- and testing technologies, and novel construction methodologies.
ment experience in consulting engineering, equipment design Janes is also the developer of the resonant pile driver technology.

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EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE
The DFI Team

s the leadership of DFI’s board transi- importance of teamwork, of
A tions with a new president and new hiring the right people to fill the Theresa Engler
Executive Director
officers, it seemed appropriate that I found roles required to meet the tengler@dfi.org
myself reading an article in a trade maga- members’ needs. She explained
zine, Associations Now, titled “Association how in the early stages of her
CEOs: What I Wish I’d Known.” It career she thought she had to
highlights five association leaders who know everything about every expertise in their role and
shared lessons learned over their long aspect of the organization and be willingness to go above and
careers because as we all know hindsight is involved in every project and every activity. beyond during our busiest times, which
20/20 and sharing that knowledge with up It almost caused her to burn out early in her more and more seems to be each and every
and coming leaders will hopefully save the career, and it was that realization that day thanks to the active and engaged
newcomers from having to figure it out on taught her to develop her team and trust members. I’d like to take this space to
their own … well, maybe ... that team to get the job done. recognize them and ensure you know their
names and realize everything DFI does
could not happen without them.
Alexandra Damon, marketing
communications manager, who handles
our social media sites and e-newsletters,
keeping members and the industry
informed; KC Christie, database and
membership coordinator, who will greet
you with a smile in her voice and do her
utmost to ensure your information is
accurate and your questions are answered;
L to R: Bert Nance, KC Christie, Lisa Rayment, Katie Scully, Angie Gibble, Maureen Lisa Rayment and her assistant, Marlo
Mandel, Marlo Pontes, Emilio Fandino, Theresa Engler, Lauren Nance; top right: Mary
Ellen Large and Carol Planitzer; bottom right: Alexandra Damon Pontes, in the accounting department,
keeping track of the funds and ensuring
One spoke of the importance of I’m happy to say that I learned that accuracy; Carol Planitzer, administrative
networking with other association CEOs to lesson along the way and have a fantastic assistant to Mary Ellen, helping her with
build a support group of people who team at DFI. Some are very visible to the the increasing number of committee
provide different perspectives and are membership while others are in the projects; Katie Scully, meetings and events
willing to share their experience. Another background; however, all play a vital role in coordinator, who has joined recently to
wished he had known how important it is keeping everything running smoothly in support Maureen, Lauren and Angie with
to understand all areas of his association, support of the varied needs of the board, the many seminars, conferences and
even the not so exciting parts, in order to be committees and volunteers. Those you’re fundraising events held each year; and Bert
well-rounded and understanding of the likely familiar with, especially if you serve Nance, publications and shipping services
challenges faced by his staff. The third on a technical committee or attend DFI (and yes he’s Lauren’s husband).
learned to listen more and talk less so he events, are Mary Ellen Large, P.E., D.GE, This growing team is a powerhouse of
could gather as much information as director of technical activities, and our knowledge, dedication and efficiency, and
possible before making decisions, and the events specialists, Lauren Nance, CMP- I’m proud to work alongside them to bring
fourth realized her main goal should be to Designate, and Angie Gibble, led by DFI members the best experience we can.
provide the benefit of community to her Maureen Mandel, director of programs. If As Andrew Carnegie said, “No man will
members, which is much more important you’re on the DFI or DFI Educational Trust make a great leader who wants to do it all
than the tangible benefits. boards you know Emilio Fandino, J.D., himself or to get all the credit for doing it.”
These all rung true to me and fit into my director of administration. It is my honor to lead this team and share
experience over the last 13 years of being But there are others who you may have with them the credit for continuing to grow
DFI executive director, but it was the fifth never met or only spoken with on the and improve, alongside the volunteers, this
that really hit home for me — the phone or corresponded with via email. wonderful community that is DFI.
They all make my job easier thanks to their

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COVER STORY
Driven Pile Supported LNG Tank in Savannah, Georgia

The project site is located at the Kinder Morgan’s Elba Island
Layout of LNG tanks
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal on the Savannah River, 3 mi
(4.8 km) downstream of downtown Savannah, Ga. This terminal
was initially developed in the 1970s as an LNG import terminal.
Currently, the facility includes five LNG storage tanks and is being
converted into a liquefaction and export facility. The focus of this
article is the pile foundations for Tank D4, which is a double walled
insulated steel tank with a storage capacity of one million barrels of
LNG. The outer and inner diameters of Tank D4 are 258 ft (78.6 m)
and 252 ft (76.8 m), respectively, with a possible height of liquid of
113 ft (34.4 m).
During the design and construction of the tank’s foundation,
multiple geotechnical challenges had to be overcome, including:
• Site conditions – facility is located in a typical coastal deposit
featuring a thick layer of very soft underconsolidated clay up to
40 ft (12 m) in thickness interval of 10,000 years (revised to a 5,000-year event by the
• Depth to bedrock – rock under the site is located at least 2,000 ft Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC). In addition, the
(610 m) deep design and construction required approval from FERC.
• Potential liquefaction – sand layer is potentially liquefiable

Subsurface Conditions
under a high seismic design category
In-situ soil testing was conducted within the footprint of Tank D4
The facility was designed to survive a Safe Shutdown Earthquake and consisted of 12 soil borings with standard penetration tests
(SSE) event defined as ground motions having a mean recurrence (SPTs), 6 cone penetration test (CPT) soundings, 5 dilatometer tests
AUTHORS Guoming Lin, Ph.D., G.E., D.GE, Terracon Consultants, and Cheng Lin, Ph.D., P.E., University of Victoria

Soil Elevation Thickness SPT N-value CPT qc DMT ED Relative Density
Layer Description MLW (ft) (ft) (blow/ft) uncorrected (tsf) (tsf) or Consistency
1 Hydraulic Fill 11 to 7 4 4 to 22 10 to 15 30 to 80 Soft to stiff
2 Clay 7 to -25 32 WHO to 8 1 to 30 10 to 30 Very soft to stiff
3 Sand -25 to -40 15 11 to 36 100 to 200 400 to 700 Med. dense to dense
4 Silty Clay (Marl) -40 to -95 55 9 to 44 30 to 80 200 to 400 Stiff to hard
5 Clayey Sand -95 to -105 10 30 to >50 N/A N/A Very Dense
6 Silty Sand -105 to -140 35 >50 N/A N/A Very Dense
7 Limestone -140 to > -370 >230 >50 N/A N/A ---
Generalized subsurface stratigraphy at Tank D4
(DMT), and 2 geophysical surveys using seismic CPTs. One soil capacity: (1) estimate adhesion values between the pile and soil
boring at the center of the tank was drilled to a depth of 382 ft based on soil strength data from lab and field testing, (2) previous
(116.4 m). Based on the exploration results, the subsurface was char- experience with pile load tests along the Savannah River and (3)
acterized as relatively uniform with the groundwater table located at calculation of pile capacity using a computer program based on
depths ranging from 5 to 8 ft (1.5 to 2.4 m) below existing grade. LCPC method (Bustamante and Gianeselli, 1982) using CPT data.
The soils present in Layers 1 and 2 contain underconsolidated Regardless of the approach used, the capacity was dependent on the
soft clays, which are undergoing subsidence under their self- value of adhesion between the pile and Marl Formation (Layer 4),
weight. These weak upper soils typically require the use of deep which is the typical bearing layer in the Savannah area. An adhesion
foundations but would exert downdrag loads to the piles. The value of 2.5 ksf (120 kPa) and unit end bearing value of 50 ksf
stringent seismic design requirements resulted in a liquefaction (2,395 kPa) in the Marl were used in predicting axial capacity.
risk for the medium dense sand (Layer 3). The weak upper soils These design values were empirical and based on data obtained
were expected to provide low lateral capacities. The quantity of during the construction of the other tank foundations in the 1970s
piles and the pile cap connection is governed by the lateral loads and from test data from other tested piles along the Savannah River.
associated with the SSE event. The downdrag force was estimated for Layers 1 and 2
considering the significant difference in soil strength between
Foundation Design and Testing Layers 2 and 3. The downward load calculated based on the
The initial foundation design evaluated shallow and deep founda- negative skin friction from Layers 1 and 2 was estimated as 20 tons
tion options using the results of the site characterization. Ultimately, (178 kN) and the end bearing contribution from Layer 4 was
square prestressed concrete (PSC) piles were selected for the tank estimated as 56 tons (498 kN). A factor of safety of 2.0 was used in
foundation based on the following merits associated with PSCs: the design computations.
• Commonly used locally with ample Axial capacity for 18 in (457 mm) square PSC piles using LCPC method
design and construction experience
Pile Embed / Allow compression Allowable tension Ult. compression
• Relatively reliable compared with bored Tip Elev. capacity Ra capacity, Rt capacity, Ru
ft (m) ton (kN) ton (kN) ton (kN)
piles
60 / -48 (18.3 / -14.6) 75 (667) 51 (454) 154 (1,370)
• Resistance to corrosion in high sulfate 70 / -58 (21.3 / -17.7) 113 (1,005) 76 (676) 229 (2,037)
soils compared with steel piles
80 / -68 (24.4 / -20.7) 150 (1,334) 101 (899) 304 (2,705)
• Densification of sands by pile driving 90 / -78 (27.4 / -23.8) 188 (1.673) 126 (1,121) 379 (3,372)
would increase liquefaction resistance
100 / -88 (30.5 / -26.8) 225 (2,002) 151 (1,343) 454 (4,039)
• Considerable gain in axial pile capacity
with time Testing Program
The pile length was governed mainly by the axial loading whereas A pile testing program was proposed to verify and refine the
the pile cross-section was primarily controlled by the lateral preliminary pile design as well as to evaluate the following specific
loading. Pile settlement was not explicitly calculated initially, but it concerns:
was evaluated after the pile capacities were computed (i.e., after
• Pile constructability at the project site
establishing the minimum embedment into the bearing layer [Marl
Formation]). This approach was largely based on local experience • Densification effect from pile driving (reevaluate liquefaction
from other projects along the Savannah River. potential)
• Axial capacity (pile length)
Pile Capacities
The required axial compression capacity for each pile was 100 tons • Lateral response (pile cap/connection design), particularly
(890 kN). The following approaches were used to estimate axial under cyclic loads

of 47 and 60 ft (14 and 18 m). Blow counts were typically in excess
of 50 blow/ft and, occasionally greater than 70 blow/ft, within this
depth range. Below a depth of 60 ft (18 m), the blow counts were
generally around 40 blow/ft.
During pilot hole probing and subsequent pile driving, the
ground subsided around each pile and formed a cone-shaped
depression about 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in diameter and 3 to 4 ft (1
to 1.2 m) in depth. The depression formed because the soils below
the upper hard crust were very weak. The depressions were
backfilled and compacted after pile driving and prior to testing.
Effect of Soil Densification

The test piles were installed on a 6 ft by 6 ft (1.8 by 1.8 m) square
pattern, which reflected the general layout of the tank and
represented a densification zone bounded by the four piles. CPT
soundings were performed before and after pile driving at the
center of the square (C1) formed by four piles TP2, TP3, TP4 and
TP5 and at the midpoint of the edge between TP2 and TP3 (C2).
The improvement of CPT tip resistance was used to characterize the
improvement in soil density.
Tip Resistance qc (tsf)

Installation of test piles 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
Layer 1: Fill and crust
The testing program incorporated five piles driven in a group,
where the pile lengths ranged from 65 to 85 ft (20 to 26 m). The test 10 C1 Before Pile Driving
piles included two instrumented 18 in (457 mm) square PSC piles, C1 After Pile Driving
two 18 in (457 mm) square piles without instrumentation, and one
20 Layer 2a: clay
17.7 in (450 mm) diameter prestressed cylindrical spun-cast
concrete (ICP) pile. The two square piles without instrumentation
were termed “dummy” piles, as they were installed to form a pile 30
Layer 2b: sand and clay
Depth (ft)
group similar to the production piles to evaluate the densification

effect associated with pile driving. 40
Observations During Test Program 50

An APE D36-32 single acting open-end diesel hammer was used to
Layer 3: sand
drive the five test piles. The hammer has a ram weight of 7.94 kips
(3,602 kgf) and has a maximum rated energy of 83.33 kip-ft 60
(113.0 kN-m). The pile cushion consisted of oak hardwood
Layer 4: Marl
between two pieces of 2 in (51 mm) thick plywood for a total 70
cushion thickness of 6 in (152 mm).
Prior to installing the test piles, pilot holes were created using a 80
vibratory hammer and 14 in (356 mm) H-pile with steel plates
welded to its web. The purpose of the pile hole probing was to CPT tip resistance (C1) before and after pile driving
ensure the plumbness of the test piles during installation. The pilot
holes were extended to depths ranging from 25 to 35 ft (7.6 to The density of the sand within Layer 3 was increased significantly,
10.7 m) below the pad grade. The test pile was placed into the pilot which was reflected by the increase in qc by about 96.7% for C1 and
hole and penetrated to depths ranging from 18 to 37 ft (5.5 to 70.5% for C2. Along with the densification from pile driving, piles
11.3 m) under self-weight. To reduce disturbance to the subsurface driven in a closely spaced pattern can serve to confine the soils
and to help maintain vertical alignment, each test pile was placed in between the piles, resulting in an additional increase in tip resistance.
its pilot hole prior to vibrating the remaining pilot holes. Based on a direct correlation between qc and relative density, Dr
Driving conditions were similar for the four PSC piles, which (Larson, 1995), the average Dr of the sand layer (Layer 3) increased
required blow counts ranging from 30 but not greater than 50 from 66% to 89% for C1 compared with 66% to 81% for C2.
blow/ft (blow/0.3 m) within the first 45 ft (13.7 m) of driving. The It is reasonable that the improvement index and relative density
hardest driving occurred in the sand layer (Layer 3) between depths for C2 were lower than for C1 as C2 was on the edge of the pile test

pattern and was only bounded by two piles. Some reduction in tip The final design of the production piles was based on the unit
resistance was observed in the soft layers located above Layer 2, side friction fs and end bearing qt derived from the strain gage data
which can most likely be attributed to disturbance effects caused by obtained during the Statnamic and static load tests. In the
the use of a vibratory hammer to create the pilot holes during preliminary design, the required pile tip elevation was about El. -
driving. The post-densification analysis indicated that the sandy 55.0 ft (El. -16.8 m) MLW. The downdrag load on the piles
soil in Layer 3 was densified such that they would not likely liquefy increased when incorporating the 4 ft (1.2 m) thickness of the
during the SSE event. structural fill for the working pad; therefore, the pile embedment
was increased by an additional 2 ft (0.6 m). The pile tip elevation
Axial Load Test Results was confirmed by evaluating the design using the parameters
The testing program consisted of dynamic compression testing using derived from the pile load tests, which indicated that the
the pile driving analyzer (PDA), 1,000 kip (4.45 MN) Statnamic testing, compression capacity of the pile was similar between preliminary
static compression and reciprocal lateral load testing. The tests were design and final design although the distribution of side resistance
performed at different times to evaluate the potential set up effects and end bearing were different.
after installation. The axial compression capacity from the static load For the final design, the lower portion of Layer 2 (Layer 2b) was
testing was determined using the Davisson method (Davisson 1972). considered a positive resistance; therefore, the negative skin
Test pile TP-4, 18 in (457 mm) square PSC, was not tested. friction layers were limited to the upper portion of Layer 2 (Layer
2a) and above. This delineation was based on (1) a relatively high
CPT tip resistance in Layer 2b (qc > 30 tsf [2.9 MPa]) compared with
Layer 2a (qc = 2 to 4 tsf [0.2 to 0.4 MPa]), and (2) the observed
considerable increase of CPT tip resistance in Layer 2b (by about
22%) but no change in Layer 2a due to the pile driving.
The pile length was computed using a design compressive load
of 100 tons (890 kN) and the revised design parameters. A pile
group efficiency of 1.0 was conservatively chosen due to the
(negative) downdrag effect and to the (positive) densification effect
in the sand layer. The center-to-center spacing of the piles was four
times the width of the pile. The pile settlement was estimated to be
insignificant when the allowable compression capacity was
satisfied, and the piles had been embedded a minimum of 5 ft (1.5 m)
into the very stiff-to-hard silt and/or clay (Marl Formation). The
required quantity of piles was based on the imposed lateral loading
and the SSE event. Using the results of the pile load tests, the final
length of the 1,600 piles was shortened by about 7 ft (2.1 m), which
Static axial compression load test setup resulted in a substantial savings in material and construction costs.
Results from Axial Load Tests kips (kN) Pile Foundation Construction
End of 4 day 6 day 12 day static The sequencing of installation was to
Pile No. Pile Type Driving Restrike Statnamic load test commence pile driving around the
TP 1 18 in (457 mm) sq PSC 370 (1,645) 640 (2,875) 890 (3,960) --- perimeter of the tank. The confinement by
TP 2 18 in (457 mm) sq PSC 376 (1,670) 629 (2,800) 743 (3,305) 847 (3,770) the perimeter piles resulted in additional
TP 3 17.7 in (450 mm) diam IPC 246 (1,095) 642 (2,855) 857 (3,810) --- densification of the sand layer. However, as
TP 5 18 in (457 mm) sq PSC 398 (1,770) 458 (2,040) --- --- the pile driving progressed from the edge
towards the center of the tank, the pile
Axial compressive capacities determined at different testing times
driving became increasingly more difficult
because the sands became too dense.
The load-settlement curve for test pile TP2 indicated a plugging About half way through installation, the piles could not be driven
type failure with an increase in capacity over time (i.e., setup effect) even with the use of a larger hammer. In addition, the casting of
of about 225% when comparing the results from the initial driving tension bar sleeves in the pile top would not allow the piles to be cut
to the 12-day static load test. Examination of the test results off at elevations higher than designed. Finally, predrilling had to be
indicated that the test piles did not fail during the 4-day restrike performed on every third or fourth pile to remove the column of
and Statnamic testing on day 6, as the pile displacements were soil to the sand layer to facilitate the pile driving. In hindsight, the
relatively small. Therefore, the 4-day restrike and Statnamic tests problem should have been avoided by starting the pile driving from
served to verify the static load test results; however, the ultimate the center of the tank.
pile capacities were not determined by these two methods as the
pile capacities were not fully mobilized.

