Graph and Network Analysis Applied To Neural Network

Graph and Network Analysis Applied to Neural Network
Manuel Luci
Università di Pisa
1 Introduction
2 How to model brain network
3 Measures of Brain Network
4 Modularity
5 Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory
6 Disorganization of Brain Networks in Neurological and Psychiatric

Disorders
Manuel Luci (Università di Pisa) Graph and Network Analysis Applied to Neural Network 2 / 63
Introduction
Random Network
One of the most important properties of a graph is its degree distribution.

It gives important information about its topology.
Introduction
Random Network
One of the most important properties of a graph is its degree distribution.

It gives important information about its topology.
A random graph G(N, p) is a graph of N nodes where each pair of nodes
is connected by probability p. One of the most important random graph is
ER graph (Erdős–Rényi).
Introduction
ER Model properties
ER graph has a Poission degree distribution: let be < k > the avarage
degree:
< k >k e −<k>
P(k) =
k!
Introduction
ER Model properties
degree:
< k >k e −<k>
P(k) =
k!
< k >= p(N − 1)

Let be < L >: avarage number of links in a random graph:
N(N − 1)
< L >= p
2
Introduction
ER Model properties
degree:
< k >k e −<k>
P(k) =
k!
< k >= p(N − 1)

N(N − 1)
< L >= p
2
Let be Ci the clustering coefficient:
Ci = p
Introduction
ER Model properties
degree:
< k >k e −<k>
P(k) =
k!
< k >= p(N − 1)

N(N − 1)
< L >= p
2
Let be Ci the clustering coefficient:
Ci = p
Let d the avarge diameter (the longest path):
log n
d=
log < k >
Introduction ER Model
ER Model properties
Degree Distribution
17.5
15.0
12.5
#Nodes
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5
Degree
Figure: Degree distribution of the left

Figure: An example of ER graph with
graph, we can notice a Possion
p = 0.1,N = 100
distribution shape
Introduction BA Model
Scale-Free Network
ER graphs are not a good representation of real (in our case neural)
network.
Scale-Free Network
ER graphs are not a good representation of real (in our case neural)
network.
A good model is Scale-Free one:
P(k) = Ck −γ
This model is also called Barabási–Albert (BA)
Barabási–Albert Model Properties
This model has as parameters the number of nodes N and number of links
m, with the following properties:
This model has as parameters the number of nodes N and number of links
m, with the following properties:
< k >= 2m
m(ln N)2
C=
4N
ln N
d=
ln ln N
Degree Distribution
101
#Nodes
100
100 101
Degree
Figure: Degree distribution of the left

Figure: An example of BA graph with
graph, we can notice a power law
m = 7,N = 100
distribution shape
Small World
Locally brain networks show small-world property.
Small World

Small world phenomena is characterized by:
High clustering coefficient.
Short distances.
Small World

Short distances.
It is possible simulate Small-World graph using Watts-Stogatz algorithm:
1 Start with a ring lattice with N nodes in which every node is
connected to its first K neighbours
Small World

Short distances.
It is possible simulate Small-World graph using Watts-Stogatz algorithm:
1 Start with a ring lattice with N nodes in which every node is
connected to its first K neighbours
2 For every edge in the network add an additional edge with
independent probability p, connecting 2 nodes selected uniformly at
random.
Introduction SW Model
Small World
SW Model at different p
p=0 p=0.2
p=0.4 p=0.5
p=0.8 p=1
Introduction SW Model
Small World
Average clustering coefficient at different p

0.5
0.4
0.3
C
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
p
How to model brain network
Application to Brain Netwrok
In the brain we have ∼ 86 bilions neurons and ∼ 150 trillion synapses.
Application to Brain Netwrok
In the brain we have ∼ 86 bilions neurons and ∼ 150 trillion synapses.

