Unit-I: Co-axial System of Lenses

Dr. Prashanta Kumar Khandai

Department of Physics
Ewing Christian College
Allahabad

Email: pkkhandai@gmail.com
Mobile Number: +91-9122008433, +91-7717756468

November 11, 2020

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Outline

1 Introduction
Lens

2 Coaxial Optical System

Cardinal Points or Gauss points
Focal Points and Focal planes
Principal Points and Principal planes
Nodal Points and Nodal planes

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 Introduction

Books

• Optics, Ajoy Ghatak, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

• A text book of Optics, N. Subramanyam, Brij Lal and M. N.

Avadhanulu; S. Chand pub.
• Lecture notes by Dr. D. V. Chopra College/Department: Associate
Professor (Retired), Department of Physics and Electronics, Rajdhani
College, University of Delhi.

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 Introduction Lens

Lens
Lens is an image-forming device.It forms an image by refraction of light at
its two bounding surfaces.
In general, a lens is made of glass and is bounded by two regular curved
surfaces; or by one spherical surface and a plane surface.

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 Introduction Lens

Lens

Lenses are mainly of two types- convex lens and concave lens.
Convex lens: thicker at the center than at the edges, also called
converging lens.
Concave lens: thinner at the center than at the edges, also called diverging
lens.

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 Introduction Lens

Terminology
A lens has two curved surfaces, each surface having a curvature.
The length of the radius of curvature of surface is called the radius of
curvature, R.
The reciprocal of the length of the radius of curvature is known as the
curvature C(C = 1/R). A lens has two centers of curvature and two radii
of curvature, one for each refracting surface.
The line joining the centers of curvature of the two curved surfaces is
called the principal axis.
The points where the principal axis intersects the two refracting surfaces
are called the front vertex and the back vertex.

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 Introduction Lens

Terminology
The point F to which a set of rays parallel to the principal axis is caused to
converge (in case of convex lens) or appear to diverge (in case of concave
lens) is the principal focus.
For every lens, there is a point on the principal axis for which the rays
passing through it are not deviated by the lens. Such a point is called the
optical centre. Optical center lies inside the lens.
The distance between the focal point F and the optical center of the lens
is called the focal length of the lens.
The plane perpendicular to the principal axis of lens and passing through
its focal point is known as the focal plane.

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 Introduction Lens

Sign Convention

(1) The diagrams are drawn with incident rays falling in lens from left to
right.
(2) Longitudinal distances are measured from pole along optic axis.

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 Introduction Lens

Continued....

(3) If the distances are measured along the direction of incident ray, they
are considered to be +ve, whereas if they are measured in opposite
direction of incident ray, they will be -ve.

(4) If the heights are measured in upward direction with principal axis,
then they are +ve, otherwise it is -ve if measured in downward direction.

(5) The angles are measured by rotating optic axis to meet the direction of
rays. If the rotation is anticlockwise, the angle is +ve, whereas it is -ve if
the angle is clockwise.

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 Introduction Lens

Image Tracing

(1) One is the ray parallel to the principal axis, which after refraction,
passes through focal point F2 .
(2) Second ray is the ray that passes through the first focal point F , of
the lens; after refraction, it travels parallel to the principal axis.

(3)The third ray, usually called chief ray goes through the optical centre
of the lens and emerges without deviation.

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 Introduction Lens

Deviation by Lenses

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 Introduction Lens

Equivalent focal length

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 Introduction Lens

Equivalent focal length

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 Introduction Lens

Problems

Two lenses separated by 10cm having f1 = 20cm, f 2 = 20cm and an object

at 40cm distance from first lens having size 2cm. Determine the position
and size of the image.

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 Coaxial Optical System

Coaxial optical system

• Single lens are rarely used for image formation.

• In optical instruments such as cameras, microscopes, telescopes etc., a

collection of lenses are used for forming images.

• So an optical system is used which consists of a number of lenses placed

apart and having a common principal axis.

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 Coaxial Optical System

Coaxial optical system

A combination two or more lenses having a common principal axis on

which the centre of curvature of all the spherical surfaces lie is called
coaxial system of lenses.
In a coaxial system thickness of the lens system cannot be neglected. This
is also true in the case of a thick lens.

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 Coaxial Optical System

Continued....

The thin lens formula cannot be applied as such to a coaxial system

because in this formula the thickness of the lens has been neglected.

Further a thin lens consists of two refracting surfaces where as a coaxial

system will have a large number of refracting surfaces. In order to
determine the size and position of the image, one has to consider the
refraction at each surface separately.

It is very tedious to the determine the size and position of the image in a
coaxial system as well as in the case of a thick lens. In order to overcome
this difficulty six cardinal points of an optical system were suggested.

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 Coaxial Optical System

Conjugate points and planes

It is known that as a result of refractions (and reflections) of the rays from

a point object A in a given space there corresponds a point image B.
Points A and B are called conjugate points.

To every incident ray from the point object, there is a conjugate refracted
ray. If two rays from the object interesected at the point object A, the two
conjugate refracted rays intersect at the point image B.

Since a plane is defined by two rays, therefore to every plane in the object
space there corresponds a conjugate plane in the image space.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Cardinal Points
In a coaxial system, there are six cardinal points which simply the study of
the formation of images and the tracing of conjugate rays.