Long-term Monitoring Soil Depth Elev. MLW Side Resistance, fs ksf (kPa)
After completion of the tank construction Layer Description ft (m) ft (m) Prelim. Design Final Design
and prior to placing the tank into service, a 0 to 4 14.6 to 10.6
hydro test was performed by filling the tank --- Structural Fill 1.3 (62.2) 0.65 (31.1)
(0 to 1.2) (4.5 to 3.2)
with water and monitoring the foundation 4 to 28 10.6 to -13.4
1 Hydraulic Fill 0.1 (4.8) 0.48 (23.0)
settlement. The tank settled less than 0.25 (1.2 to 8.5) (3.2 to - 4.1)
in (6.5 mm), which was less than the 28 to 40 - 13.4 to - 25.4
2a Clay 0.1 (4.8) 0.48 (23.0)
allowable limit of 1.0 in (25 mm). After (8.5 to 12.2) (-4.1 to -7.7)
being placed into the service, the tank was 28 to 40 - 13.4 to - 25.4
2b Clay 0.41 (19.6) 1.53 (73.3)
inspected periodically and monitored for (8.5 to 12.2) (-4.1 to -7.7)
40 to 57 - 25.4 to - 42.4
settlement. The average measured 3 Sand 2.2 (105.3) 1.74 (83.3)
(12.2 to 17.4) (-7.7 to -12.9)
settlement during the last 10 years was
57 to 105 -42.5 to -90.0
approximately 1.6 in (41 mm), which 4 Silty Clay (Marl) 2.5 (119.7) 3.2 (153.2)
(17.4 to 32.0) (-12.9 to - 27.4)
occurred mainly during the first year of
operation. After the first year of operation, 4 Silty Clay (Marl) unit end bearing 50 (2,394) 50 (2,394)
the tank gradually rebounded, in particular
since 2013, which was associated with the Design parameters for pile design at Tank D4
reduced LNG loading. In recent years, the
LNG tank has been almost empty, which
resulted in a rebound during this period of
about 0.3 in (8 mm).
Conclusions
The following findings and lessons learned
were obtained throughout the execution of
this project:
• The site was underlain by a thick layer
of soft underconsolidated clay, which
would result create a downdrag load on
the pile that was considered during
design.
• The Marl Formation is a competent
bearing layer for piles in the Savannah
area, which was verified by the test
program and the long-term settlement
monitoring.
• Design practice for the estimation of
pile capacity using the LCPC method
for the soils above Marl and empirical
values in Marl appeared reasonable
with the results from the pile load tests.
• The densification effect by pile driving
was remarkable in the sand layer (Layer Layout of the pile foundation for Tank D4
3) and the sand and clay layer (Layer
2b). After considering the densification
effect, the liquefaction potential in the sand for a 10,000-year • An important lesson was learned from the foundation
return period of earthquake became insignificant. construction: the installation of the piles should have
commenced from the center of the tank and proceeded
• Each of the statically load tested piles experienced plunging
outward. Installation of the piles should not proceed from the
failure. The time-dependent capacity gain was significant when
perimeter toward the center as the pile driving densifies the soil,
comparing the initial driving to the 7-day and 12-day capacity
resulting in difficult driving closer to the center.
increases: 98% and 125%, respectively.

1.00
59
60
0.50 61
62
Average Settlement (inch)
0.00
Settlement (inch)
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
60
-2.00
59 Tank 61
-2.50
62
-3.00
1-Apr-12
6-Jul-09
14-Jan-04
10-Oct-06
28-May-05
22-Feb-08
18-Nov-10
14-Aug-13
27-Dec-14
10-May-16
Construction of the pad atop the piles
for Tank D4
Long-term settlement monitoring for Tank D4
Guoming Lin, Ph.D., G.E., D.GE, is a senior principal and senior consultant with the Terracon Consultants in
the Savannah, Ga., office.
Cheng Lin, Ph.D., P.E., is an assistant professor in the department of civil engineering at University of
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. His expertise includes scour effects on bridge/marine foundations, large
scale pile foundations and sheet piles.

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DFI ACTIVITIES
Highlights of DFI India 2018

DFI India 2018: 8th Conference on Deep Foundation Technologies The two-day conference was opened with an inaugural
for Infrastructure Development in India was held at the Indian function on the morning of November 16 with statements from
Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, near Ahmedabad, Gujarat invited dignitaries. Narayan V. Nayak, Ph.D., principal advisor of
from November 15-17, 2018. IIT Gandhinagar and the Ahmedabad Gammon India, was presented with the DFI of India 2018 Lifetime
chapter of the Indian Geotechnical Society were collaborators. Prof. Contribution Award. Other highlights of the conference included 8
Amit Prashant, professor at IIT Gandhinagar, served as the keynote lectures, 44 technical presentations, a student outreach
conference chair and Prof. Ajanta Sachan, associate professor at IIT program, the inauguration of a program for Women in Deep
Gandhinagar, and Ravikiran Vaidya, principal at GeoDynamics, Foundations in India (WiDFI), a panel discussion by senior
served as the organizing secretaries for the conference. The management officials from various stakeholders, and a cultural
conference featured three main events: program and banquet dinner to close the conference.
1. A one-day workshop on November 15 on Ground Improve- The introductory program for Women in Deep Foundations in
ment Techniques — Column Supported Embankments and Soil India was successfully launched by Mary Ellen Large, director of
Mixing technical activities at DFI; Lucky Nagarajan, geotechnical
engineer/business development at Skyline Steel, USA; and Anjana
2. A two-day conference on November 16-17 to highlight four
Kadakia, P.E., LEED AP BD+C, senior principal and Mumbai office
important aspects of quality foundation construction:
director at Thornton Tomasetti, USA. Kadakia spoke about her
• Deep Foundations in Infrastructure Projects — Owners technical and professional journey and her experiences as a woman
Perspective in the construction industry. Her presentation was aimed at starting
• Geotechnical Investigation — Testing, Contractual and a DFI of India conversation on inclusivity and diversity within the
Reporting Requirements construction industry. Nagarajan will take a lead to interact with
• Best Design Practices and New Technology Initiatives women throughout the geotechnical profession in India to involve
them in DFI of India activities.
• Ground Improvement, Piling, and Deep Excavation and
Support Technologies The purpose of the student outreach initiative by DFI of India is
to generate interest among students in geotechnical engineering.
3. An exhibition to showcase the latest technologies, equipment,
About 50 undergraduate and post-graduate students from various
testing and monitoring techniques, and special materials.

The theme of the panel discussion was “Possible Solutions for
Handling Issues in Geotechnical/Foundation Scope of Major
Infrastructure/Building Projects.” Each panelist expressed in one
voice the urgent need to improve the quality of geotechnical site
investigations, to develop skills and to embrace new technologies
as the possible solutions to accelerate construction projects with
the required quality and safety.
Special thanks are extended to Prof. Sudhir K. Jain, director of
IIT Gandhinagar, for use of the infrastructure and facilities at his
institute for the conference. Special thanks to Prof. Amit Prashant for
his active role from planning through the closing dinner. The
commitment, hard work and meticulous planning by I.V.
Anirudhan, vice chair of DFI of India are gratefully acknowledged,
as are the enthusiastic efforts of the young staff of DFI of India. The
conference could not have been successfully organized and executed
without the valuable financial support of our sponsors, exhibitors
and advertisers, and we very much appreciate their support.
N.V. Nayak, Ph.D., receiving the DFI of India Lifetime

Contribution Award from Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.,
D. GE., DFI trustee
colleges in the region attended the program. Prof. Amit Prashant,

Manish Kumar, senior vice president of ITD Cementation, and G.V.
Prasad, director of operations at DFI of India, delivered motivational
lectures. Three young professionals — Sandeep Patnaik, AECOM;
Sridhar, Keller Ground Engineering India; and Sachin Kamat, ITD
Cementation — also addressed the students. The lectures and
presentations were followed by an open session where students and
speakers engaged in a question-and-answer session.
Dr. Rama Krishna and Anjana Kadakia, P.E.
Panelists
Exhibit Hall

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Upcoming Events
• Designing for resiliency under extreme or unexpected loading
conditions (inclement weather, tsunami, flooding, seismic,
liquefaction, lateral spreading)
• Sensitivity during construction in various types of aquatic
environments
• Trends in design and construction methods for highway
SuperPile ’19 infrastructure projects
Registration is now open for SuperPile ’19 taking place May 1-3 at • Foundation optimization through risk management (geotech-
the Sheraton Seattle Hotel, Wash. This three-day event includes nical, contractual, communication risks)
presentations on the latest developments in augered cast-in-
• Sustainable design approaches to address economic and
place/drilled displacement piles, drilled shafts, driven piles,
ecological impacts
ground improvement, helical piles and tiebacks, marine
foundations, micropiles, testing and evaluation of foundation The conference kick-offs on May 1 with technical committee
systems, and seismic and lateral loads. Approximately 75 abstracts meetings as well as a networking event hosted by DFI’s Women in
were collected covering the topics mentioned above as well as: Deep Foundations Committee. Day One features invited speakers in
• Innovations and advancements in pile design and installation a plenary session, and Day Two has concurrent sessions providing
attendees the option to choose presentations of interest. Panel
• Corrosion of buried structures
discussions on current topics provide attendees opportunities to
• Designing and constructing safely and effectively in urban share new ideas and industry experience. Equipment, material and
environments instrumentation suppliers, contractors, engineers, and other
• Instrumentation, load testing, monitoring vendors are presenting their services in the exhibit hall. For more
information, or to register visit www.dfi.org/SuperPile19.

DFI-COPRI 2019 S3: Slope - Support – Stabilization
Join DFI and the ASCE COPRI Met Section for a full day of learning Registration opens in March for S3: Slope – Support – Stabilization,
and networking on March 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y. This joint seminar taking place August 6-8 at Renaissance – The Depot Hotel
focuses on a variety of topics including resilient waterfront design, Minneapolis, Minn. This two-day technical seminar focuses on the
berth deepening, noise mitigation for marine pile diving, case effective application of deep foundations, ground improvement
studies and histories of various waterfront projects in the area and and soil mixing for stabilization of slopes and excavation support.
abroad. Register at www.dfi.org/DFICOPRI2019. The following DFI committees are teaming to present this seminar:
Landslides and Slope Stabilization, Tiebacks and Soil Nailing,
Ground Improvement, Slurry Walls, Soil Mixing, Subsurface
Characterization, Drilled Shafts, and Testing and Evaluation.
Dynamic technical presentations are planned to feature design
concepts, research, and case histories for challenging slope and
landslide repairs, excavation support and slope stabilization
projects using deep foundation and ground improvement
methods. Specific focus is on challenging access conditions,
ACIP & DD Short Course groundwater effects, risk-based design and innovative
The DFI and ASCE-GI North Jersey Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) applications. An estimated 150+ attendees are expected to engage
& Drilled Displacement (DD) Piles Short Course takes place on in valuable technical discussions and software presentations while
March 13 at Pantagis Renaissance (formerly Skuffy’s) in Scotch 25+ companies feature their latest innovative products and services
Plains, N.J. The specialty seminar provides a broad range of in the Exhibit Hall. For details, visit www.dfi.org/S3-2019.
presentations describing the design, construction, and quality
control and assurance of ACIP and DD piles. Stay tuned to
www.dfi.org for details.
Helical Seminar
Helical Pile World (HPW) and DFI are teaming up to showcase the
helical pile and tieback industry’s dedication to producing high-
quality, safe, reliable and cost-effective foundation solutions for a
variety of foundation and utility application challenges. The HPW-
DFI Helical Piles-Tiebacks-Anchors Tradeshow and Educational
Seminar is taking place June 4-5 at the Hamilton County
Fairgrounds in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The event will include a structured technical education
program, outdoor equipment exhibition, and live installation
demonstrations that highlight the products, resources and
expertise used to design, install, and test helical pile and anchor
elements for structural support and earth retention applications.
Register today at www.dfi.org/helical19 or contact Bill Bone-
kemper at (513) 386- 8158 or bbones@helicalpileworld.com to
sign up for an exhibitor spot.

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Registration Open
Registration is now open for DFI’s 44th Annual Conference on Deep conference’s mission is to help create and maintain a better tomorrow
Foundations taking place October 15-18, 2019, at the Hilton for future generations. Conference sessions will be dedicated to
Chicago. The conference theme, > Future > Forward >, is being traditional deep foundation and geotechnical topics with a focus on a
promoted under the social media hashtag #DFI44. This conference safe, sustainable future with respect to technology, safety, equipment,
is a highly-anticipated event attracting industry professionals from workforce and case studies including the following topics:
across the globe who come to share experiences, exchange ideas • Crawl, Walk, Run: Improving Future Practice
and learn the current state of the practice from various disciplines.
• Developments in Safe Geo-Construction
Record-breaking numbers of attendees are expected and more than
140 exhibit spaces are available. • The Digital Future
The 2019 Annual Conference provides an international forum for • Efficient Deep Foundations, Earth Retention Systems and
a wide range of geo-professionals to present, discuss and debate all Ground Improvement
aspects of how we build on our current success. Part of this
• The Future of Urban Development/Redevelopment
• The Future of Work: Progress in Our Industry
• 21st Century Infrastructure Needs
Chicago Skyline (Photo courtesy of Choose Chicago)
The conference also includes meetings of DFI’s Board of Trustees

and Technical Committee Chairs on Monday October 14, followed
by Technical Committee meetings on Tuesday, October 15.
Wednesday through Friday, October 16-18, includes technical
sessions, special lectures, a 5K run/walk, networking lunches and
receptions, exhibitor displays, the Hal Hunt Lecture on
Communications, and the DFI Awards Banquet including the
presentation of the DFI Legends Awards. A technical program for
students is planned along with opportunities for the companions of
conference attendees to take in the sights of Chicago.
Register today at www.dfi.org/Annual2019 and plan on
attending an extraordinary conference!
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ISM Workshop
Registration is open for the International Society for Micropiles
(ISM)14th International Workshop on Micropiles on August 21-23,
2019, at the luxurious Sofitel Gold Coast Broadbeach hotel one
hour south of Brisbane. Situated on the east coast of Australia in
Queensland, the Gold Coast is one of the most iconic tourist
destinations in the country.
The workshop includes lectures, discussions and panel sessions

on all aspects of micropile technology as well as the 10th annual Lizzi
Lecture delivered by Allen W. Cadden, P.E., D.GE, Schnabel
Engineering; the presentation of the 9th Lizzi Scholarship award;
and the third World Cup of Micropiles, which is an international
competition to select the best micropile project in the world.
The event also features social events that highlight the host
country. On the first day, Wednesday, August 21, attendees and
their guests will enjoy an Aussie BBQ, where they can meet some of
the area’s reptiles. On Friday, August 23, the hosts invite attendees
to “get your ‘glad rags’ (good clothes) on and come meet us at The
Star for a few ‘bevvy’s’ (beverages).”
For more information visit www.ismicropiles.org or contact
Mary Ellen Bruce Large, P.E., D.GE, at melarge@dfi.org.

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE
2018-2019 Program
The DFI Traveling Lecturer is a prominent industry expert selected Upcoming Lectures
annually to travel and present a series of lectures to university • DFI-ASCE Pittsburgh Section: February 28, 2019
students, professional groups and industry associations. The Foundation Remediation Using Micropiles and Low Mobility
program promotes the field of geotechnical engineering and deep Grouting (LMG) at Sandy Cove Condominium, Barbados
foundation construction by encouraging students to explore a
career in the deep foundations industry, providing information on • GeoCarolinas Chapter of the Geo-Institute: March 4-5, 2019
topics of interest to members of the industry, and raising awareness Stabilization Work from Normandy Beach in France at
of how DFI and its activities support the industry. Pointe du Hoc
The 2018-2019 DFI Traveling Lecturer is John R. Wolosick, • ASCE IL Section Geo-Institute: March 12, 2019
P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, director of engineering at Hayward Baker Inc. Repair of National Corvette Museum Sinkhole Using Micropiles,
and past president of DFI. Bowling Green, Kentucky
Wolosick delivered the first lecture on September 25, 2018, to a
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign DFI Student
group of industry professionals hosted by Isherwood Geostructural
Chapter: March 13, 2019
Engineers in Burlington, ON, Canada. The lecture titled Stabilization
Topic TBD
of the Bluffs at Pointe du Hoc, Normandy, France, highlighted a key
design/build project for landslide and slope stabilization. Visit www.dfi.org and navigate to ‘Events’ get more information
Wolosick presented the same lecture at the University of and register for these lectures.
Arkansas Department of Civil Engineering on January 24, 2019. To learn more about the Traveling Lecturer program and to
On February 8, he presented Micropile Foundations for Spallation request the DFI Traveling Lecturer to speak to your association,
Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, group or event visit www.dfi.org and navigate to the ‘Awards and
Tennessee, for the ASCE Geo-Institute Graduate Student Chapter at Lectures’ page.
University of Texas, Austin.