We can model our brain in a network at every scale: from small (neurons)
to large one (brain region).
Nodes
Nodes are neurons/brain regions:

Determined by combinations of brain mappings methods, anatomical
parcellation, measures of connectivity.
Choice of combinations determine network topology
Orders not important for computation, useful for visualization
Edges
Divide into 3 types:

anatomical: white matter tracts
functional: magnitude of temporal correlations(linear, non-linear)
and patterns of cross-correlations.
effective connections: pattern causal interactions (computed with
transfer entropy)
Edges
Type of connectivity, measure-specific, weight and directionality:

binary obtained through a threshold (chosen arbitrarily);
weight: information about straights;
anatomical: size, density, coherence;
functional: magnitude of correlational or causal interactions.
Measurement technique
An important measurement technique is neuroimaging technique (fMRI)

functional connectivity: positron emission tomography (PET), low
temporal resolution, significant spatial resolution, useful for neural
signal generation
Measurement technique
An important measurement technique is neuroimaging technique (fMRI)

functional connectivity: positron emission tomography (PET), low
temporal resolution, significant spatial resolution, useful for neural
signal generation
changes blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)
How to model brain network Functional Connectivity
Functional Connectivity
Functional Connectivity: temporal correlation between BOLD signals in

spatially remote brain region, we divided them into:

Model - based: Identify brain connection network selecting one or
more "seed" regions detecting linear link between them.

Model - based: Identify brain connection network selecting one or
more "seed" regions detecting linear link between them.
Model-free: No temporal-spatial patterns, quantify random neural
interaction.
Model Based
Cross-correlation and coherence: Correlation between BOLD

signals of any 2 brain regions.
Model Based
Cross-correlation and coherence: Correlation between BOLD

signals of any 2 brain regions.
Statistical parametric mapping (SPM): Detect region-specific in
neuroimaging data as fMRI-PET, using combination of general linear
model (GLM) and Gaussian random field (GRF);
Model-Free
Decomposition based analysis: PCA (principal component analysis)

express fMRI data with linear combination of hortogonal
conntributors have greatest impact on data variance.Eigen maps
reflect connectivity architecture of the brain.
Computational high and fail for large data, it is used for dimension
reduction.
Model-Free

reduction.
Clustering: group regions into different clusters based on similarity
between BOLD time series.
Model-Free

reduction.
Clustering: group regions into different clusters based on similarity
between BOLD time series.
Mutual informations: quantifies shared information.
How to model brain network Effective Connectivity
Effective Connectivity
Assess causal interactions between neuronal units.

Also in this case we can divided in Model-Based and Model-Free.
Model-Based
Granger Causality (GC): X "Ganger-causes" Y if Y can be better

predicted using stories both X and Y than only Y .
Model-Based
Granger Causality (GC): X "Ganger-causes" Y if Y can be better

predicted using stories both X and Y than only Y .
Dynamic causal modelling (DCM): bilinear state equation, how
variations in neural activity are affected by activation in another node.
Estimates experimental modulation of both intensive and extensive
connections
Model-Free
Bayesian network (BN): Represent conditional dependencies over set

of random variables through a directed acyclic graph
Edges: dependency between 2 variable;
Nodes have probability distribution, root has prior probability, child has
conditional one
Model-Free
Bayesian network (BN): Represent conditional dependencies over set

of random variables through a directed acyclic graph
Edges: dependency between 2 variable;
Nodes have probability distribution, root has prior probability, child has
conditional one
Transfer entropy (TE): measuring transfer of information between
joint processing
How to model brain network Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI
Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI
1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

normalization based on segmentation, and spatial smoothing, are
performed on the acquired fMRI data.

2 Parcellation scheme to divide brain into serial cortical and subcortical
anatomical units.

anatomical units.
3 Determine pairwise associations between the times series of brain
parcels, representing the functional connectivity network (Correlation
matrix).

anatomical units.
matrix).
4 Obtain binary connectivity by threshold values of correlation matrix.

anatomical units.
matrix).
4 Obtain binary connectivity by threshold values of correlation matrix.
5 Obatin topological properties.
Measures of Brain Network Functional Segregation
Functional Segregation
Ability for specialized processing to occur within densely interconnected

groups of brain regions.