With the help of these points, the exact details of refraction within the
system need not be considered; the coaxial system of lenses may be
treated as a single unit.

The position and size of image of an object may then directly be

determined by the simple formulae for thin lenses of mirrors or single
refracting surfaces.

The six cardinal points of an optical coaxial system are:

(1) Two focal points
(2) Two principal points
(3) Two nodal points.
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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Focal points and Focal planes

Consider a point object situated at F1 on the principal axis such that all
the paraxial rays incident from it on the system are rendered parallel to the
principal axis after emergence.

Such an incident and an emergent ray have been shown by mark ”1” in
Fig.1(a). Then F1 is called the first focal point or the first principal focal
point of the optical system. This corresponds to u = f1 , and v = ∞ .

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued.....

Such an incident and an emergent ray have been shown by mark ”1” in
Fig.1(a). Then F1 is called the first focal point or the first principal focal
point of the optical system. This corresponds to u = f1 , and v = ∞ .

A plane passing through F1 and perpendicular to the principal axis X1 X2

is called the first focal plane (This is shown by dotted line through F1 in
Fig 1(a)). All the rays from F 1 will form a point image at infinity.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued.....

Similary parallel rays (shown by mark ”2”) will converge or appear to

diverge from F2 after emergence from the coaxial system.

The point F2 where the emergent beam cuts the principal axis is called
second focal point.

The plane (shown by dotted line in fig.1(b)) through F2 perpendicular to

the principal axis is called second focal plane. This plane corresponds to
v = f2 and u = ∞ .

The space to the left of S1 S10 is the object space and that to the right of
S2 S20 is the image space.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

A Short Summary to Focal points

The first focal point is a point in the object space such that rays starting
from it become parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the
optical system. A plane normal to the principal axis and passing through
this point is called the first focal plane.

The second focal point is a point in the image space so that the ray
parallel to the principal axis from the object space converge at this point.
The plane normal to the principal axis and passing through this point is
known as second focal plane.

The principal property of the focal planes is that to the rays starting from
a point in the focal plane in the object space corresponds to a beam of
conjugate parallel rays in the image space and inversely, to a beam of
parallel rays in the object space corresponds to a beam of rays intersecting
at a point in the focal plane in the image space.
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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Principal points and Principal planes

These are also, respectively called unit points and unit planes. The
incident ray 1, (shown by F1 A1 in Fig. 1(a)) through the first focal point
F1 , and its conjugate emergent ray 2 at A2 parallel to the axis X1 X2
intersect at Q1 .

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Definition of Principal points

• Two conjugate planes characterized by unit positive transverse
magnification are known as principal planes (also called unit planes). Their
intersections with the principal axis give two points known as principal
points. The distance of the focal points are measured from these points.

• The first principal plane in the object space is the locus of the points of
intersection of the emergent rays in the image space parallel to the axis
and their conjugate incident rays in the object space. The intersection of
the first principal plane with the axis is called the first principal point (P1 ).
The distance F1 P1 = f1 .

• The second principal plane in the image space is the locus of the points
of intersection of the incident rays (in the object space) parallel to the axis
and their conjugate emergent rays (in the image space). The intersection
of the second principal plane with the axis is called the second principal
point (P2 ). The distance P2 F2 = f2 .
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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued....
Consider an incident ray (3) parallel to the axis and passing through Q1 on
the first principal plane P1 Q1 . Its conjugate ray (3) passes through F2 and
also through Q2 on the second principal plane P2 Q2 as shown in Fig. 2.

The two rays (1) and (3) intersect at Q1 and their conjugate rays intersect
at Q2 . Therefore, Q2 is the image of Q1 and P2 is the image of P1 . Q1
and Q2 form one pair of conjugate point where as P1 and P2 form another
pair of conjugate points.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued.....

• P1 Q1 = P2 Q2
Linear magnification, m = +P 1 Q1
+P2 Q2 = +1.
• It follows from above that object and image have the same size. Hence,
the two principal planes are conjugate planes of unit positive linear
magnification (or unit lateral magnification).
• The distances of the first focal point and object are measured from the
first principal point and those of the second focal point and the image
from the second principal point.

• In the case of a thin lens, the two principal plane coincide with the
vertical plane through the centre of the lens which coincides with the two
principal points. That is why all the distances are measured from the
centre of the lens.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Nodal points and nodal planes

Nodal points are two conjugate points on the principal axis of the coaxial
optical system characterized by unit positive angular magnification.

The nodal points are the two axial points, such that a ray directed at the
first nodal point will seem to emerge from the second nodal point parallel
to its original direction.
The lines passing through the nodal point perpendicular to the principal
axis of the system are called nodal planes.
The distances of the nodal points are measured from the focal points.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Properties

(i) The nodal points are two points on the axis such that when one ray
passes through one of the points, its conjugate ray passes through the
other point and is parallel to the incident ray and tanθ
tanθ1 = +1.
2

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued......

(ii) Distance between two principal points = distance between nodal

points.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Continued......
(iii)The two nodal planes coincide with the two principal planes
respectively, if the medium on either side of the lens be the same. It
means that nodal points N1 and N2 coincide respectively with principal
points P1 and P2 . Then they are called equivalent points.

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 Coaxial Optical System Cardinal Points or Gauss points

Location of Cardinal Points

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