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Manuel (Manny) Fine: A Pillar of the DFI Community

It’s with great sadness DFI announces that In 2013, DFI established the Manuel
Manny Fine, who served DFI for 24 years Fine Civil Engineering Scholarship Fund,
in many roles including trustee, president, which provides scholarships to
executive director, managing editor of Deep u n d e rg r a d u a t e a n d g r a d u a t e c i v i l
Foundations magazine and publisher of the engineering students attending schools in
DFI Journal, died on Sunday, December 2, the Province of Ontario. The fund was
just four months shy of his 90th birthday. established with generous donations from
“Manny’s longstanding involvement in Bermingham Foundation Solutions, where
DFI is a testament to his commitment to he the Heavy Construction Association of
service and his willingness to share his Ontario, the Heavy Construction
knowledge and expertise with the entire Association of Toronto and the Ontario
deep foundation community,” says Theresa Association of Foundation Specialists.
Engler, DFI executive director. “He was a Manny’s 60-year civil engineering career
“mensch,” a person of integrity and honor, began at the University of Toronto and During his long career, Manny received
and was instrumental in making DFI the continued until 2017, when he finally numerous honors, including the DFI
highly-regarded association it is today.” opted for full retirement. He spent 23 years Distinguished Service Award in 1998, the
Manny first served as chair of the 1987 with Bermingham Foundation Solutions, Southern Ontario Award by the Canadian
DFI Annual Meeting in Hamilton, Ontario, where he served as president of Berming- Geotechnical Society in 2006 and the
and later became chair of the Meetings hammer Deep Foundations Specialists and Engineering Alumni Hall of Distinction
Advisory Committee, the Equipment vice president of Bermingham Construction Award by the University of Toronto in 2010.
Applications Committee and Driven Pile Limited. Manny also served as executive Manny is survived by his loving wife of
Committee. He served on the Board of director of the Heavy Construction 67 years, Ruth, and his two devoted
Trustees, then as vice president and Association of Toronto, the Heavy daughters, Brenda Willis and Elaine Levine
president of DFI. In 1995, he became Construction Association of Ontario and (Michael). He also leaves behind five
executive director of DFI, until 1998. He the Ontario Association of Foundation grandchildren and one sister, Bernice
also served as editor of the DFI Newsletter, Specialists, retiring from that latter position Freedman (Louis), as well as seven nieces
Fulcrum, which he developed into Deep at the end of 2016. and nephews. He was predeceased by his
Foundations, DFI’s flagship magazine. In Manny was a member of Professional son, Edwin, and his parents Sam and Sophie
2008, he resigned from that role and Engineers, Ontario, a fellow of the Canadian as well as in-laws Ada and Kiva Strom.
became publisher of the DFI Journal, a Society of Civil Engineers, a member of the His family requests memorial dona-
position he held through 2013. Canadian Geotechnical Society (having tions be made to the Manuel Fine Civil
served on the Executive of CGS’ Southern Engineering Scholarship Fund by visiting
Ontario Section) and a member of the www.dfitrust.org.
Engineering Institute of Canada.
“M anny devoted a great deal of time and energy to the Deep Foundation Institute. He
and Ruth were always present — welcoming new members, working on committees
or dancing on the ballroom floor. Manny did so much to help the organization get off the
“O ver the decades I worked with Manny
I became convinced his middle name
should be Occam — he always cut right to
ground and become sustainable. DFI’s Deep Foundations magazine is a lasting legacy to the heart of the matter — be it a design
Manny’s passion and hard work. Originally called Fulcrum, the magazine is today a issue, equipment, constructability, claim,
showcase of ingenuity and foundation engineering that informs and enhances the whole financial, legal or labor-management. His
industry. I think it is very fitting that a scholarship fund has been created in his name, the breadth, depth and speed of insight was
Manuel Fine Civil Engineering Scholarship Fund. On behalf of DFI, I would very much like remarkable.”
to thank everyone who has contributed so generously to it. Peter J. Smith P. Eng., executive director,
Manny held the respect of everyone he met…I know there are many…who consider Heavy Construction Association of Toronto
Manny their mentor and teacher. I certainly know that my father, Bill Bermingham, and all
of my family have always held Manny in the highest respect, and always will!!”
From the Eulogy by Patrick Bermingham, former CEO, Bermingham Foundation Solutions

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DFI Journal: Volume 12, Issue 2 Available
foundation integrity and drilled shaft Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
construction. The research team at Temple Lausanne, EPFL, assistant professor at
developed a borehole testing system in a Northwestern University, and winner of
laboratory setting as a proof-of-concept the DFI 2018 Young Professor Paper
study to generate high-resolution images of Competition.
defects in deep foundations. The paper
“Comparison of FEA and Analytical
presents an overview of the experimental
Methods For Determining Stability of a
setup, the development of the testing
RAP Supported MSE Wall,” by Emily Reed,
systems including hardware, survey
a graduate student from Tennessee
methods, and data processing techniques,
Technical University who received an
followed by a discussion on application of
honorable mention in the 2018 DFI
the results to QA/QC of deep foundations.
Student Paper Competition.
Other papers in this latest issue of the
An online subscription to the DFI
Journal include:
Journal is included with DFI membership,
• “Texas Cone Penetrometer Foundation
and issues can be accessed by signing into
The most recent edition of the DFI Journal, Design Method: Qualitative and
the member portal — MyDFI. Members
Volume 12, Issue 2, is now available. Quanti-tative Assessment,” by Rozbeh
and nonmembers can order printed copies
This issue is a great mix of research B . M o g h a d d a m , P r i y a n t h a W.
of the 2007-2013 volumes of the Journal
papers, award papers, case studies, and Jayawickrama, William D. Lawson,
from the publications page of www.dfi.org;
papers from the DFI Young Professor and James G. Surles and Hoyoung Seo.
members at preferential rates. Subscriptions
Student Paper Competitions. Articles by
• “Performance-based Design of Energy to the online Journal are at www.
local and international authors cover a
Foundations,” by Dr. Alessandro Rotta tandfonline.com/pricing/journal/ydfi20.
broad spectrum of research and project
Loria a post-doctoral researcher at the
topics and provide practical knowledge in
foundation engineering, quality assurance
and testing, and in-situ investigations.
Two of the papers were presented at
DFI’s 43rd Annual Conference on Deep
Foundations in Anaheim, Calif., in
October 2018.
The case study, “Wanapum Dam
Repaired Using Post-Tensioning Anchors,”
by Abigail Stein, Aled Hughes, Rick
Deschamps and Brian Barkauskas, presents
the challenges and success story of a
unique underwater repair work using post-
tension anchoring systems. The dam and
surrounding areas were closed after severe
cracking was observed in one of the dam’s
monoliths. The paper describes the design
review, potential damage causes, repair
strategies and a step-by-step description of
the construction and remedy procedures.
The research paper, “Advances in
Stress-Wave Nondestructive Testing
Methods for Evaluation of Deep
Foundations,” by Prof. Joseph Coe from
Temple University, provides a critical
review of nondestructive testing (NDT)
methodologies. Coe’s paper introduces
recent advances in stress-wave NDT
systems for use in assessments of in-service

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 43
WWW.DFI.ORG DID YOU KNOW?
Update Your Records

?
Corporate contact info (top) and Personal contact info (bottom)
Did you know that you can update your member record online?
Log in to MyDFI and select ‘Contact Info’ in the left-side menu.
From here you can update both corporate and personal information.
For your corporate record, you can update contact information,
“bill to” information, website URL, type of organization, service
description and names of corporate representatives. For your
personal record, you can update your contact information and also
add a personal bio for use if you are a speaker at a DFI event.
If you need to change your company name or membership class,
contact KC Christie, DFI membership coordinator, at staff@dfi.org.

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DFI 2019 Awards: Call for Entries
DFI annually showcases and celebrates the made exceptionally valuable contributions
achievements and contributions of to the advancement of the deep founda-
individuals, teams and companies in the tions industry.
deep foundations industry. We encourage The C. William Bermingham Inno-
you to submit your work and nominate vation Award encourages and recognizes
your colleagues for recognition. Sub- innovative contributions to deep foun-
missions for the 2019 Outstanding Project dation technology. The award pays tribute
Award, Distinguished Service Award and C. to the innovative spirit of Bill Bermingham,
William Bermingham Innovation Award are DFI past president, and his contributions
due by April 15, 2019. Information and to DFI and the deep foundations industry.
nomination forms are available at The three awards are being presented
www.dfi.org under ‘Awards.’ during the Awards Banquet at DFI’s 44th
The Outstanding Project Award (OPA) Annual Conference on Deep Foundations,
recognizes the superior work of DFI October 15-18, 2019, in Chicago.
members. Each year, a project is chosen
from several geotechnical projects sub- Future Awards Gerwick and his phenomenal contribution
mitted for consideration by DFI mem- It’s not too early to also consider nomina- to the marine foundation industry over his
bers.The winning project is featured as the tions for the 2020 Ben C. Gerwick Award 62-year professional career as a contractor,
cover story in the Sept/Oct issue of Deep for Innovation in the Design and Con- educator and construction engineer.
Foundations. struction of Marine Foundations. The Nominations for 2020 are due February 1,
The Distinguished Service Award annual award was established in 2008 to 2020, and the award will be presented at
(DSA) recognizes individuals who have recognize the innovative spirit of Ben C. SuperPile ’20.

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REGIONAL REPORT
DFI of India
We start the New Year having celebrated especially with the Chennai
the one-year anniversary of the full-time Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) and Dr. K.S. Rama Krishna
DFI of India office to focus on the regional National Academy of Con- DFI of India Chair
chapter’s vision and mission goals. Our struction (NAC). drksramakrishna@dfi-india.org
team of three young and enthusiastic men
is being ably led by one experienced, Metro Rail Projects
passionate and committed senior person. About 30 cities in India are either expert working group (GCCWG)
As I have mentioned in my previous implementing or planning to for this purpose. Further
reports, India is growing fast and is now implement metro rail projects to interactions between the parties
rated as the fastest growing economy in the decongest the road traffic and to provide a have culminated in signing an MOU (Memo
world. According to news reports, India’s cheaper, safer and faster transport facility to of Understanding) between CMRL and DFI
rapid growing urban population, currently citizens. Delhi, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Kolkata, of India in November 2018 during the DFI
around 400 million, is going to reach Chennai, Kochi, Nagpur and Ahmedabad India 2018 conference at IIT Gandhinagar.
around 800 million in two to three decades are some of the cities where implementation According to this MOU, both parties agree
and will exceed the combined population of the metro projects is ongoing. to establish a cooperating relationship and
of several major countries. As such, there CMRL, an equal equity holding joint align the goals of both organizations as they
will be a tremendous demand for the venture of the Government of India and the pertain to metro rail projects and
development of urban infrastructure in Government of Tamil Nadu, is imple- specifically to the geotechnical, soil
addition to the growing need to develop menting the Chennai Metro Rail Project consolidation and deep foundation scope of
industrial infrastructure, highways, (www.chennaimetrorail.org). Following those projects. CMRL is also looking
railways, airports, seaports, etc. This a design-build approach, Phase 1 of the forward to DFI to facilitate a training
implies growing challenges for the people, project comprises two metro line corridors program for the foundation equipment
for local and central governments, and, at totaling about 44 km (27 mi) with 20 operators and contractors’ field personnel
the same time, immense opportunities for underground stations and 16 above- after award of contracts for Phase 2.
the construction industry not only in India ground stations and is almost complete.
but also the entire world. It is not an According to discussions with CMRL Training Programs
exaggeration to predict that the Indian officials, they faced several technical and The National Academy of Construction
construction industry is going to occupy contractual challenges during the (NAC) was established at Hyderabad in
theConference
number one position in terms of
banquet execution of Phase 1, which no doubt led 1998 by the State Government. NAC is
volume of work, provided it embraces new to certain innovative approaches. CMRL emerging as an apex body for development
technologies, work practices and trains its has embarked on Phase 2 using the design- of all types of construction resources,
manpower in a planned manner. bid-build project delivery method. Phase 2 technologies and methodologies for fast-
Realizing this, the team at DFI of India comprises 3 corridors totaling about 104 track completion of projects. It is registered
has switched gears to focus on the twin km (65 mi) with 104 stations, where more as a society and incorporated as a public
initiatives of technologies implementation than 80 percent of the work is expected to charitable institution. It is managed by a
and training while paying due attention to be underground. The estimated cost of board of governors with the honorable
the continuing efforts in the dissemination Phase 2 is about INR 80,000 Crores chief minister of Telangana as the chair
of knowledge through seminars and (US $11.43 billion). Phase 2 is estimated to (www.nac.edu.in). Discussions are
conferences. Regular discussions are be completed and opened by 2028. continuing with the director general of
taking place among active members of DFI Geotechnical site investigations are NAC, K. Bikshapati, on developing a
of India to develop strategies for soliciting underway and design consultants are suitable program for starting training to
support from all the stakeholders in the being appointed. develop laboratory and field technicians
deep foundation and construction CMRL preferred to have an expert for geotechnical site investigations and for
industries in India. As a part of the international group to guide CMRL in the training piling rig operators. DFI of India
strategy, visits to the offices of each specialist area of foundations and has formed a Subsurface Characterization
stakeholder are being organized for underground construction during the Committee to develop a training syllabus,
making presentations about DFI of India. execution of Phase 2. DFI and DFI of India modules and programs. Efforts are ongoing
I am glad to report that this approach suggested that they could explore the to get the training started for lab and field
recently started showing results, possibility of forming an international technicians in 2019.

Signing of MOU between CMRL and DFI of India
The other important initiative being rabarthy, managing director of Soilmec Infrastructure Development in India,
undertaken by DFI of India — CFA pile India, who confirmed the availability of a which took place November 15-17 at the
technology implementation — is making CFA kit. The installation and testing of CFA Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
slow but steady progress. The pile design piles is targeted to be achieved in February- Gandhinagar, near Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
and installation manual for the test trial is March 2019. Photos of the event and access to
ready and efforts are on to mobilize the A highlight of the year was our annual conference proceedings are available at
equipment and other resources. We offer conference, India 2018, 8th Conference on www.dfi.org/india2018. (See article on
our sincerest thanks to Sanjoy Chak- Deep Foundation Technologies for page 23)

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EDUCATIONAL TRUST
Trust Board Meeting Giving Tuesday

The Trust Fall Board Meeting was held on For the fourth year, the DFI Dan Dragone, Chair
November 9, at the offices of Underpinning Educational Trust participated in dan.dragone@bauerpileco.com
and Foundation Skanska in Queens, N.Y. #GivingTuesday, a global day of
The financial report revealed that the giving. This year, $9,000 was
Trust’s total assets are up by five percent raised to support DFI scholarship
from 2017, thanks to both generous programs that help engineering
contributions and the performance of the students achieve their educa- Lauren McManus, Daniel Forero,
Trust’s investments during 2018. tional dreams. Gala Chair Zac Curonovic, Harpreet Singh
and Tyler Sivulich
CA Golf Outing
The DFI Educational Trust Annual
California Golf Outing was held on October
22 at Castlewood Country Club in
Pleasanton, Calif. More than 80 golfers hit
the links to raise approximately $30,000 to
fund scholarships for students studying
toward careers in deep foundations,
architecture, engineering and construction.
Annual Gala Dinner

The 13th Annual DFI Educational Trust
Gala Fundraising Dinner took place on
November 8, at Terrace On The Park in
Corona, N.Y. The gala was attended by
more than 100 guests and netted over
$25,000. Proceeds from the dinner benefit
the George J. Tamaro Manhattan College
Civil Engineering Scholarship Fund,
established in 2016. The four recipients
from Manhattan College were Daniel
Forero, Lauren McManus, Harpreet Singh
and Tyler Sivulich.
2019 Trust Events
Thank you to the sponsors of the Gala:
Platinum DFI Educational Trust
Pennsylvania Golf Outing
Recent Donations
• Lally Pipe & Tube
July 15, 2019 Charles J. Berkel Memorial
• Trinity Products, Inc. Chartiers Country Club Scholarship Fund
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Gold Berkel and Company Contractors, Inc.
• Pipe & Piling Supplies Ltd. Educational Trust/ACE Mentor Fred H. Kulhawy Memorial
• Urkkada Technology Ltd. Program of New Jersey Annual
Golf Outing Scholarship Fund
Silver August 8, 2019 Beverly Withiam
Royce Brook Golf Club
• Arup Hillsborough, N.J. Langan Engineering and Environmental
• Cove Property Group
Services Legacy Fund
• GEI Consultants Inc. DFI Educational Trust California
Golf Outing Rudolph Frizzi
Bronze October 21, 2019
Castlewood Country Club Sustaining Members Fund (General Fund)
• Center Rock Inc. Pleasanton, Calif. Rudolph Frizzi
• Mincon, Inc.
DFI Educational Trust 14th Annual
Helical Drilling, Inc.
• Skyline Steel
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“DEDICATED TO SERVICE”
MEMBER PROFILE
Tom Richards, Jr., P.E., D.GE: Giving to the Industry on Many Levels
It is often said that a person is defined by on the Post Tensioning Institute’s Rock and
what he does, and not by what he says. In Anchor Committee and the ASCE Grouting
the case of DFI Trustee Tom Richards, we Committee. He is currently serving his
have someone who has always done both. second three-year term as a trustee of DFI’s
He can be counted on to follow through on Board, ably carrying on the tradition of
every commitment. This applies to being a Nicholson Construction’s past president,
widely-recognized and respected geotech- Pete Nicholson, a stalwart DFI member since
nical engineer and a “can-do, will-do” DFI’s founding as well as a DFI past trustee.
contributor to professional organizations Clearly, the list of Richards’s extensive
to which he lends his considerable talents. engagement in industry affairs provides
testimony as to how his commitment to
The Beginning and Today helping advance the deep foundations
As to how his personal geotechnical industry is defined.
engineering template was formed didn’t
necessarily start out as initially planned. Most Challenging Projects
While in junior high and high school, When asked about his most challenging
Richards really enjoyed his drafting classes and interesting jobs, Richards rattled off an
and thought that he wanted to be an impressive number of projects that
architect. However, while in a pre-college geotechnical and construction projects involved designing and installing anchors,
architect class, one he felt would be helpful throughout the U.S. Richards tells us that grouting under difficult conditions for
to his future career, he witnessed a live one of the things that he enjoys about tunnels and dams, and large soil-sensitive
model unceremoniously “drop her robe” working at Nicholson the most is that “even slurry wall construction.
showing how much art there was in after 30 years I learn something new every However, the most memorable of all of
architecture. Being a young man (17) of day. I discover information about varying the situations in which he found himself was
principle, he found that experience to be a market projects, new techniques and being five blocks northwest of New York
bit unsettling. It was at that point he geology about which I was not conversant. City’s twin towers at 8:45 a.m. on September
decided that perhaps engineering would I learn about customers, equipment and 11, 2001. Being this close to the event and,
provide a more comfortable context for his analytical tools. I also love that we are later, being on the Nicholson team that was
interest in building things. Architecture’s actually building things, and not just tasked with returning to the site to test the
loss was geotechnical engineering’s gain. conducting studies. We see real results, recovery anchors, are experiences that are
Soon after graduating from the even though sometimes they are not what indelibly imprinted in Richards’ psyche. In
University of Pittsburgh in 1985 with a we had hoped for.” some ways, going back to the site had a
degree in civil engineering, he began his healing effect on Richards. Under these
geotechnical engineering career at GAI Consummate Volunteer professional circumstances he was required
Consultants. In 1988 he joined Nicholson Richards has generously lent his expertise to to dispassionately deal with the task of first
Construction Company in Cuddy, Pa. He a wide variety of important industry research stabilizing and, ultimately, the rebuilding of
has been with Nicholson ever since. He projects conducted by DFI, ADSC and the what had once been two of the world’s most
currently holds the title of chief engineer. FHWA. He is a frequent presenter at iconic structures. Richards offers that having
Over the years Richards has amassed industry seminars and technical confer- been so engaged “shows the human aspects
extensive experience in all aspects of ences. His committee service includes being of geotechnical construction.”
geotechnical construction. He is widely past chair of DFI’s Micropile Committee and To this day Richards has difficulty
acknowledged as being an expert in the its Tiebacks and Soil Nails Commmittee. In describing what he felt at that tragic
field of micropile and anchor design and addition, he has been active in ADSC, where moment. Being a man of faith helped him
construction. In this capacity he has led the he was the chair of its Industry Advancement cope with dealing with the tragedy that he
design and testing of hundreds of Fund Task Force for Micropiles and its Geo- experienced up close and personal.
technically challenging and innovative Support Committee. Add to these his service
AUTHOR S. Scot Litke, Hon. D.GE

of Geo-Professionals Diplomate of Richards’ recommendation to young
Geotechnical Engineering, Emeritus desig- folks entering the industry is “to participate
nation. This much vaunted advanced in industry organizations where they can
certification is one of which Richards is learn from the ‘best.’ Where they can
particularly proud. Becoming a member of network with fellow professionals,
the venerated Moles organization in 2013 is participate in committee work, and, even,
definitely a career highlight. As mentioned learn from one’s competitors.” He notes
earlier, he is currently serving his second that “a good place to learn is often at the
term as a member of the DFI Board of hotel bar.” He adds, “Don’t shy away from
Trustees. These are just a sampling of offering your opinion on important
Richards’ industry honors. technical and organizational issues. Stir the
pot if the pot needs stirring.”
Richards’ flawless technique The Future Lest you think that Richards’ life is all
When asked where he sees the deep founda- work and no play, it is instructive to point
Richards’ Work Acknowledged tions industry headed, in terms of growth, out that he is clear that, “one must have
For more than 34 years Richards has been a innovation, technology and project delivery, passion beyond work.” For him, it’s his
standout participant in the deep founda- he responds, “It seems that major innova- family, including wife, Carrie, sons Russell,
tions industry. Among Richards’ many tions have stagnated with more bidders and age 25, and Wesley, 22. Richards’ passion
acknowledgments for his achievements is lower margins. It’s about market maturity for skiing is also well known, having been a
having received several “NERD Awards.” and saturation. I see a trend that geo- ski patrolman at Seven Springs ski resort in
The “NERDs” are Nicholson Engineering construction specialty work is being Pennsylvania for 29 years. A classic example
Research Development Awards. The honors performed by general contractors through of how he marries fun and volunteerism.
were personally presented to him in the the acquisition of specialty subcontractors Richards’ life gives testimony to his
early 1990s by noted industry leader and/or their employees. Perhaps, there is a dedication to career, family, church and the
Donald A. Bruce, Ph.D., D.GE, C.Eng., now positive part of this, in that there is less industry he loves, an industry that
of Geosystems, L.P. In 2010, Richards shopping of prices for the minor geotech- appreciates his significant contribution.
received the ASCE/Geo-Institute’s Academy nical part of the project and higher profits.”

