Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented by
Mrs. N.Beaula,
Asst. Prof. / ECE,
ACEW.
1)Refractive index /index of refraction:
The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of
the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in
the medium.
n=c/v
c=speed of light wave in free space(3x108m/s).
v=velocity of light in non conducting medium.
n=1.00 for air , n=1.33 for water,1.45 for silica glass,2.45 for
diamond.
2)Reflection and Refraction
When a light ray
encounters a boundary
separating two different
media , part of ray is
reflected back in to first
medium and the
remainder is bent
(refracted) as it enters
the second material.
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At interface by Snell’s law
n1 sinφ1 =n2 sinφ2
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3) Total internal reflection
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4)Critical angle
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5)Acceptance angle
In an optical fiber, a light ray undergoes its first refraction at the air-core interface.
The angle at which this refraction occurs is crucial because this particular angle
will dictate whether the subsequent internal reflections will follow the principle of
Total Internal Reflection. This angle, at which the light ray first encounters the
core of an optical fiber is called Acceptance angle.
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6)Numerical aperture
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CONT...
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CONT..
Numerical aperture (NA), shown in above
Figure, is the measure of maximum angle at
which light rays
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7)Skew rays
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Skew rays(CONT..)
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Skew rays are rays that travel through an optical fiber without
passing through its axis
Skew rays are those rays which follow a helical path but they
are not confined to a single plane. Skew rays are not confined
to a particular plane so they cannot be tracked easily
Analyzing the meridional rays is sufficient for the purpose of
result, rather than skew rays, because skew rays lead to
greater power loss
Skew rays propagate without passing through the center axis
of the fiber
The acceptance angle for skew rays is larger than the
acceptance angle of meridional rays
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Skew rays are often used in the calculation of light acceptance
in an optical fiber. The addition of skew rays increases the
amount of light capacity of a fiber. In large NA fibers, the
increase may be significant.
The addition of skew rays also increases the amount of loss in a
fiber. Skew rays tend to propagate near the edge of the fiber
core. A large portion of the number of skew rays that are
trapped in the fiber core are considered to be leaky rays.
Leaky rays are predicted to be totally reflected at the core-
cladding boundary. However, these rays are partially refracted
because of the curved nature of the fiber boundary. Mode
theory is also used to describe this type of leaky ray loss.
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THANK YOU
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