Measure segregation: Presence of cluster or modules, straight froward
interpreations in anatomical and functional network.

Measure segregation: Presence of cluster or modules, straight froward
interpreations in anatomical and functional network.
Cluster in anatomical networks: suggests potential for functional
segregations in these networks.
Cluster in functional networks: suggests an organization of statistical
dependencies indicative of segregated neural processing.
Some measures of them are:

Clustering coefficient:
1X 2ti
Ci =
n i∈N ki (ki − 1)

Clustering coefficient:
1X 2ti
Ci =
n i∈N ki (ki − 1)
Modular structure: subdividing networks into groups of nodes,

maximally number within group link, minimally number between
group:  
 2
X X
Q= euv −  euv  

u∈M v ∈M
Measures of Brain Network Functional Integration
Functional Integration
Ability to rapidly combine specialized information from distributed brain

regions.
Estimate how ease brain ragions communicate.
It is commonly based on the concept of a path.

regions.
Path anatomical: potential routes of information flow, shorter path →
stronger potential for integration.

regions.
Path anatomical: potential routes of information flow, shorter path →
stronger potential for integration.
Path functional: sequences of statistical associations and may not be
correspond to information flow on anatomical connections. Less
straightforward to interpret.

The average shortest path (Characteristic path lengh):
P
1X j∈N,j6=i dij
L=
n i∈N n−1
Global efficiency:
dij−1
P
1X j∈N,j6=i
E=
n i∈N n−1
Measures of Brain Network Small World
Why Small World
Some studies proved as small world property is the most efficient way to
combine segregation and integration with low energy and wiring cost.
Brain networks in fact show the combination of functionally specialized
modules and robust number intermodular links.
Why Small World
Small-World networks should be simultaneously highly segregated and

integrated.
Anatomical and effective networks are simultaneously highly segregated
and integrated, so they have a small-world topologies
Why Small World
Small-World networks should be simultaneously highly segregated and

integrated.
Anatomical and effective networks are simultaneously highly segregated
and integrated, so they have a small-world topologies
The functional networks are also highly segregated but have a lower global
efficiency, so that a weaker small-world attributes.
Small World
Small World
As seen small world properties have a higher cluster coefficient than

random graph, but path length are almost the same.
A measure of small-worldness is:
C /Crand
S=
L/Lrand
Measures of Brain Network Network Motifs
Network Motifs
Global measures of integration and segregation belie a rich repertoire of

underlying local patterns of connectivity.
Network Motifs

Anatomical triangles may consist in
feedforward loops;
feedback loops;
bidirectional loops.
Network Motifs

feedforward loops;
feedback loops;
These patterns of local connectivity are known as motifs.
Network Motifs

feedforward loops;
feedback loops;
These patterns of local connectivity are known as motifs.
The frequency of occurence of different motifs around an individual node
is known as the motif fingerprint.
It reflects the functional role of the corrisponding brain region.
Network Motifs
Fuctional motifs are defined as possible subsets of connection patterns,

embedded within anatomical motifs.
Network Motifs

Motif z-score:
Jh − < Jrand,h >
zh =
σJrand,h
Network Motifs

Motif z-score:
Jh − < Jrand,h >
zh =
σJrand,h
Motif fingerprint:
Fnh (h0 ) =
X
Jh0 ,i
i∈N
Measures of Brain Network Measures of Centrality
Measures of Centrality
Centrality is one of the most important measure and concept of Network

Analysis.
We mean not only spatial one, but also functional centrality.

Analysis.
Regions most central (called hubs) interact with many regions and they
play a key role in network resilience.