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This 161,000 sq ft (14,955 sq m), sports Working with the design team, indoor soccer field and unobstructed
complex and youth training center is Desai/Nasr Structural Engineers (DNSE) viewing in the basketball arena. To achieve
located at 401 Garasches Lane on what was and GTA Geotechnical Engineers (GTA), the required spans, the construction
once an industrialized area in South GeoStructures (GSI) was able to provide a consists of steel girders with insulated roof
Wilmington, Del. The facility, called the fast-track design-build foundation solution panels. Column loads for the long span
“76ers Fieldhouse,” is the first of its kind in for a site with very soft organic soils and roof structure were on the order of 200 to
the tri-state area. It includes a main large aerial loads due to grade raised fill. The 300 kips (890 to 1,335 kN).
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Delaware Blue Coats, an NBA G-league plex. The displacement installation method office areas were less than 200 kips (890 kN).
team. The complex also features two full- allowed the in-place environmentally While floor slab loads are generally
sized artificial turf soccer fields — one impacted soils to remain undisturbed while between 150 and 200 psf (7.2 and 9.6 kPa),
indoor and one outdoor — and two allowing for the design and construction of the levelness of the floor slabs, which
additional full-sized basketball courts. In conventional shallow foundations with a slab- would support basketball courts and
addition to the sports-specific amenities, on-grade in lieu of piles and a structural slab. artificial-turf soccer fields, was very
the complex also includes the Nemours important. Therefore, delivering uniform
sports medicine clinic, Titus Sports Structural and Loading Details settlement control was a critical element in
Academy performance training center, Rossetti Architects designed this arena with making sure the slabs would perform well.
retail space and office space. long roof spans, providing clearance for the
AUTHORS Ed O’Malley, P.E., GeoStructures, Inc., and Mike Pockoski, P.E., Geopier Foundation Company

Artist rendering of the 76ers Fieldhouse
layer of medium dense-to-dense sand about 47 lb/cu ft (7.4 kN/cu m). Based on
Geology and Subsurface
with SPT N-values ranging from 13 to the presence of this highly-compressible
Conditions 64 blows/ft. Below the alluvial sands were layer, it was determined that about 18 to
During the geotechnical exploration, GTA relatively stiff clays of the Potomac 24 in (46 to 61 cm) of settlement would
identified several unique soil conditions Formation. Groundwater was encountered occur due to the compression of the soft
that would affect the project delivery. The at depths ranging from 2 to 10 ft (0.6 to soils when subjected to the applied loading
geotechnical investigation revealed that 3 m) below the existing ground surface. imposed by the grade-raise fill. GTA
soil conditions consisted of 4 to 19 ft (1.2 to The presence of the very soft-to-soft estimated that the total settlement would
5.8 m) of loose, poorly graded, silty sand, organic layer increased the complexity of occur between 4 and 10 years without the
sandy silt and lean clay fill, which the project dramatically, primarily due to use of vertical drains.
contained varying amounts of concrete the project’s grading requirements, which The fast-track construction schedule
rubble, bricks, glass, wood and slag. required 2 to 8 ft (0.6 to 2.4 m) of grade- did not allow for the time required for
Underlying the fill was a 5 to 15 ft (1.5 to raise fill placement across the building pad. traditional surcharge preloading methods
4.6 m) layer of very soft-to-soft organic silt The results of laboratory testing indi- to be utilized. In addition, the variable
and elastic silt with SPT N-values ranging cated that the organic silts (OH) had liquid uncontrolled fill and soft, compressible soil
from weight of hammer (WHO) to limit moisture contents (wLL) ranging from would not support the high column loads
4 blows/ft (blows/0.3 m). Below this soft 104% to 130%, natural moisture contents required by the long-span construction of
layer was an 8 to 15 ft (2.4 to 4.6 m) thick (wc ) about 96% and dry unit weights (ᵞdry) of the facility. The designers provided specific
Generalized subsurface profile recommendations for different foundation
alternatives: pipe piles, precast concrete
piles, timber piles, auger cast-in-place
piles, rammed aggregate piers and
controlled modulus columns.
Innovative Solution to Geotechnical

Challenges
Because of the complex stratigraphy at the
project site, environmentally impacted fill
soils and groundwater contamination, any
foundation method selected would need to
consider the impact of the installation
methodology on the generation of
contaminated spoils as well as protection of
the groundwater.
Considering the complexity of the
project, the rigid inclusion system was
recommended to the building’s owner,
Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment in
partnership with The Buccini/Pollin

Group, and its contractor, BPGS Con- system provides the same long-term support mechanism provided by the
struction (BPGS). The rigid inclusions are settlement performance as the RAP system ground improvement system, which
installed using a displacement process that but allows the use of conventional shallow facilitated optimizing the pier layout and
does not generate spoils and could provide foundations and slabs-on-grade. The thick thickness of the slab.
a structural capacity to handle the project’s structural slab and heavily reinforced grade During final design, uplift loading was
geotechnical challenges, including: beams and pile caps required by the other identified. Moderate uplift loads can be
penetration of difficult fill, immediate and piling options added cost in addition to controlled on rigid inclusion projects by
future compression of the soft organic soils, design and construction complexity. either increasing the footing dimensions to
contamination in the groundwater and counteract the uplift loading or by adding
cross-contamination of the subsurface Rigid Inclusion Design Strategy uplift rods within the rigid inclusions that
strata, and caving potential of the soft soils The composition of the existing fill was are then cast into the footings. Working
during construction. undocumented and variable but could be with the structural engineer, both tech-
The thick, highly-compressible organic improved through ground improvement to niques were used to simplify the design
layer posed significant settlement risks to provide adequate support for the high and decrease the construction costs.
the structure. Grade-raise fill would yield bearing pressure spread footings. However,
an unacceptable magnitude of site the very soft organic layer required a high Construction
compression (settlement) and delay stiffness element to mitigate the potential A total of 1,500 rigid inclusion elements
periods, while the structural loads would for long-term creep due to organic decay. with a nominal diameter of 20 in (508 mm)
result in unacceptable compression of the GSI worked with DNSE, the project were installed to depths of about 35 ft
organic layer. Additionally, the proximity of structural engineer, to provide a system (10.7 m) to support the grade-raise fill and
the substantial roof loads directly adjacent that would support the column and wall new structure and to resist the uplift
to the relatively light facility and locker footings as well as the slab-on-grade. The loading. The rigid inclusions consist of
room loads created differential settlement slab design was especially challenging, as cement grout and AASHTO #57 stone,
hurdles that required careful consideration. the grade-raise fill induces substantial which is a clean, open-graded blend with a
Traditional rammed aggregate pier compression and creep within the organic maximum aggregate size of 1.5 in (38 mm).
(RAP) solutions were considered and layer that could eventually lead to minimal
quickly excluded as the high loads and support of the floor slab between rigid
thick, soft organic soils required a stiffer inclusion elements. A soil-structure
pier element to span the soft organic soil interaction (SSI) analysis was required of
strata. The pile solutions would support the support provided by the rigid
the loads but would require the inclusion inclusions and the load transfer layer above
of structurally reinforced grade beams and the rigid inclusions as well as the slab being
slabs to mitigate the long-term impacts of supported. A finite element analysis was
the organic layer. This rigid inclusion performed to evaluate the nonuniform
Installation of the grouted impact piers
Typical grouted impact pier element for

footings supported on engineered fill
A Geopier rigid inclusion is constructed

from the bottom up by inserting into the
ground to the required depth a hollow
mandrel charged with a cement grout
/stone mix. Depending on the soil
conditions, the mandrel is raised upward a
maximum of about 4 ft (1.2 m) to allow the
stone/grout mixture to fill the void space
left by the mandrel. Then, the mandrel is
pushed back downward about 2 ft (0.6 m)
to compact the 4 ft (1.2 m) height of stone
into a 2 ft (0.6 m) height of compacted lift.
The pile driving machine that installs the
piers has approximately 30,000 lb • Uplift elements provided uplift control
Conclusion
(134 kN) of crowd force to compact the and saved money versus constructing
The use of the composite aggregate/grout
stone downward and out radially. oversized spread footings.
rigid inclusions saved time on the construc-
By applying lateral pressure to the soil
tion schedule and resulted in a cost savings • A conventional slab-on-grade was
deposit, the pier develops additional skin
compared to an alternative system con- constructed eliminating the need for a
friction and bond with the surrounding soil
sisting of a deep foundation and structural thick structural slab.
matrix, which helps to increase its capacity
slab. Ultimately, a cost savings of $600,000
when compared to a conventional rigid
was realized on the project. This rigid inclusion Ed O’Malley, P.E., is vice president of engineering for
inclusion system. The ultimate result is a
system provided multiple benefits to the project: GeoStructures. He specializes in assisting customers
rigid element that can support the load
solve various engineering challenges by utilizing
imposed by the grade-raise fill as well as the • The risk of bulging in the soft organic
many different shallow and deep foundation systems.
new building’s applied loading and can soils was mitigated and the system
provide long-term settlement control. The provided long-term settlement control. Mike Pockoski, P.E., is the area manager of the
rigid inclusions were designed using a • A low permeability material (grouted eastern division for Geopier Foundation Company.
composite aggregate/grout unconfined stone) was used to mitigate the risk of He works with a strong network of specialty
compressive strength of 2,000 psi geotechnical contractors to deliver the Geopier®
groundwater cross-contamination.
(13.8 MPa) to provide a working axial systems throughout the mid-Atlantic, New England,
capacity of 120 kips (535 kN), which was • The displacement and tremie method Chicago, and central and eastern Canada.
verified in the field by the load testing of a reduced the risk of caving in the soft
nonproduction element. soils during construction, allowed for
the construction of elements beneath
the groundwater table and eliminated
spoils on this contaminated site.

FEATURE ARTICLE
Drilled Displacement Elements/Piles for Liquefaction Mitigation

The importance of seismic design
considerations continues to increase in
areas of the U.S. where, traditionally, they
have not been considered. Liquefaction-
induced settlement or structure movement
due to lateral spread are two significant
design challenges. In deep liquefiable
sands (depths of 30 to 40 ft [9.1 to 12.2 m]
and greater), traditional vibration or soil
mixing techniques may prove to be
financially and/or operationally inefficient.
Drilled displacement systems that densify
coarse-grained soils by mechanically
displacing them laterally can be an efficient
alternative in this scenario. This article Examples of various drilled displacement tools used in North America (Basu, et al,
provides background on drilled dis- DFI Journal 2010, v.4, n.1)
placement elements/piles and their
use as ground improvement systems, a technique which results in a cast-in-place term element refers to non- or semi-
particularly for liquefaction mitigation, element or pile, installed by a single-pass, structural elements that serve to improve
through a case history of a project in rotary drilling process. The term pile refers the subsurface conditions to allow for the
Memphis, Tenn. to structural deep foundations that are use of shallow foundation systems for
The term drilled displacement, for the incorporated and directly connected into support of the structure, which are not
purpose of this article, refers to the usage by the structure’s foundation system and integrated or connected into the structure’s
the DFI Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Pile reinforced to resist the applied com- shallow foundation system.
Technical Committee, which considers this pressive, tensile and/or lateral loading. The
AUTHOR W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E., Berkel & Company Contractors

Several proprietary drilled displacement This PGA was obtained considering a 2% from 2,500 to 4,500 psf (120 to 215 kPa) in
tools are available in North America that use probability of exceedance in 50 years and the primary facilities and 1,500 to 2,000 psf
either pressure-grout placement or bottom- considering the facility to be critical (i.e., (70 to 95 kPa) in the ancillary facilities. In
hole tremie concrete placement to form the must be operational post-seismic event). the stack and heat recovery steam gen-
pile once the tool has penetrated to the This power generation plant included a erator (HRSG) areas, there were also large
planned depth. The tool used at the project large water-cooling facility and multiple lateral and uplift (overturning) loads that
presented in this article was an Augered stacks, generators, tanks and ancillary dictated structural pile support to resist
Pressure Grouted Displacement (APGD) facilities. Design bearing pressures ranged these loads.
The facilities were generally supported
on mat foundations. The tanks were
typically supported by ring footings with
geogrid reinforced structural fill beneath
the tank in the space between the footings.
Challenges to supporting the desired loads
included settlement of the soft-to-firm clay
in the upper 20 ft (6.1 m) along with small
zones of similar soils at depths from 20 to
50 ft (6.1 to 15.2 m) and settlement due to
liquefaction (considering the design
seismic event) of medium dense sands at
depths from 20 to 55 ft (6.1 to 16.8 m).
The specialty contractor estimated that
14 in (356 mm) diameter CGEs could be
installed as semi-structural elements on a
7 ft by 7 ft (2.1 m by 2.1 m) center-to-center
triangular spacing beneath the majority of
Installation sequence for APGD Piles and CGEs (Basu et al, DFI Journal 2010, v.4, n.1) the foundations (a) to create a soil-grout
pile tool. When used for ground

improvement systems, the elements from
this tool are referred to Cast-in-Place
Ground-Improvement Elements (CGEs).
The geotechnical benefits of these tools
are most pronounced in coarse-grained
soils, where the mechanical (non-
vibratory) lateral or bulbed displacement
of these soils at or below the tool results in
higher relatively densities of the soils
around the tools than prior to installation.
The majority of the tools were developed in
Europe and introduced to the North
American market in the mid- to late-1990s
as a means of installing higher-capacity
piles compared to non-displacement piling
systems (e.g., drilled shafts).
Liquefaction Mitigation
The project site was a new power
generation facility in Memphis, Tenn.,
which is seismically active and near the
New Madrid seismic zone. A separate
liquefaction study for the site indicated that
a magnitude M7.7 earthquake with a peak
ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.55g should
be considered in the final facility design. General layout of the facilities with design bearing pressures

block to transfer the design were typically cut-off about 6 in
bearing load through the soft Cone Resistance Cone Resistance (152 mm) below the foundation
clay soils down to the lower level and were covered with
sandy soils and (b) to increase structural fill to the bottom of
the density, as measured by post- the mat level for each structure.
i n s t a l l a t i o n C P Ts i n a n y However, the CGEs were
liquefiable sands to mitigate this reinforced with steel center-bars
risk. Beneath the stacks and to prevent breaking from the
HRSGs, it was estimated that imposed lateral forces in the soil
16 in (406 mm) diameter APGD during the design seismic event.
piles could be installed on a Based on the results of the pile
similar spacing to mitigate the load test program for the project,
potential risk from liquefaction the 16 in (406 mm) diameter
and also to resist fully the design APGD piles were installed to
pile loads of up to 125 tons depths of approximately 65 ft
(1,110 kN) in compression, 30 (19.8 m) below grade beneath
tons (270 kN) in ten-sion and 10 the HRSGs and stacks and to
tons (90 kN) laterally. depths of about 70 ft ( 21 m) below
During the early stages in the grade beneath the steam turbine
installation of the CGEs, a post- generator (STG) to obtain the
installation CPT program was Example CPT site condition results — pre- and post-installation required factors of safety for the
conducted to verify the individual piles. These struc-
“improved” condition of the liquefiable sands (early-stage CGEs were installed to a tural piles were reinforced to adequately
sands using the 14 in (356 mm) elements. A depth of 55 ft [16.8 m] below grade). resist the tension and uplift loads.
noted increase in the tip resistance is readily The CGEs were typically installed to a
observed in the post-installation CPT minimum of 55 ft (16.8 m) below existing Conclusion and Moving Forward
results. Considering the seismic design grade beneath most structures; however, the The results of this project indicated that
parameters for the project, an analysis of the CGEs were extended to a depth of 65 ft there is a measurable increase in the density
test results indicated that the liquefiable (19.8 m) when drilling resistances were of coarse-grained soils due to the
sands had been improved to a level at which encountered that indicated an extended installation of elements using drilled
the liquefaction was mitigated. Using the zone of medium dense, potentially displacement tools and that the improve-
element size and spacing resulted in CPT liquefiable soils, were present below the ment can be estimated by pre- and post-
refusal levels of densification in the lower target depth of 55 ft (16.8 m). The CGEs installation CPTs. It should be noted that
Elements extended from the original drilling grade

post-installation testing is typically
performed in the center or centroid of the
element group (i.e., the theoretical location
at which the improvement will be the
lowest). There is some preliminary
evidence that, over time, the increase in
relative density between elements becomes
an average of the lowest measured density
and that the higher increases are measured
closer to the individual elements within the
group. As more information becomes
available, designs should become more
efficient, as lower target post-installation
CPT results could be for immediate post-
installation testing with consideration for
the averaging of soil density between
elements over time.
W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E., has more than 20 years of

experience in geotechnical contracting and con-
sulting. Since 2004, he has specialized in the design
and installation of cast-in-place piles and ground
improvement systems for Berkel & Company
Contractors. NeSmith is a DFI trustee and the
immediate past chair and current trustee liaison of
the DFI ACIP Pile Technical Committee.
Plan view of the ongoing construction with the top of piles exposed

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FEATURE ARTICLE
Column Supported Embankments

at I-295/I-76/Rte 42
Direct Connection Project
The I-295/I-76/Route 42 Direct Connection project in Bellmawr, Mt.
Ephraim and Gloucester City in Camden County, N.J., involves the
reconfiguration and reconstruction of the interchange for Interstate
Route 295 (I-295), Interstate 76 (I-76) and New Jersey State Route
42 (Route 42). The project site is located approximately 10 mi (16
km) southwest of Philadelphia, Pa. Mechanically stabilized earth
(MSE) walls and embankments will be, and have been, constructed
to raise the grades for the interchange. Construction began in March
2013 and is expected to last through 2023.
The project is divided into four contracts due to the size and
complexity of the interchange. The geometry of the proposed
column supported embankments (CSEs) and retaining walls varies
Current conditions at the Interchange
widely across the project; therefore, separate designs were prepared
for each work area. Currently, Contract 1 has been completed, but
Contracts 2 and 3 are active. Dewberry is the design engineer for the Controlled modulus column (CMC) rigid inclusions (rigid
project and represents the New Jersey Department of Transportation inclusions) were proposed to mitigate potential settlement and
(NJDOT); different general contractors, however, were selected for improve the external stability and bearing characteristics of the
the different contract areas: PKF-Mark III, Conti Enterprises and constructed systems. Rigid inclusions have been successfully used
South State. Menard is the specialty geotechnical subcontractor for on many CSE projects throughout New Jersey and across the U.S.
all three contracts.
AUTHORS Nina F. Carney, P.E., Sarah K. Ramp, P.E., and Dylan P. Davis, Menard USA

Project Site Challenges
Approximately 250,000 vehicles pass
through the project area daily, which has
led to one of the highest rates of traffic
incidents in the state of New Jersey
(http://njdirectconnection.com). Some of
the project challenges included limited
geotechnical data, constrained working
areas, elevation changes and the need for
strict quality control (QC).
The contract documents for the project
included soil borings, which were taken
during the initial site configuration.
Because of the site constraints, the borings
could only be taken along the perimeters of
the roadway, and the marsh areas were not
accessible. By changing the traffic patterns,
additional borings and cone penetration
tests (CPTs) were performed to further
investigate and characterize the soils.
The spatial constraints due to the sur-
rounding residential areas and the high traf-
fic volume made it difficult to divert traffic
and have adequate space for a construction
work zone. Changing traffic patterns also Future interchange configuration
restricted the sequencing of the ground
improvement installation. Working benches and, in many cases, the working platform the active traffic along I-295 southbound.
that were approximately 30 ft (9 m) wide was barely wide enough to accommodate Site cleanup and cutoff of the rigid inclu-
and around 800 to 900 ft (250 to 300 m) the rig. In other cases, the working platform sions, both of which were performed with a
long posed an operational challenge. The rig was constrained by an earthen embankment skid steer shortly after installation of the
used to install the rigid inclusions is approx- along one side of the work area and a jersey rigid inclusions, were difficult to perform
imately 16 ft wide by 36 ft long (5 m by 11 m) barrier along the opposite side separating due to the tight working conditions.
Limited work area

Not only did the tight work spaces pose
a challenge, but the elevations of adjacent
working benches also varied, resulting in
additional time to move the rig and equip-
ment from bench to bench. The grout for the
rigid inclusions was pumped from a ready-
mix truck through hoses attached to the rig.
In some cases, the concrete pump had to be
placed up to 150 ft (46 m) away from the
installation zone, which meant the grout
had to be pumped through a series of hoses.
In addition, some of the low elevation
working areas were at risk of flooding. Due
to the proximity to marshes and high-water
tables, flooding of the working pads
occurred often. After flooding, the work
zones had to be dewatered and the working Flooding in work zones
pad recompacted.
Subsurface Conditions Elev. at Unit Friction Dilatancy Cohesion,

Init. void
Not only did the site configuration provide
Layer Bottom Weight, ᵞ Angle, ϕ Angle, ψ c Cc Cr
ratio, e0
ft (m) pcf (kN/m 3) (°) (°) psf (kPa)
challenges, but the surficial soft soils and Med. Stiff
-3.7 18.1 27 0 0.1 0.42 0.075 1.0
thick layers of compressible soils also Clay / Silt
provided additional design challenges. Due Med. Stiff Clay /
-3.7 18.1 0 0 35.9 0.42 0.075 1.0
Silt (undrained )
to the expanse of the project site, the Stiff Clay / Silt
-7.6 19.6 30 0 0.1 0.23 0.025 0.7
ground surface elevation varied greatly, (drained)
ranging from El. 8.2 ft to El. 55.8 ft (El. 2.5 m Stiff Clay / Silt
-7.6 19.6 0 0 71.8 0.23 0.025 0.7
(undrained )
to El. 17 m).
Stiff Clay /Silt -9.1 19.6 0 0 143.6 0.17 0.0025 0.7
In general, the soil profile consists of silt I-14 Backfill –
--- 18.8 34 / 35 5 0.0 0.17 0.0025 ---
and clay layers that increase in strength Sandy Fill
with increasing depth. The upper soil layers I-15 MSE Wall
--- 19.6 34 4 0.2 --- --- ---
Backfill
typically consist of a loose-to-medium
Working
dense sandy fill from the ground surface to --- 19.6 38 8 0.2 --- --- ---
Platform
El. 27.9 ft (El. 8.5 m). The fill was underlain Load Transform
--- 19.6 38 8 0.2 --- --- ---
by a medium stiff silt/clay to about El. -12.1 Platform (LTP)
ft (El. -3.7 m), a stiff silt / clay to El. -24.9 ft Soil properties of the in-situ soil
(El. -7.6 m) on the south and El. -29.9 ft (El.
-9.1 m) on the north, underlain by the stiff The various working pad elevations working pad elevation. Then, analyses were
silt/clay bearing layer. The sandy fill was presented an operational challenge since performed at the locations of the maximum
only present in certain areas across the site minimum slopes had to be maintained for and minimum applied load, and interpola-
and much of that fill was excavated for the rig accessibility and stability. The slopes tion was used to estimate the performance
construction of the CSEs, leaving the soft also presented a design challenge because of the intermediate loading conditions.
clayey soils close to the surface. the elevations of the working pad directly Finite element software, Plaxis, was used
influenced the elevations of the load to estimate the load distribution between
Ground Improvement Design transfer pad (LTP) and, thus, the geometry the rigid inclusions and the soil and to
The design of the rigid inclusions evaluated of the axisymmetric finite element models. estimate the post-construction settlement of
the soil-structure interaction (SSI) along The majority of the interchange site will be the rigid inclusion system. For this analysis,
the length of the elements, the performance raised to a higher elevation than the existing the rigid inclusion-reinforced soils and LTP
of the LTP at the top of the inclusion and grade, though the amount of fill placed and were simulated with axisymmetric unit cell
the load carrying capacity of the rigid working elevations vary across the site. models in Plaxis. Cohesive soils were
inclusion below its neutral axis (i.e., point Due to the many possible design and modeled as undrained soils and granular
of maximum load). Finally, the design loading scenarios, the changes in the eleva- soils were modeled as drained. All soils used
assumptions were compared to the tion of the working pad were the starting the hardening soil material model. The rigid
measured settlement data to verify that the point for the design of the CSEs. Models inclusion was modeled as a soil volume with
rigid inclusions performed as designed. were constructed for each continuous linear-elastic properties.

In general, the diameter of the rigid
inclusions ranged from 12.6 to 17.7 in (32
to 45 cm) and were installed in a square
pattern with a center-to-center spacing
ranging from 5.5 to 10.25 ft (1.7 to 3.1 m)
and with lengths ranging from 20 to 69 ft (6
to 21 m). The loading conditions and,
therefore, the diameter and spacing of the
rigid inclusions varied greatly across the
site due to the size of the site, numerous fill
heights and working platform elevations.
NJDOT’s geotechnical engineer of
record provided the project specific
performance criteria for the CSE system:
• The total settlement at the base of the
CSEs was to be limited to a maximum
of 2.5 in (6.4 cm).
• Long-term post-construction
settlement at the base of the CSEs was
to be limited to 1.0 in (2.5 cm) and the
differential settlement to a maximum of
0.5 in over a distance of 100 ft (1.3 cm
over 30.5 m).
• Post-construction settlement was to be
limited to a maximum of 1.0 in (2.5 cm)
Plaxis settlement contours and associated soil profile
over a period of 10 years once the final
load was applied.
• Adequate bearing and sliding To evaluate edge effects and lateral inclusions. The results from the models
resistances were to be provided to m o v e m e n t o f t h e C S E s f ro m t h e agreed well with each other and the results
achieve the requirements defined by nonuniform loading, a 2D plane strain achieved the design criteria.
the MSE wall designer. model was performed in addition to the
Time rate of consolidation calculations axisymmetric models. The plain strain Bearing Capacity and Sliding
were performed to estimate the potential model consisted of a larger portion of the Manual calculation of sliding and bearing
settlement that could occur during embankment with multiple rigid were performed for each wall in accordance
construction as well as the total long-term inclusions across the model dimensions to with Section 11 of the AASHTO LRFD
settlement of the system. The side and end evaluate the interaction of the entire Bridge Design Specifications. Geogrid
resistance of the rigid inclusions were system. Embedded beam rows (user- reinforcement was required to provide
simulated using finite element methods. defined structural elements built within the lateral resistance to resist sliding for the
Ultimately, the design predictions were Plaxis software) were used to model the highest portion of several walls. The
compared to the settlement data to evaluate rigid inclusions in plane strain conditions strength of the required geogrid varied
whether the rigid inclusions would perform (Plaxis, 2016). The embedded beam rows based on the wall height, but ranged from
consistently with the design expectations. estimated the structural forces in the rigid approximately 2,055 to 6,990 lb/ft (30 to
inclusions from the nonuniform loading. 102 kN/m). By considering the rigid
Settlement Based on the lateral forces and bending inclusions and the required geogrid, the
Numerous finite element axisymmetric moments near the face of the wall sliding resistance and bearing capacity
models were performed to evaluate the (representing the worst-case eccentrically- satisfied the project specifications for all of
spacing, diameter and depth required to loaded rigid inclusion), it was determined the wall cases.
satisfy the settlement criteria for the various that reinforcement was not needed in the
applied loads. The resulting roadway rigid inclusions. Global Stability Analysis
settlement at the final subgrade was reported The plane strain model was used to Verification analyses for global stability
as the settlement at the top of the LTP evaluate the differential settlement across were performed for the highest wall
because the MSE wall/embankment backfill the roadway as well as the settlement of the sections, where the design bearing
is expected to settle during placement. LTP and the axial loads in the rigid pressures were greatest. Internal stability of

the wall was evaluated by others; therefore, Wall 8 - Contract 1 Wall 16 - Contract 1
only the potential failure surfaces below the Total Total
Settlement Last Settlement Last
top of the LTP were analyzed. To model the Plate No. Reading Settlement Plate No. Reading Settlement
critical failure surfaces, the failure surfaces in (cm) in (cm)
within the embankment fill, which were
designed by others, were eliminated from
the analyses. Various deep-seated failure
surfaces within the native soil were
evaluated. These global stability Wall 17 - Contract 2
calculations were performed using the Total
limit equilibrium program SLIDE to Settlement Last
Plate No. Reading Settlement
confirm that the CSEs provided acceptable in (cm)
factors of safety against failure during
undrained, drained and seismic loading
conditions. The stability calculations
indicated that the improved soil provided
Measured settlement for fully-constructed walls (Contract 1) above, measured
sufficient resistance for bearing, sliding and settlement for fully-constructed walls (Contract 2) below
global stability in accordance with the
Wall 20 - Contract 2 Wall 8 - Contract 2
AASHTO standards for factors of safety.
Settlement Last Total Settlement Last Total
Plate No. Reading Settlement Plate No. Reading Settlement
Settlement of Constructed Walls in (cm) in (cm)
More than 6,000 rigid inclusions were
installed for Contract 1 to support six MSE
walls ranging from in height from 21 to 37
ft (6.4 to 11.3 m). For Contract 2,
approximately 5,000 rigid inclusions will
ultimately be installed to support new
embankments, interim ramps and eight Interim Ramp CC - Contract 2
MSE walls with wall heights as high as 40 ft Total
Settlement Last
(12.2 m). For Contract 3, approximately Plate No. Reading Settlement
4,400 rigid inclusions will be installed to in (cm)
support nine MSE walls with wall heights
as high as 38 ft (11.5 m).
For Contracts 1 and 2, NJDOT and
Dewberry specified a geotechnical
monitoring program to evaluate the
performance of the CSEs throughout
Installation of a rigid inclusion close to active highway construction and the long term, and,
therefore, the measured settlements reflect
the combined “during-construction” and
“post-construction” movements. At the
time this article was written, Contract 2 was
still being executed and the walls were still
under construction; therefore, not all of the
walls are presented in the settlement data.
The total settlement did not readily allow
differentiation of the components
contributing to the total settlement; for
example, of the 3.5 in (8.9 cm) of total
allowable settlement, one could not
differentiate that 2.5 in (6.4 cm) of
settlement may have occurred “during-
construction” while only 1.0 in (2.5 cm)
may have occurred “post-construction.”

Monitoring of the settlement plates and construction and filling of the walls, not at were safely overcome, including tight
deformation monitoring points stopped the conclusion of wall construction. To working conditions, various working
after the readings reached equilibrium, Menard’s knowledge, the walls have been elevations and close proximity to high-
which was prior to the opening of the performing, as designed, with no speed traffic. The measured settlements
roadway. For Wall 8 (Contract 1), only two significant settlement issues. provide valuable information to ensure that
monitoring points (SP-36 and SP-37) the performance correlates with the design.
indicated that the total measured Conclusion Overall, the measured settlement at each
settlement exceeded the project criterion of T h e C M C r i g i d i n c l u s i o n g ro u n d wall that was monitored has aligned well
the maximum total settlement of 3.5 in (8.9 improvement for the column supported with the design. The long-term settlement
cm). For Interim Ramp CC (Contract 2), embankments successfully supported the readings were not provided to Menard. To
four monitoring points (SP-41, SP-42, SP- various loading criteria in addition to the date, Menard has not received any notice
44 and SP-47) indicated that the total embankments, MSE walls and roadways that the walls were experiencing any
measured settlement exceeded the project while satisfying the project specified excessive long-term settlements, therefore
criterion. For both Wall 8 (Contract 1) and settlement, bearing, sliding and external indicating that the project was completed
Interim Ramp CC wall, the settlement stability requirements. Many difficult and has performed as designed.
readings were collected during the working conditions were encountered and
Nina Carney, P.E., is a design engineer at Menard and specializes in the design of various ground improvement techniques and provides construction support. She has a
B.S. in physics from Allegheny College, a B.S. in civil and environmental engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, and an M.S. in civil and
environmental engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.
Sarah Ramp, P.E., is a senior design engineer at Menard and is responsible for designing ground improvement solutions for multiple industries, including
transportation, federal, industrial, ports and general building projects. She assists the construction teams by providing a high-level, quality control review during the
construction phase of projects. Ramp has a B.S. and an M.S. in civil and environmental engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.
Dylan Davis is a project manager at Menard and is responsible for the planning and execution of ground improvement projects. He has a B.S. in mathematics from
Waynesburg University, as part of a 3/2 dual degree engineering program, and a B.S. in civil and environmental engineering with a certificate in construction
management from the University of Pittsburgh.

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FEATURE ARTICLE
Multiple Pile Systems for New Disney World Skyliner System

Morris-Shea has completed construction of provided scheduling and environmental changes in soil conditions from one
deep foundations for the new Skyliner benefits. The value engineered alternate location to another, active utilities, tight
Transportation System at Walt Disney resulted in the redesign of most of the access conditions, noise restrictions and
World in Orlando, Fla. The foundation foundations, ultimately incorporating six guests who could not be disturbed. Some
contractor worked closely with the project’s different pile types. The contractor also work and all equipment movement had to
general contractor, PCL Construction installed a temporary sheetpile cofferdam be performed at night to avoid impacting
Services (PCL), to install more than 900 and falsework for the construction of the traffic and pedestrians during park hours.
piles throughout the cable gondola system new Pop-Darr gondola station and All material deliveries required close
comprising six stations and numerous constructed a sheetpile bulkhead for use as a coordination and advance approval to
support towers. The new Walt Disney work-barge dock. minimize congestion and disturbance with
World ride will connect Disney’s Riviera, park operations.
Caribbean, Boardwalk and Animation Project Constraints and Logistics Much of the project included the
resorts with the International Gateway at Morris-Shea collaborated with PCL and installation of deep foundations for the
Epcot Center and Disney’s Hollywood Disney’s structural and geotechnical ride’s many towers. These support
Studios Theme Park. engineers to provide design assistance to structures are generally spaced at 200 to
The foundation contractor recom- implement the most economical 600 ft (61 to 183 m) on center, with each
mended a design-build option in lieu of the foundation solution for the variable access station’s approach and departure towers
originally specified pipe piles and augercast and subsurface conditions present at the placed at approximately 30 to 150 ft (9 to
system that reduced construction expense, various installation sites. There were many 46 m) on center. The towers’ heights range
improved operational logistics, and variables to consider, including drastic from 20 to 90 ft (6 to 27 m) tall. Access to
AUTHOR Gordon King, Morris-Shea