Analysis.
Regions most central (called hubs) interact with many regions and they
play a key role in network resilience.
Motifs and resilience are used to detect central brain region.
Some measures of centrality are:
Degree centrality: X
ki = aij
j∈N
ki = aij
j∈N
Participation coefficient:
X ki (m) 2
yi = 1 −
m∈M
ki
ki = aij
j∈N
Participation coefficient:
X ki (m) 2
yi = 1 −
m∈M
ki
Within-module degree z-score:

ki (mi ) − k̄(mi )
zi =
σk(mi )
nodes with this values higher but with lower participation coefficient
are called provincial, important for segregation.
high participation coefficient are likely to facilitate global integration.
Closeness Centrality:
n−1
CC (i) = P
j∈N,j6=i dij
Betweenness Centrality:
1 X ρhj (i)
BC (i) =
(n − 1)(n − 2) h,j∈N
ρhj
h6=j,h6=i,j6=i
Measures of Brain Network Measure of Network Resilience
Measure of Netwrok Resilience
Understand the resilience of neural network is useful to protect and heal it

from lesions and diseases.
A first indirect measures of resilience is the degree distribution: local
power-law distribution are resilient to random deterioration, but
highly vulnerable to target attack.
Measure of Netwrok Resilience
Understand the resilience of neural network is useful to protect and heal it

from lesions and diseases.
A first indirect measures of resilience is the degree distribution: local
power-law distribution are resilient to random deterioration, but
highly vulnerable to target attack.
Assortativity coefficient: is correlation coefficient between the degress
of all nodes on two opposite end of a link:
positive: likely to have a comparatively resilient core of mutually
interconnected hig-degree hubs.
negative: widely distributed and consequently vulnerable high-degree
hubs
Measure of Network Resilience
Average neighbour degree:

P
j∈N aij kj
knn (i) =
ki
Average neighbour degree:

P
j∈N aij kj
knn (i) =
ki
Assortative Coefficient:
−
P P
i eii ai b i
r= P i
1− i ai bi
Modularity
Modules
Modules in brain are called also communities.

Modular system tends to be small-world network.
We can portion module into sub-modules and so on
Modularity Why Modular?
Why Modular?
Modular can evolve by changing in one module at time, without

risking to lose function.
Why Modular?

Advantage for system to evolve under changing on competitive
selection.
Why Modular?

selection.
System with hierarchically modular will be more rapidly and robustly
assembled.
Why Modular?

selection.
assembled.
Modular networks have small-worldness property.
Why Modular?

selection.
assembled.
Modular network topology associated with rich non-linear dynamical
behaviour due to coexistance of segregated and integrated activity
Why Modular?

selection.
assembled.
Modular network topology associated with rich non-linear dynamical
behaviour due to coexistance of segregated and integrated activity
Modular process are viewed in color vision (anatomically localized)
and in working memory, demand acess more globally integrated
processing system.
Modularity Modularity in Anatomical Brain
Modularity Anatomical Brain
We can identify 4 sub-netwotks used a modularity metric to quantify the

optimality of this partitions:
visual
auditory
somatosensorimotor
frontolimbic
Modularity Modularity in Anatomical Brain
Modularity Anatomical Brain
We can identify 4 sub-netwotks used a modularity metric to quantify the

optimality of this partitions:
visual
auditory
somatosensorimotor
frontolimbic
Using correlations between thickness of gray matter in different cortical
regions, we find:
visual
auditory/language
central (somatosensorimotor)
superior parietal modules
Modularity Modularity in Functional Brain
Modularity in Functional Brain
We can report:
Posterior (occipital) and central (sensorimotor) modules
Defualt-mode module:
precuneus
cingulate
medial prefontal cortex
We can report:
precuneus
cingulate
This modular organization is similar at a finer grain, including visual,
central-auditory, default-mode and subcortical modules.
We can report:
precuneus
cingulate
This modular organization is similar at a finer grain, including visual,
central-auditory, default-mode and subcortical modules.
Applying different thresholds to define binary graphs from a
continuous association matrix, it’s possible to show that as long as
the resulting networks are spare, the similarity between modular
decompositions were almost the same.
Most connector nodes are located at junctions between anatomically