primarily installed where vertical and north of Buena Vista Drive. The borings in
horizontal clearances were sufficient for rig the smaller wetland near Buena Vista Drive
access. The SPs were installed where disclosed a relatively thin layer of organic
restricted access or height clearances were soils/peat from the ground surface to
problematic and required compact rigs. depths of 1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) below
grade. Borings in the larger wetland east of
Subsurface Conditions Disney’s Hollywood studios encountered
Construction of the gondola station and organic soils and peat from the ground
tower foundations encompassed a large surface to depths ranging from 11 to 15 ft
area within Walt Disney World that (3.4 to 4.6 m) below grade. Underlying the
included uplands and wetlands, developed upper zone of organic soils, shallow
and undeveloped property, and areas that borings encountered sandy soils typical of
have been altered by previous construction the upland areas followed by the Hawthorn
activities. Soils in the upland areas Formation. In deeper borings, the Haw-
comprise a varying sequence of fine sands thorn materials persisted until encoun-
grading relatively clean to slightly silty, and tering limestone at depths of 110 to 155 ft
occasionally clayey in composition from (33.5 to 47.2 m) below grade.
the existing ground surface to depths of
approximately 35 to 75 ft (10.7 to 22.9 m) Pile Testing
below grade. The upper sands are primarily Cone penetration testing (CPT) was
in a medium dense-to-dense condition performed with a 30-ton (27 tonne) rig at a
with localized zones that grade loose-to- test site near the Trinidad Station location.
very loose and/or very dense. The silty to The foundation team also referenced its pile
Installation of a DDP
clayey fine sands of the Hawthorn capacity software for load test data from
some tower locations required that the drill Formation were encountered below the previous piling projects to assist in
rigs fit through Disney property service road upper sands and are underlain by the predicting pile behavior. The foundation
tunnels and between closely spaced region’s continuous limestone formation. contractor optimized the foundation
buildings. Jobsites were also often located Portions of the proposed alignment are redesign assuring the DDP was a preferred
beside lakes, fire stations, medians, and near located in wetland areas to the east of value engineered alternate over conven-
active parking lots and even a gas station. Disney’s Hollywood Studios and to the tional augercast piles. The Trinidad area had
The contractor’s compact and powerful
drill rigs (Fundex CD20D and TTD50)
were able to access tight work areas and
install a new type of DeWaal screw pile (SP)
within the confined jobsites. Consequently,
pile installation at the tower locations
required minimal access preparation or
post-pile installation site remediation.
Standard DeWaal drilled displacement
piles (DDPs) were installed where access
and pile quantities justified the use of larger
drill rigs (Fundex F3500), such as at the
Hollywood, Caribbean and Trinidad
gondola stations and nearby towers.
Helical piles or SPs were installed on all
other tower locations with the exception to
Run B, where driven pipe piles were used.
The installation of DDPs and SPs was
performed adjacent to and within Disney
hotel complexes where strict noise limits
and work hour restrictions were in effect.
The use of DDPs minimized disturbance to
guests by employing a quiet, vibrationless
installation process that produced little or
no spoils. The DDP foundations were Cone penetration testing at a test area

both of the predominate soil conditions High slump, self-consolidating
represented across the total site — one test concrete with coarse aggregate was
area had the dense upper sand layer and the pumped through the temporary casing.
other test area represented a looser soil. The concrete flowed under pressure into
Four piles each were installed and the ground while the tool was withdrawn,
tested (two axial compression tests, one leaving the sacrificial endplate behind. The
lateral test and one tension test) at each test reverse flight located on the topside of the
area in both the dense soil and the looser displacement element assisted with the
soil profiles to evaluate the DDPs and SPs. extraction by cutting and recompacting
Each static load test was performed on any loose soils. This added soil densifi-
nonproduction piles. Based on the results cation helped to minimize concrete
of the load testing, the DDPs and SPs overconsumption and optimize pile
demonstrated the compressive, tension capacity. Increases in unit side friction over
and lateral resistance required to facilitate those typically observed for augercast piles
development of the installation criteria for range up to 30% in loose granular soils.
the production piles in the locations After the withdrawal of the tooling, a
previously specified for conventional steel reinforcing cage was placed in the pile.
augercast piles. The rebar cages were manufactured at one
Installation of a DDP of three automated Morris-Shea in-house
Drilled Pile Installation fabrication centers. Upon completion of
Helical PC-CIDH Piles Installation of these piles involved the each pile, the drill rig transmitted instal-
Helical, permanently-cased cast-in-drilled advancement of the tool into the soil, which lation data to project managers and quality
hole (PC-CIDH) piles, 14 in (356 mm) in was fitted with a disposable end plate and control professionals.
diameter, were installed with a Fundex CD- advanced under significant axial crowd and
20 drilling rig in the more restricted tower torque. During drilling, the sidewalls of the DeWaal SPs
locations at the Caribbean resort. These borehole were supported by a temporary The screw pile is a new and innovative
piles were a value engineered alternate that casing that also acted as a drill stem and variation of the standard DDP. Specialized
replaced the originally specified 24 in large-diameter concrete tremie pipe. Upon SP tooling created screw shaped concrete
(610 mm) diameter augercast piles. The reaching the specified depth, advancement threads on the perimeter of the pile,
use of the CD-20 and drilled helical piles of the tooling was halted, and a center producing much greater shaft friction and
minimized disturbance to the guests by reinforcing bar was inserted to the bottom overall pile capacity. The unique SP was
reducing the need for demolition, site prep, of the temporary casing. developed by Morris-Shea and was first
tree removal and drill spoil disposal.
The helical PC-CIDH piles were
installed adjacent to one another during
the same workday, which would not be
possible with the augercast piles due to
quality control (QC) concerns. Conse-
quently, the contractor was able to access
and complete the tower foundations
quickly. The installed helical piles were
capped and could be buried over until PCL
was ready to fill the pile with concrete and
to construct the pile cap.
DeWaal DDPs
A Fundex F3500 drill rig was used to install
the standard DDPs at the Trinidad,
Hollywood Studios and Caribbean
gondola stations. The high-capacity DDPs
were rapidly installed with low noise at the
stations and nearby tower foundations, as
the DDPs were typically installed with
cycle times as low as 10 to 15 minutes.
Installation of pipe piles on Hourglass Lake

used in the restricted access conditions (2.4 m) below the lake’s normal pool. The
found at many of Walt Disney World’s cofferdam provided a method to dewater the
gondola foundation jobsites. The SP area, so concrete work could be performed
offered a vibrationless, cast-in-drilled-hole by the general contractor. In addition, a
(CIDH) solution that minimized noise and temporary falsework support system was
eliminated spoils at Disney’s Trinidad, designed and installed at Pop-Darr for the
Caribbean and Epcot International concrete formwork. This installation
Gateway locations. Fundex CD20D and included temporary pipe piles, bracing and
TTD50 compact drill rigs were ideally support systems, which were all removed
suited for installation of the SPs in these after the general contractor completed the
limited access sites. concrete work. The foundation team also
The SP utilizes a steel casing with a designed and installed a sheet pile bulkhead
sacrificial cutting head that advanced into for loading and unloading cranes, materials
the ground causing soil around the casing and other equipment onto barges.
to displace laterally. This installation
CD-29 rig used to install the H-piles
process transferred continuous torque and
crowd forces to the tool until the desired
depth was achieved. Drilling speeds were
monitored to assure development of a well-
formed SP profile that satisfied this
foundation’s high load capacities.
Minimal to no drilling spoils are
produced or transported to the working
surface, making this foundation
application suitable for the
environmentally-sensitive areas sur-
rounding much of the Walt Disney World
gondola system. After installation, each
steel casing was filled with self-
consolidating concrete and reinforcing
steel, producing a high load bearing
capacity. All aspects of the SP drilling
Preparation for construction of a pile cap
process and concrete placement were
observed and recorded by automated H-Piles
monitoring equipment (AME). The foundation contractor installed driven
H-piles at the International Gateway
Driven Pile Installation Station at Epcot. Access was very tight, so
Pipe Piles the contractor used a rough terrain crane
Pipe piles with a 20 in (508 mm) OD and a with a vibratory hammer. The H-piles were
0.5 in (13 mm) wall thickness were driven in sections and spliced, as required,
installed to depths up to 160 ft (49 m) to to reach the bearing strata more than 100 ft
support the Pop-Darr station and five tower (30 m) below ground surface. Load
foundations located on Hourglass Lake. capacity was confirmed by driving several
Similar sized pipe piles were driven on land H-piles with an IHC CPE-30 hydraulic
for the Run B tower foundations where the hammer mounted on a Fundex CD-20
depth to bearing strata was well over 100 ft compact drill rig.
(30 m) and often as deep as 160 ft (49 m).
The pipe pile installation utilized lattice Cofferdam and Falsework Preparation of concrete slab within
boom crawler cranes: a barge-mounted An internally braced cofferdam consisting of cofferdam
Kobelco CK1600 on Hourglass Lake and a PZ-27 sheet piling, wide flange beam and a
Gordon King is engineer manager with Morris-Shea.
Kobelco CK1000 on Run B. The piles were pipe bracing system was designed and
King holds a B.S. degree from the University of Dun-
initially driven with a vibratory hammer installed at the Pop-Darr gondola station on dee, Scotland, an M.S. degree in geotechnical engi-
and then seated with a Delmag D-25 direct Hourglass Lake. The foundation slab at the neering from the University of Durham, England,
drive diesel hammer. Load capacity for each bottom of the new station is supported on and has more than 30 years of geotechnical consul-
pile was verified using PDA testing. driven pipe piles and is approximately 8 ft ting and specialist foundation contracting experience.

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MARY ELLEN BRUCE LARGE, P.E., D.GE, DIRECTOR OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
Technical Activities Update

We are pleased to welcome two new chairs to the DFI leadership team this year — Jonathan Huff, P.E., of Goettle
and Pollyanna Cunningham, M.B.A., of International Construction Equipment (ICE®).
Huff succeeds Morgan NeSmith, P.E., of new chair of the DFI Driven Pile
Berkel and Company Contractors as the Committee. She succeeds Benjamin Vance
chair of DFI’s Augered Cast-in-Place Pile of Strata Geotech. We are grateful for
Committee. We extend our gratitude to Vance’s leadership of the committee and
NeSmith for his successful tenure as chair wish him continued success. Cunningham
and are pleased that he has continued his received her M.A. in human resources and
commitment to DFI by serving as a trustee. M.B.A. in organizational development
Huff is a design engineer/project from Webster University and a B.A. from
manager and estimator for Goettle in Penn State University in Middle Eastern
Cincinnati, Ohio, where his responsi- Studies. In her position at ICE, she has
bilities include engineering design, K e n t u c k y, w h i l e p i t c h i n g f o r t h e h e l p e d t h e c o m p a n y g a i n s t ro n g
estimating, project management and university’s D1 baseball team. Huff is a recognition in the construction industry,
relationship building. His areas of expertise member of DFI, ADSC, PDCA and a former particularly in technology use and
include augered cast-in-place piles, drilled chair of the Cincinnati Section of the ASCE advocacy. Cunningham has actively
displacement piles, micropiles, caissons Geotechnical Group. supported the driven pile industry through
and tied back earth retention systems. He Cunningham, marketing and brand her involvement as the secretary of the
obtained his B.S. and M.S. degrees in civil communications director at ICE in PDCA executive board and serving on its
engineering from the University of Matthews, N.C., has been appointed as the Communications Committee.
COMMITTEE CHAIR DAN STEVENSON
Codes and Standards Committee

The DFI Codes and Standards Committee The deadline for submission of CCPs for the 2021 code cycle was
continues its active role in the codes January 7, 2019. The DFI Codes and Standards Committee, in
development process. Most commercial and association with the GeoCoalition, submitted 16 CCPs for this code
residential building projects in the U.S. are cycle. The purpose of these CCPs is to improve the code and
required to use a version of the International improve industry practices for the deep foundations industry.
Building Code (IBC), as published by the Several members of the Codes and Standards Committee will travel
International Code Council. The IBC is revised to Albuquerque, N.M. in May 2019 to testify at the IBC public
and reissued every three years. For each issue, hearings in support of our CCPs.
the IBC code undergoes a comprehensive process to evaluate and The Codes and Standards Committee will also be reviewing
revise the code, known as the Code Development Process. CCPs submitted by others that pertain to the deep foundations
The code development process is open to public participation. industry. If we conclude that a CCP would have an overall negative
Any individual or organization can propose changes to the building impact on the deep foundations industry, we will testify against it.
code, known as Code Change Proposals (CCP). A public hearing is In addition, we will bring such code change proposals to the
held in which members of the public are given the opportunity to attention of the respective DFI Committees most likely to be
testify for or against a CCP. A committee of building professionals impacted.
will then vote on the CCPs. After the initial hearing, there is another The Codes and Standards Committee continues to seek new
hearing where public comments related to the prior committee initiatives, and we are committed to improving the standards of
action can be expressed. The CCPs can be modified during this practice for all deep foundations industries. If anyone has issues or
process, and the actions of the previous committee vote can be over- questions regarding current building code requirements, please do
turned. Finally, there is an online vote conducted by building not hesitate to contact the committee.
officials. Once a CCP makes it through all stages of the code develop-
ment process, it becomes part of the next edition of the IBC Code.

DFI Technical Committee Chairs
DFI-ADSC Anchored Earth Retention Ground Improvement Soil Mixing
Co-Chair: Ed Laczynski, P.E. Chair: Tanner Blackburn, Ph.D., P.E. Chair: David Miller, P.E.
Wagman Hayward Baker ADM Consulting
erlaczynski@wagman.com jtblackburn@haywardbaker.com amiller527@aol.com
Co-Chair: Jeff Segar, P.E., S.E.
Braun Intertec Helical Piles and Tiebacks Sustainability
jsegar@braunintertec.com Chair: Gary Seider, P.E. Currently Unchaired
Hubbell Power Systems/Chance
Augered Cast-in-Place glseider@hubbell.com
Subsurface Characterization for
Chair: Jonathan Huff, P.E. Deep Foundations
Richard Goettle International Grouting
jhuff@goettle.com Chair: Victor Donald, P.E.
Chair: Paolo Gazzarrini, P.Eng. Terracon
Sea to Sky Geotech Inc. vrdonald@terracon.com
BIM/ Digitalisation (DFI Europe) paolo@paologaz.com
Chair: Jason Boddy, C.Eng MICE Testing and Evaluation
Arup Manufacturers, Suppliers and
jason.boddy@arup.com Chair: Gerald Verbeek
Service Providers Allnamics Pile Testing Experts
Chair: Mark Bryant, EIT verbeek@allnamics-usa.com
Codes and Standards MacLean Power Systems Civil Division
Chair: Daniel Stevenson, P.E. mbryant@macleanpower.com
Tunneling and
Berkel and Company Contractors
Underground Systems
dstevenson@berkelandcompany.com Marine Foundations Co-Chair: David Klug
Chair: Rick Ellman, P.E. David R. Klug & Associates
Deep Foundations for Landslides Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers dklug@drklug.com
and Slope Stabilization rellman@mrce.com
Co-Chair: James Morrison, P.E.
Chair: Chris Ramsey, P.E. COWI North America
Wood Environment & Infrastructure DFI-ADSC Micropile jsmn@cowi.com
Solutions, chris.ramsey@woodplc.com Co-Chair: Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng.
Quanta Subsurface Women in Deep Foundations
Drilled Shaft sdavidow@quantasubsurface.com
Chair: Maysill Pascal, P.E.
Chair: Paul Axtell, P.E., D.GE Co-Chair: Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E. USW, a Menard Group USA Company
Dan Brown and Associates Turner Construction Company mpascal@menardgroupusa.com
paxtell@dba.world tholman@tcco.com
Driven Pile Project Information

Chair: Pollyanna Cunningham, M.B.A. Management Systems
ICE® Inc. Chair: Massimo Mucci
pcunningham@iceusa.com Bencor Global
massimo.mucci@bencorinc.com
Electric Power Systems Foundations
Co-Chair: Peter Kandaris, P.E. Seepage Control
DiGioia Gray and Associates Chair: Michael Kynett, P.E.
pkandaris@digioiagray.com MBK Engineers
Co-Chair: Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng. kynett@mbkengineers.com
Quanta Subsurface
sdavidow@quantasubsurface.com Seismic and Lateral Loads
Chair: Kwabena Ofori-Awuah, P.E., ENV SP.
Energy Foundations KCI Technologies
Co-Chair: Tony Amis kwabena.ofori-awuah@kci.com
GI Energy
tamis@gienergyus.com Slurry Wall
Co-Chair: Guney Olgun, Ph.D. Chair: Giovanni Bonita, Ph.D., P.E., P.G.
Missouri University of Science GEI Consultants
and Technology gbonita@geiconsultants.com DFI Technical Committees meet regularly.
olgun@mst.edu

GERALD VERBEEK
Testing and Evaluation Committee

The Testing and Evaluation Committee that is focused on practical applications and the lifetime of the
continues to be very active working on a constructed asset, we feel that this new course will supplement
number of issues. In the previous report, I existing instrumentation courses in the industry. Dr. Zhangwei
mentioned a video on static load testing that Ning, of Sixense, completed the first module of this course
the committee had produced (www.dfi.org/StaticLoadTesting), pertaining to urban excavation work and has started work on the
which has now been viewed more than 5,000 times. This video is second module on tunneling. Matt Glisson, of Braun Intertec, will
the first in a series of videos on testing of deep foundation elements. soon begin work on the third module on pile driving.
The video series is aimed at educating students and non- Sellountou led a task force that completed a white paper on
practitioners on the way the various testing methods are terminology and evaluation criteria for crosshole sonic logging
performed, the way the test data are analyzed, the potential (CSL), as applied to deep foundations, which was another
applications of each test method, and the limitations of test important committee activity. This document is currently under
methods. Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., P.E., of Pile Dynamics, is review. Another task force, led by Mike Holloway, started work in
currently leading the development of the second video that will 2018 on exploring various aspects of dynamic methods for site
address high strain dynamic testing. characterization, such the calibration of SPT hammers.
The committee is also continuing its work on a training course These are just a few examples of the activities that the
on instrumentation and monitoring. The objective is to present committee has been working on. We meet the last Wednesday of
instrumentation scenarios for a series of construction applications each month for a one-hour conference call. As the final part of this
(e.g., urban excavation work, tunnel work and pile driving), report, I would like to extend an invitation to all DFI members that
highlighting the parameters and processes required for effective are interested in testing and evaluation topics to join our
monitoring. We will also address how some of the instrumentation committee. We would be happy to welcome additional members
used during construction could be used for asset management once and spread our message that “IT’S Money” — Increased Testing
construction has been completed. By providing training material Saves Money.

Flange Web Pile Wall Section Moment
Section Width Height Thickness Thickness Weight Weight Modulus of Inertia
in in in in lb/ft lb/ft2 in3/ft in4/ft
NZ 14 30.31 13.39 0.375 0.375 55 21.77 25.65 171.7

NZ 19 27.56 16.14 0.375 0.375 55 24.05 35.08 283.1
NZ 20 27.56 16.16 0.394 0.394 57 24.82 36.24 292.8
NZ 21 27.56 16.20 0.433 0.433 61 26.56 38.69 313.4
NZ 26 27.56 17.32 0.500 0.500 71 30.99 48.50 419.9
NZ 28 27.56 17.38 0.560 0.560 78 33.96 52.62 457.4
NZ 38 27.56 19.69 0.689 0.500 86 37.45 70.84 697.3
As a premier steel foundation supplier now offering NZ sheets in addition to our

extensive product line, Skyline Steel is the ideal partner for your next project.
Visit www.skylinesteel.com/nz or call 888.450.4330.

© 2018 Skyline Steel, LLC. Skyline Steel is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nucor Corporation, the largest producer of steel in the United States.
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GUEST EDITORIAL
Success Tomorrow Takes Succession Planning Today

Succession planning is an essential part of
Stages of Succession
doing business, no matter how certain the Dr. Curtis L. Odom
future appears. It’s easy to put off planning Planning Managing Partner
1. Assess: Determine what your Prescient Strategists
when everything seems to be going so well,
right? Wrong. Now is the time to begin company needs, and the
succession planning! skills needed by employees
Succession planning im-
Succession planning benefits the 2. Recruit: Search for and proves leadership in organiza-
business now. Just as business practices recruit the right employees tions and helps with the growth
have evolved over the years, succession for the organization and competitiveness in organizations. The
planning has also grown and changed. It
3. Develop: Train and develop employees value of succession management comes in
can be used to build strong leadership, help
to promote and stay long-term the form of efficiently executing the
a business survive the daily changes in the
strategies implemented by organizations,
marketplace, and force executives to review 4. Coordinate: Align the goals of the
and allowing for growth and retention.
and examine the company’s current goals. employees with the goals of the
It is not enough to recruit qualified can-
The fact that baby boomers cannot company
didates. Successful succession planning
outrun Mother Nature or Father Time
Succession planning provides the long- retains the best employees. The goal of suc-
requires a need to understand the challenges
term continuity and sustainability of an cession planning is to have a skilled
that many companies face in their planning
organization. Effective succession planning workforce and a complete succession plan
for preparing future leaders as a matter of
can have a positive impact on business without any destructive gaps that would cost
sustainability of their businesses.
performance and practice. Effective the company if an employee were lost.
succession planning is a means of ensuring Employees who are treated as more than cogs
The Burning Platform key positions will remain filled with in a machine are happier and everyone benefits.
North America has more than 76 million
competent people who can continue while Managers, employees and the company
baby boomers, with a danger of losing
saving money on external recruitment and benefit from implementing succession
business knowledge that will increase as
training. Fifty-two percent of leaders of planning strategies. Succession planning
the population ages. Implementing a
family-owned businesses plan to transfer programs face numerous challenges. This
successful transition will involve following
ownership and management to family is particularly true in times of economic
steps in a planning process and viable
members. However, most leaders are uncertainty. As positions expand to include
recommendations to assist organizational
concerned about their successor having the many skills, there are fewer employees
leaders in managing the impact of the exit
drive and aptitude to steward the business qualified to fill vacancies and the competi-
of baby boomers and in determining what
into the future. tion to recruit and retain skilled employees
they can do to increase efficiency. Leaders
Ignoring the consequences of a lack of becomes fierce.
of family-owned businesses can follow
succession planning related to the exit of
practical solutions and models to take a
proactive approach to preparing for the
key leaders can lead to negative results Developing a Plan
regarding both financial capital and 1. Identify long-term goals and objectives:
retirement of baby boomer owners.
intellectual capital. Business leaders of any The long-term goals directly relate to
Succession planning is essential to the
organization are hard pressed to understand succession planning.
success of any organization. Leaders need
the danger of a lack of succession planning
to recruit, train and retain qualified 2. Understand the needs of the company:
and the risk of lost knowledge due to the
employees. Providing incentives and The responsibilities related to different
exit of a key employee or a long-term
developing individuals is the difference positions are subject to change. Consi-
absence. A lack of knowledge and a lack of
between engaging people and merely der which positions may be eliminated
succession planning could negatively
employing them. Investing in a succession and which ones will be added.
influence the financial situation in an
plan will provide financial benefits as it
organization. Most business owners 3. Recognize trends in the workforce and
improves the company’s culture.
recognize the importance of knowledge engage employees: Understand the
training and the need for succession changes occurring in your company. For
planning; however, current directives example, are your strategic employees
focused on the bottom line are the priority. nearing retirement? Invest in employees
and provide them with new responsibility.

Succession plans are determined by the needs of the company.
The priorities will vary according to the industry and the goals, but
there are common priorities and goals that most companies should
consider when developing a succession plan. To ensure a smooth
transition of business leadership, the active involvement of
prospective leaders and the staff in the preparation and
development of succession planning is necessary. Many business
owners and managers are not ready for the retirement. The
transition of leadership and skills can be successful if business
leaders groom prospective staff members to assume responsibilities
in managing the businesses and if the grooming process continues
over the course of a few years. Along with the staff, accountants or
tax specialists, business consultants, and business valuation
professionals can come together to form an efficient transition team.
With a systematic approach to assessing and developing the
leadership talent needed across your business, you can be well
prepared. You will have a thorough understanding of critical
business needs both now and in the future; an evaluation of
leadership roles and attributes required to meet those needs; and an
honest assessment of the talent that ensures that your critical role
can be filled even if you cannot be replaced.
Dr. Curtis Odom is managing partner of Prescient Strategists, a management

consulting practice, and executive professor of management and organizational
development at Northeastern University.

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L E G A L LY SPEAKING
False Implied Certifications in Making Payment Requests —

What We Can Learn from Lance Armstrong
In April 2018, the Department of Justice District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have
(DOJ) announced a $5.0 million settlement also enacted laws imposing penalties for
reached in its lawsuit against former false claims against state agencies and their
professional cyclist, Lance Armstrong. subdivisions, with most of these laws
While the fallout from Armstrong’s latently- modelled after the federal FCA.
admitted use of performance-enhancing Civil penalties under the FCA include
drugs (PEDs) was well-publicized, fines of up to three times the amount the Brian S. Wood, Partner, and
including lost sponsorship deals, stripped government paid for each false claim, plus Alex Gorelik, Associate
Tour de France titles and damage to his an additional penalty of up to $11,000 per Smith, Currie and Hancock
reputation, few were aware of Armstrong’s false claim. The criminal penalties include
exposure to liability and criminal culpability significant fines and jail time. The FCA
for false claims against the government. The prohibits the following conduct: A unique feature of the FCA is the qui
DOJ’s announcement reminded Armstrong 1. Presenting or causing someone to tam provision, allowing a whistleblower —
and the rest of us of the golden rule of present a false or fraudulent payment or who becomes aware of and exposes fraud
dealing with the government: honesty is the approval claim while knowing it is false against the government — to bring a lawsuit
best policy. The corollary to that rule is that on behalf of the government and share in the
dishonesty is costly. 2. Making, using or causing someone to
make or use a false record or statement penalties collected from the violator. In the
Armstrong’s liability stemmed from case of Lance Armstrong, it was his former
false statements (denying the use of PEDs) that is material to a false or fraudulent
claim while knowing it is false teammate and Tour de France chief domes-
he made, directly and through team tique, Floyd Landis, that filed the original
members and other representatives, to U.S. 3. Possessing or being in control of FCA lawsuit, which was later joined by the
Postal Service (USPS) representatives and property or money meant for the government. As a result of his qui tam law-
to the public. USPS was the primary government and delivering or causing suit, Landis will ultimately receive a $1.1
sponsor of the grand tour cycling team led someone to deliver less than what is million share from the overall settlement and
by Armstrong. The government alleged in owed to the government an additional $1.65 million for his legal costs.
the lawsuit that Armstrong’s false 4. Making or delivering to the government The Armstrong case reminds us that
statements were made to induce USPS to a receipt of property meant for the liability under the FCA is not limited to
renew and increase its sponsorship fees, in government without a complete payment requests demanding incorrect
violation of the False Claims Act. knowledge of its accuracy with the amounts or containing clear defects in the
Enacted in 1863, the False Claims Act intention to defraud request itself. A claimant is also liable for
(FCA) was originally aimed at stopping false certifications, whether express or
and deterring frauds perpetrated by 5. Buying or receiving debt or property
implied. Under the “implied false
contractors against the government during from a government officer or employee
certification” theory of liability, a payment
the Civil War. Congress amended the FCA who does not have the authority to sell
request carries with it the claimant’s
in the years since its enactment, but its or provide it, with knowledge of the
implied certification that the claimant has
primary focus and target have remained lack of authority
complied with relevant statutes,
those who present or directly induce the 6. Making, using or causing someone to regulations, and/or contract requirements
submission of false or fraudulent claims. make or use a false record or statement that are material conditions of payment. A
The current FCA imposes penalties on that is material to the government’s failure to disclose a violation, breach or
anyone who knowingly presents “a false or obligation to pay money or provide noncompliance is a treated as a
fraudulent claim for payment or approval” property with knowledge that the misrepresentation, rendering the payment
to the Federal Government. A “claim” now statement is false, or knowingly request “false” or “fraudulent.”
includes direct requests to the government concealing and improperly avoiding or The Supreme Court reinforced and
for payment, as well as reimbursement decreasing the amount of money or clarified liability for false implied
requests made to the recipients of federal property owed to the government certifications in its 2016 decision in
funds under federal benefits programs Universal Health Services, Inc. v. U.S. ex rel
7. Agreeing to do any of the above with
(such as Medicare). Thirty-one states, the Escobar. In Universal, a health care provider
someone else

submitted Medicaid reimbursement claims 2. The defendant’s failure to disclose In the Lance Armstrong case, the USPS
to the government for counseling and other noncompliance with material statutory, contract contained an express prohibition
mental health services provided to a teenage regulatory or contractual requirements against the use of PEDs. As such, requesting
Medicaid beneficiary. After the teenager’s makes those representations mis- payment and inducing endorsement fees
fatal reaction to bipolar medication leading half-truths. with knowledge of violations/breaches of
prescribed by the provider, the parents the contract would constitute a false
The Court determined that the provider’s
discovered that few of the provider’s certification if USPS would have refused
claims “do more than merely demand
employees were licensed to provide mental further endorsement had it known of the
payment. They fall squarely within the rule
health counseling or authorized to prescribe PED use. The significant settlement is some
that half-truths — representations that state
medications or offer counseling services indication that the parties believed there
the truth only so far as it goes, while omitting
without supervision. The government was likely false claim liability for false
critical qualifying information — can be
alleged that the provider defrauded the certification.
actionable misrepresentations.” The Court
Medicaid program by submitting reim- The takeaway: government contractors
also held that FCA liability — for failing to
bursement claims that made representations and subcontractors should make every effort
disclose a violation or noncompliance —
about the specific services provided by to avoid any and all forms of misrep-
does not turn on whether a requirement is
specific types of professionals but failing to resentation in requests and other documents
expressly designated as a condition of
disclose serious violations of regulations submitted to the government. When
payment. Instead, the question is “whether
pertaining to staff qualifications and preparing and submitting a claim or request
the defendant knowingly violated a
licensing requirements for these services. that will eventually be con-sidered by the
requirement that the defendant knows is
The Supreme Court expressly recognized government (federal or state), the contractor
material to the government’s payment
the implied certification theory, holding that or subcontractor should ask itself whether
decision.” The Supreme Court remanded
it can be a basis for false claims liability, the government would pay the requested
the case to the trial court to determine
where two conditions are satisfied: amounts if it knew all of the facts about the
whether the Medicaid program would have
1. The claim does not merely request submission, including omissions,
refused to pay the claims had it known of the
payment, but also makes specific inaccuracies and errors. If the answer is “no,”
violations of qualification and licensing
representations about the goods or the claim or request needs to be revised.
regulations.
services provided.

This three-day event will include presentations*
on the latest developments in:
n Augered Cast-in-Place and Drilled n Innovations and advancements in n Sensitivity during construction
Displacement Piles pile design and installation in various types of aquatic
n Drilled Shafts n Corrosion of buried structures environments
n Driven Piles n Designing and constructing n Trends in design and
safely and effectively in urban construction methods for
n Ground Improvement (related
environments highway infrastructure projects
to piling)
n Instrumentation, load testing, n Foundation optimization through
n Helical Piles and Tiebacks
monitoring risk management (geotechnical,
n Marine Foundations contractual, communication
n Designing for resiliency under
n Micropiles risks)
extreme or unexpected loading
n Seismic and Lateral Loads conditions (inclement weather, n Sustainable design approaches
n Testing and Evaluation tsunami, flooding, seismic, to address economic and
liquefaction, lateral spreading) ecological impacts
Conference Highlights*
n DFI Technical Committee Meetings n Osterberg Memorial Lecture
n WiDF Networking Reception n Presentation of the Ben C. Gerwick Award for
n Exhibit Hall with Over 70 Manufacturers, Innovation in the Design and Construction of
Suppliers and Service Providers Marine Foundation
www.dfi.org/SuperPile19
*Program subject to change.
PEOPLE & COMPANIES
Ben Dutton retired from 2018, at the invitation of Prof. Vernon communities. Each recipient will be
Equipment Corporation of Schaefer, P.E., James M. Hoover Professor profiled in more detail in the February
America (ECA) in Decem- of Geotechnical Engineering at Iowa State 2019 issue of ENR MidAtlantic.
ber 2018 after more than U n i v e r s i t y ’s D e p a r t m e n t o f C i v i l ,
43 years. His large person- C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d E n v i ro n m e n t a l Andrew Owen joined the board McMillen
ality and commitment to Engineering. The lecture highlighted how Jacobs in October 2018 as a principal in the
serving others have left a mark throughout mentoring can develop technical and Melbourne office and also serves as the
the global foundation industry. Dutton p ro f e s s i o n a l n e t w o r k s a n d c a re e r office manager. He has more than 34 years
started as a sales engineer at ECA in 1975 advancement and outlined a strategy for of experience specializing in commercial
and quickly advanced to the role of seeking, recognizing and participating in and operational project planning,
Philadelphia Branch Manager at age 29. He mentoring activities and network construction estimating, performance
spent many years as Executive Vice development. The lecture reviewed Large’s management, and cost analysis. Owen has
President of Sales and Marketing before personal experiences as a geotechnical managed multidisciplinary teams and
eventually being promoted to President. engineer, owner of a women-owned m o b i l i z e d r e s o u rc e s o n o v e r s e a s
Although stationed in ECA’s Philadelphia geotechnical consultancy, and advisor for assignments including public-private
office, his influence extended from the U.S. the DFI Women in Deep Foundations partnership projects. He has been a key
to Canada and to Europe, as the firm Committee. The presentation can be found player in the design management for North
strategically expanded products, manufac- at www.dfi.org/commhome.asp?WIDF. West Rail Link, KVMRT projects, and Doha
turers, and markets. The peak of his impact Metro Tenders for Red and Green Lines.
came in the mid-1990s when he worked The Ougan Group Having worked for both contractors and
with Roy Kern, CEO of ECA, to orchestrate announced that Joe design teams, he has a comprehensive
the firm’s expansion into the international Patterson has joined the understanding of practical construction
drilling market. Dutton’s industry accom- firm as senior marketing techniques and the constructability of
plishments include serving as president of manager. He is overseeing major projects. Owen received an H.N.C.
the board of directors of the Delaware Valley the group’s international degree in civil engineering (structures) at
Associated Equipment Distributors, and marketing campaign with a focus on Wolverhampton Polytechnic while working
associate members chair and member of the promoting products and establishing in the planning and estimating department
executive committee of the International dealers in North, Central and South of a tunneling company. He later went on to
Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC). America. Patterson has a long history in the obtain his M.B.A. from North Staffordshire
He was a charter member of the DFI and deep foundations industry, where he was University while gaining experience in
remained active over many years. In associate members chair and member of the estimating and business development in the
addition, Dutton was active with other executive committee and board of directors construction industry.
associations including PDCA, Associated of ADSC. During the past 20 years, he
Pennsylvania Constructors, and Utility and promoted specialty drilling, education and Joe Savarese, piling equipment specialist
Transportation Contractors of New Jersey. training in North and South America. He for DFI member company CZM Foun-
will use his knowledge and experience to dation Equipment, was appointed a new
g u i d e t h e O u g a n G ro u p w i t h i t s board member of the ADSC Northeast
introduction of the Super Cell bi-directional Chapter at its annual meeting in November
load cell and Chinese-manufactured 2018. At the meeting, 11 new board mem-
drilling equipment from Canada to Chile. bers were chosen and installed to serve.
Helen Robinson, P.E., Joseph F. Malandro and Dr. Moujalli

branch leader/senior Hourani were presented with The Moles
project manager at GEI Outstanding Achievement Member and
Consultants, was named Nonmember Awards, respectively, at The
as one of ENR MidAtlantic’s Moles’ Annual Award Dinner at the New
2019 Top Young Profes- York Hilton Midtown on January 23, 2019.
sionals. The awards program honors Malandro is the recently retired president of
Mary Ellen Bruce Large, P.E., D.GE, individuals who have built extraordinary E. E. Cruz & Company, where his
director of technical activities for DFI, industry portfolios in just a few short years, distinguished career in construction has
delivered the James M. Hoover and many of whom donate significant always been guided by his enthusiasm for
Distinguished Lecture on October 31, amounts of time and expertise to serve their problem-solving and a contractor’s drive for

results. He was admitted to The Moles in CTL|Thompson announced that Bill presentations, guided tour and product
1994 and served as its president in 2013, Hoffmann, P.E., senior principal engineer demonstrations at BAUER Maschinen’s
and presently serves as the president of the and head of its Southern Colorado practice, Aresing and Edelshausen factories, a visit
General Contractors Association (GCA) of was named to the American Council of to the BETEK facility in Aichhalden,
New York. Hourani is a professor, past chair Engineering Companies (ACEC) College of jobsite visits in Stuttgart and Frankfurt, a
of the civil and environmental engineering Fellows. Hoffmann has served as a national guided tour of KLEMM’s Drolshagen
department and current director of director of ACEC and was president of factory, sightseeing in Cologne and Okto-
graduate programs at Manhattan College. ACEC’s Colorado member organization. berfest in Munich.
He championed a partnership with the GCA Hoffmann has spent his entire engineering
of NY in a program for training construction career with CTL|Thompson, serving on its In October 2018, BAUER Maschinen
management in Minority, Women and corporate leadership team, as senior Group sold its diesel hammer product line
Disadvantaged Business Enterprise principal engineer, and managing the and associated brand name Pileco to Wang
(MWDBE) participation. He also conducts Colorado Springs and Pueblo divisions. He LLC, a subsidiary of Wuxi Xinren Universal
the engineering awareness programs for is past president and founder of the Machinery, a long-standing supplier and
local high schools and has acted to revitalize Southern Colorado section of the Colorado partner to Bauer. The sale was due to market
Manhattan College’s commitment to Association of Geotechnical Engineers and developments in the diesel hammer sector
diversity and inclusion by supporting an active member of the HBA of Southern in the U.S. and to the fact that the product
minorities and women in engineering. Colorado and the Association of General no longer suits Bauer’s overall portfolio. The
Contractors of Southern Colorado (AGC- Texas subsidiary of BAUER Maschinen in
TEI Rock Drills is offering two sessions of SOCO). He also serves the industry Houston will remain under the leadership
its Hollow Bar School in 2019. Students nationally through the American Society of of Jochen Grundmann and operate under
will learn from industry experts through Civil Engineers. the new name BAUER Equipment America
classroom and field training about the (BEA). BEA will continue to be an
process and best practices of installing ECA joined BAUER Equipment America important base for the sale of Bauer’s entire
hollow bar micropiles for soil stabilization. (BEA) in hosting 36 distinguished guests at range of specialist foundation engineering
Various aspects of hollow bar installation the annual BAUER Oktoberfest Event in equipment in North America, and service
will be taught including the TEI method for Germany from October 17-21, 2018. This and maintenance work will also be carried
installation, grouting principles, an year’s agenda included BAUER product out at the Conroe Park West industrial park.
overview of micropile and soil nail design,
and step-by-step instructions on how to
properly test a hollow bar micropile. Case
studies from geotechnical contractors will
be emphasized. Instructors also cover the
operation, maintenance, and trouble-
shooting of each piece of equipment. The
Hollow Bar School will take place in
Montrose, Colo. on June 2-4 and June 5-7.
Each session is limited to 32 participants,
and provides 16 hours of training by
highly-regarded professionals with a ratio
of one instructor per every two students. To
register, call Sydnie at 1-800-777-3745 or
email sydnie@teirockdrills.com.
Prof. Jean-Louis Briaud delivered the

Langan Lecture in New York City on
October 18, 2018, on the topic of
excavation support with deep soil mixing.
Briaud is a distinguished professor at
Texas A&M University, a distinguished
member of ASCE, and is a candidate for
president of ASCE. Email Prof. Briaud at
briaud@tamu.edu for a copy of the
presentation.

Certifications for Drill Rig Operators Introduced
The National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators To achieve certification, candidates must take the Drill Rig
(NCCCO) and the International Association for Foundation Operator Core written exam and at least one written specialty exam
Drilling (ADSC) have jointly announced the introduction of a (Foundation Drill Rig and/or Anchor/Micropile Drill Rig), as well as
certification program for operators of drill rig equipment. the corresponding specialty practical exam. The written exams cover
Foundation drill rigs and anchor/micropile drill rigs represent a wide variety of knowledge areas critical to drill rig work, including
specialized equipment used in the construction industry for pre-operations, site conditions, operations, technical knowledge,
drilling cylindrical holes in the earth. Until now, no independent tooling, and communication. The practical exams require
mechanism has existed for operators to demonstrate the candidates to demonstrate their ability to operate the equipment and
knowledge, skills and abilities required of this equipment. A task to utilize skills they habitually apply to in-the-field activities.
force of subject matter experts representing operators, users, The foundation drill rig practical exam includes tasks related to
owners, manufacturers, trainers and other stakeholders developed inspecting the equipment, site safety protocols, identifying opera-
the written and practical examinations that individuals must pass tional controls, picking up and laying down pipe, tool positioning,
to become certified. drilling, and safe shutdown/securing. The anchor/micropile drill rig
Task force members identified the knowledge areas and tasks practical exam includes tasks related to inspecting the equipment,
necessary for safe drill rig operation. Using sound psychometric forward and reverse travel, vertical drill steel joint, angled and vertical
principles and the very best practices of test development they drill steel placement, and safe shutdown/securing.
developed examinations that are fair, valid, reliable, and legally Full documentation for candidates and test sites preparing for
defensible. Although OSHA does not currently require operators of the CCO drill rig operator certification exams are available at
drill rigs to be certified, employers are nevertheless required to nccco.org/DRO; free PDFs of the Drill Rig Operator Candidate
ensure they are trained and qualified. Certification can play a major Handbook and Test Site Coordinator Handbook can be downloaded
role in that process. from nccco.org/handbooks. For more information, contact
NCCCO at (703) 560-2391, ext. 202, or email info@nccco.org.
TITAN Preventer System Eliminates Dewatering for Dubai Project

Located in Deira, approximately 500 m (1,640 ft) from a creek, a
Dubai hotel apartment building had undergone some structural
movement within the basement, leading to cracked columns, walls
and slabs. Water had penetrated through the cracks in the
basement slab and walls. The structure was built in 2007 and
consists of 8 stories and two basement levels. An assessment of the
building was carried out, and the consulting engineer compiled a
detailed design to enhance the stability of the structure, which
involved a combination of grouting and micropiling. The issue was
that the micropiles and tube-á-manchette steel grouting tubes
needed to be installed in the basement area, subject to a high
groundwater table. The installation could have been achieved with
temporary dewatering; however, this was not the preferred option the micropile, allowing the installation and grouting to be
because of the location of a nearby underground metro station. completed. The TPS is fixed securely to the structure prior to
Ischebeck’s TITAN Preventer System (TPS) was used to install commencing the installation and is removed once the grout has
micropiles instead of temporarily dewatering the site. The TPS allowed completely cured.
the successful installation of more than 300 self-drilling micropiles The micropiles were installed and grouted using the TPS and
and 580 tube-á-manchette grout tubes. The micropiling was carried implemented to strict health and safety procedures. The whole
out at El. -4.45 m (El. -14.6 ft) with the groundwater level at El. -1.45 procedure enabled the contractor to maintain an excellent
m (El. -4.8 ft), without the need to temporary dewatering. production rate, all to the satisfaction of the site engineer’s and
The TPS is a valve system that is connected to a compressor via client. The real benefit of the TPS was that it allowed the installation
an airline. The system is operated by opening and closing the and grouting of the micropiles in a restricted working area without
rubber insert, by applying air pressure to inflate (close) or deflate the need for temporary dewatering. It was estimated that there was
(open) the rubber insert. When the rubber insert is in the closed a £350,000 cost saving (US $445,550) achieved on this project by
position, it restricts the ingress of water, while pressing tight against using the TPS instead of dewatering.
Panamerican 2019
Cancún Mx.
www.panamerican2019mexico.com
info@panamerican2019mexico.com
XVI PANAMERICAN CONFERENCE November 17th - 20th 2019
ON SOIL MECHANICS AND Venue

Hotel IBEROSTAR, Cancún Mx
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Registration
www.ecodsa.com.mx/BookingPanamericano.html
Technical topics
Topic1. Laboratory and in situ testing Topic 11. Embankments and tailings dams
Topic 2. Analytical and physical modelling in geotechnics Topic 12. Soils dynamics and earthquake engineering
Topic 3. Numerical modelling in geotechnics Topic 13. Ground improvement
Topic 4. Unsaturated soils Topic 14. Sustainability and geoenvironment
Topic 5. Soft soils Topic 15. Preservation of historic sites
Topic 6. Foundations and retaining structures Topic 16. Forensics engineering
Topic 7. Excavations and tunnels Topic 17. Rock mechanics
Topic 8. Offshore Geotechnics Topic 18. Education
Topic 9. Transportation in geotechnics Topic 19. Energy geotechnics
Topic 10. Natural hazards
International Society for Soil Mechanics Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica
and Geotechnical Engineering Mexican Society of Geotechnical Engineering
Preconference courses
PC1 Anchors design, construction and testing
PC2 RCC Dams
PC3 Energy geotechnics: from the basics to the practice
PC4 Flexible pavement design, mechanistic empirical approach
PC5 In situ testing
PC6 Advanced micropile design and construction
PC7 New seismic design criteria for foundations and embankments in Mexico
PC8 Numerical modelling in geotechnics
PC9 Risk analysis and reliability in geotechnics
PC10 Rock excavations
PC11 Soil stabilization with lime
Registration fees
ISSMGE Members ISSMGE Non members
Until March 15 , 2019

th
$500 Until March 15th, 2019 $550
From March 16 to October 15th, 2019

th
$550 From March 16 to October 15th, 2019
th
$605
From October 16th to the PANAMERICAN 2019 $600 From October 16th to the PANAMERICAN 2019 $660
Preconference courses $200
Gala dinner $100
Notes
Fees include taxes

Fees are per person
Fees in USD
Conversion to mexican currency (MXN) will be made at the exchange rate of the pay date
Cooperating Organizations
Become a Certified D.GE
Apply for your D.GE Certification TODAY!
The D.GE (Diplomate, Geotechnical

Engineering) certification recognizes
geotechnical engineers who have
advanced knowledge & expertise in
the field of Geotechnical Engineering
Apply online: www.geoprofessionals.org
Requirements:
P.E. license, Master’s Degree, eight years progressive
experience after receiving P.E. license, and oral exam.
SAVE
YOUR HOST FOR THE CONGRESS
THE
DATE
Società Italiana Gallerie
Meet you
Italian Tunneling Society
MAY
Via Scarsellini, 14
in NAPLES
20161 MILAN (Italy)
Tel. +39 02 25715805
39
ITA - AITES General Assembly and segreteria@societaitalianagallerie.it
www.societaitalianagallerie.it
World Tunnel Congress
TUNNELS AND UNDERGROUND CITIES: MOSTRA D’OLTREMARE
PROFESSIONAL
CONGRESS ORGANIZER
ENGINEERING AND INNOVATION NAPLES 2019
MEET ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE AND ART
www.wtc2019.com AIM Group International - Milan Office

Via G. Ripamonti, 129
20141 MILAN (Italy)
Ph. +39 02 56601.1
Fax +39 02 70048578
wtc2019@aimgroup.eu
www.aimgroupinternational.com
COMMUNICATION PARTNER
Don’t leave anything to chance, visit the WTC 2019 website and make your reservations. PPAN srl
Via Nomentana, 63
We are looking forward to seeing you in Napoli! 00161 ROME (Italy)
Tel. +39 06 87751723
wtc2019@ppan.it
www.ppan.it
106ADV/Novembre 7,5"x4.885".indd
• DEEP FOUNDATIONS 1
• JAN/FEB 2019 16/11/18 15:06
REGISTRATION NOW OPEN!
GEO-CONGRESS 2019
8th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | March 24-27
Top 5 Reasons to Attend

•• Network with your colleagues from around the world.
•• Attend Terzaghi, Peck, and Seed Award Lectures.
•• Gain essential ethics and geo-business information at
sessions provided by GBA.
•• Visit exhibitors to find the latest tools, techniques,
e-programs.
•• Earn Professional Development Hours (PDHs) to
maintain your professional licensure while gaining focused
knowledge.
•• Experience Philadelphia. A First World Heritage City,
with its iconic 300 years of history amidst a vibrant 21st
century culture and streets lined with parks, shops, public art,
restaurants, and museums. Philadelphia is home to four Civil
Engineering Historic Landmarks – a perfect landing spot for
civil and geotechnical engineers!
www.geocongress.org

AD INDEX CALENDAR
BAUER Equipment America. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Berkel & Company Contractors Inc. . . . . . . 11
Berminghammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
BSP International Foundations Limited . . . 60 DFI Events
Casagrande USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Center Rock Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chem Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 March 2019
COMACCHIO S.R.L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
13 Augered Cast-in-Place and
Consolidated Pipe & Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Con-Tech Systems Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Drilled Displacement Piles Seminar
Crux Subsurface, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Pantagis Renaissance, Scotch Plains, N.J.
CZM Foundation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 18 DFI-COPRI New York City Ports and
Donald B. Murphy Contractors Inc. . . . . . . 47 Marine Engineering Seminar
DRILLTOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
DuroTerra, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, N.Y.
DYWIDAG-Systems International, USA, Inc. . 62
Eiffel Trading, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 May 2019
Equipment Corporation of America . . . 36,37
Foundation Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-3 SuperPile ’19
Fugro Loadtest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Sheraton Seattle Hotel, Seattle, Wash.
Geokon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
GFA International, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Goettle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 June 2019
Great Lakes Environmental & Infrastructure . . 2
4-5 HPW-DFI Helical Piles-Tiebacks-Anchors Tradeshow and
GRL Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Hammer and Steel, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Educational Seminar
Hardman Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Hamilton County Fairgrounds, Cincinnati, Ohio
Helical Anchors Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ICE®-International Construction
Equipment, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 August 2019
IDEAL Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6-8 S3: Slope - Support - Stabilization
Ischebeck USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
JD Fields Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Renaissance - The Depot Hotel Minneapolis, Minn.
Jeffrey Machine Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Jiangsu Shunli Cold-Formed Steel October 2019
Industrial Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Keller (Hayward Baker, McKinney, 14-18 44th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations
Moretrench) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Hilton Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Kelly Tractor Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Keystone Drill Services, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Kiewit Foundations Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Langan Engineering &
Environmental Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
L.B. Foster Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Lehigh Hanson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
L.G. Barcus and Sons, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Liebherr-Werk Nenzing GmbH . . . . . . . . . . 87
Magnum Piering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,93
Mait SPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Matrix Construction Products . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Morris-Shea Bridge Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Mueser Rutledge Consulting
Engineers (MRCE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Naylor Pipe Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Olin Engineering Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ougan Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Pieresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,94
Pile Dynamics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
PVE Equipment USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
QSP Packers LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Reed Concrete Pumps &
Shotcrete Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Skyline Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,57,92
Soilmec North America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Specrete-IP Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Star Iron Works, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Tectonic Engineering &
Surveying Consultants P.C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TEI Rock Drills Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DFI Events: Go to www.dfi.org/dfievents.asp for up-to-date information
Watson Drill Rigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Industry Events: See a complete list at www.dfi.org/industryevents.asp
Williams Form Engineering Corp. . . . . . . . 49

DA
TIONS
I
Deep Foundations
N
Institute
N
U
DFI ST
EP FO
326 Lafayette Avenue
ITUTE
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA
DE
Phone: (973) 423-4030

® Fax: (973) 423-4031
Kinder Morgan’s Elba Island LNG Terminal on the

Savannah River downstream of downtown Savannah, Ga.
17th Annual Student Paper Competition - CALL FOR STUDENT PAPERS
The DFI Educational Trust announces the 2019 Student Paper Competition. Students studying in the fields of engineering, construction
and geological sciences are encouraged to submit a paper for consideration. The author(s) of the winning paper will be invited to attend
the DFI 2019 Annual Conference on Deep Foundations in Chicago, Illinois, to present the paper. Conference registration, two nights
of lodging, and a $1,000.00 stipend for travel expenses will be provided to the winners. The winner and first runner-up will receive a
library of up to 20 printed DFI Publications and a complimentary two-year Individual Membership in DFI. The winning paper will be
considered for publication in the DFI Journal.
Papers are solicited on topics relating to deep foundations design and construction as suggested below. Papers on innovations and
advancements that focus on a safe and sustainable future with respect to technology, safety, equipment, and workforce are specifically
encouraged for this year’s competition.
• Crawl, Walk, Run: Improving Future Practice • The Future of Urban Development/Redevelopment
• Developments in Safe Geo- Construction • The Future of Work: Progress in Our Industry
• The Digital Future • 21st Century Infrastructure Needs
• Efficient Deep Foundations, Earth Retention Systems and • Other Topics in Deep Foundations
Ground Improvements
Paper Competition Deadlines:

• Friday, March 8, 2019: Submit an abstract (300 words or less) describing the subject matter of the paper at
https://tinyurl.com/DFIStudent2019.
• Friday, March 15, 2019: DFI notifies students of abstract acceptability.
• Friday, May 31, 2019: Submit draft paper of no more than 20 pages in length via email to events@dfi.org. Papers will be
judged based on submitted drafts.
• Friday, August 9, 2019: DFI notifies winners and offers comments on all papers. All authors are encouraged to incorporate
comments and submit their revised paper for consideration in the DFI Journal.
• Friday, September 13, 2019: Final PowerPoint due by the winner.
Please Note:
• Submit abstracts at https://tinyurl.com/DFIStudent2019.
• Student must be enrolled in an accredited college or university in an undergraduate or graduate program in the field of
engineering/construction/geological sciences.
• Paper must be based on student’s own work and be presented in their own writing. Advisers may be acknowledged on the
paper but not serve as co-author for this competition.
• Multiple students may co-author a single paper submission for the competition but will share the prize should their paper be
deemed the winner or runner-up.
• View samples of past winning student papers.
• Contact events@dfi.org or (973) 423-4030 with questions.
Deep Foundations Institute is a not-for-profit association of contractors, engineers, manufacturers, suppliers, owners and academia
that promotes understanding and advancement of the deep foundations and excavations construction industry through conferences,
publications, and community. The DFI Educational Trust is an independent, non-profit, charitable foundation established by DFI in
2005. It promotes awareness of career opportunities available in the deep foundations construction industry and provides financial
assistance for the education of high school and college students pursuing one of these careers.

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THE MAGAZINE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE JAN/FEB 2019

Driven Piles Support LNG Tank

Grouted Rigid Inclusions

Drilled Displacement Piles for

Column Supported Embankments

Multiple Pile Systems for Disney

DFI Executive Committee

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 3

Departments 69 Drilled Displacement Elements/Piles for Liquefaction Mitigation

83 Multiple Pile Systems for New Disney

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 5

Thanks for the Support

DFI President Matthew Janes, M.B.A., P.Eng.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 7

MANUFACTURED IN AMERICA | DISTRIBUTED WORLDWIDE

The DFI Team

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 9

AUGER PRESSURE GROUTED PILES • DISPLACEMENT PILES • DRIVEN PILES

DEEP FOUNDATIONS | SHORING | GROUND IMPROVEMENT

MORRIS-SHEA America. Our team of experienced geotechnical

MORRIS-SHEA manufacturing and industrial projects.

We have the field-proven experience and wide

MORRIS-SHEA the patented rights for DeWaal Drilled

MORRIS-SHEA and driven piles throughout North America.

Driven Pile Supported LNG Tank in Savannah, Georgia

• Potential liquefaction – sand layer is potentially liquefiable

14 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

Generalized subsurface stratigraphy at Tank D4

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 15

Effect of Soil Densification

Tip Resistance qc (tsf)

group similar to the production piles to evaluate the densification

Observations During Test Program 50

16 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 17

18 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 19

• ISO 9001: 2015 Certified

• Sizes ranging from

• Engineering and Design

• In-house Testing Facility

Helical Anchors Inc.

Highlights of DFI India 2018

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 23

N.V. Nayak, Ph.D., receiving the DFI of India Lifetime

colleges in the region attended the program. Prof. Amit Prashant,

Dr. Rama Krishna and Anjana Kadakia, P.E.

24 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 27

28 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

Chicago Skyline (Photo courtesy of Choose Chicago)

The conference also includes meetings of DFI’s Board of Trustees

Patent No. 10151113

Visit pieresearch.com to see our full line of

Manufacturer of Quality Concrete

The workshop includes lectures, discussions and panel sessions

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 33

Building Infrastructure from the

BUILT ON FIRM FOUNDATIONS

34 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JAN/FEB 2019 • 35

More than machines…solutions.

1 800 PILE USA