segregated cortices(occipito-parietal, occipito-temporal,
parieto-central, and fronto-central junctions) and are often in regions
of multimodal association cortex, whereas the provincial hubs are
located within functionally specialized areas of cortex (primary or
unimodal association areas).
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
100 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600
Figure: Large scale cortical Figure: Large scale cortical

connectivity,nodes represent cortical connectivity,nodes represent cortical
areas and links represent large areas and links represent large
corticocortical tracts or functional corticocortical tracts or functional
associations, no threshold applied associations, threshold applied
Hierarchical Modularity in Brain Network
Highest level fewer and larger modules:

occipital
central
default-mode
Highest level fewer and larger modules:

occipital
central
default-mode
Lower: decomposed into sub-modules, for example central module
can be decomposed into lateral and medial.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Human Intelligence
Human Intelligence
Importance of interaction between frontal and parietal areas.
Better intellectual performance are associated with a shorter path lenght
and the nodal centrality of hub regions in the salience network.
Human Intelligence
Intelligence quotient is positive correlated with nodal properties in the
attention-related network and is negatively correlated with nodal properties
in the default mode, emotion and language system.
Human Intelligence
General intelligence is profoundly affected by the functional integration of
spatially distributed regions, they could not provide sufficient information
as to whether and how human intellectual performance is associated with
the brain’s modular architecture.
Human Intelligence
General intelligence is profoundly affected by the functional integration of
spatially distributed regions, they could not provide sufficient information
as to whether and how human intellectual performance is associated with
the brain’s modular architecture.
Intelligence involves the nodal characteristics of functional connectivity
within and between different brain modules (especially in the parietal and
frontal areas), not global modularity properties or whole-brain ratios of
distinct node types.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Topological Changes Across the Lifespan
Topological Changes Across the Lifespan
Local efficiency and rich club coefficient were incremental until earlier
adulthood to drop with ageing, while global efficiency remain almost
unchanged (only in early years after birth).
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Topological Changes Across the Lifespan
Topological Changes Across the Lifespan
Local efficiency and rich club coefficient were incremental until earlier
adulthood to drop with ageing, while global efficiency remain almost
unchanged (only in early years after birth).
We can indentify changes in the number and strength of connections that
were created to achieve an optimal balance between the wiring costs and
communication efficiency over the lifespan.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Working Memory Performance
Working Memory Performance
Temporary storage and manipulation of the informations required to

perform intricate cognitive tasks such as reasoning and decision-making.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Working Memory Performance
Working Memory Performance
Temporary storage and manipulation of the informations required to

perform intricate cognitive tasks such as reasoning and decision-making.
Increasing global efficiency has been correlated with high functionality in
young adults but with a slight deficiency in older adults.
Right intraparietal sulcus is the area responsive to manipulations of
working memory load, in fact the centrality measures in this region
correlate inversely with working memory capacity.
From studying in action video-games, active learning affects the
integration of working memory (central executive) and attention-related
(salience) neural network.
Advanced player enhance the functional integration within and between
working memory and attention system.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Role of Default Mode Network in Behavioral Performance
Role of Default Mode Network in Behavioral Performance
Comparing brain topological alteration during cognitive task using fMRI

data, we can identify areas affected by human behavioural performance.
Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory Role of Default Mode Network in Behavioral Performance
Role of Default Mode Network in Behavioral Performance
Comparing brain topological alteration during cognitive task using fMRI

data, we can identify areas affected by human behavioural performance.
We can observe differences associated with language-related and
DMN (Default Mode Networks).
Greater intra-modular communication during decision making.
Reduction in modularity (increasing integration efficiency) before misses
compared with hits and task-free rest.
Disorganization of Brain Networks in Neurological and Psychiatric
Disorders Epilepsy
Epilepsy
Chronic neurological disorder, accompained by aberrations in brain activity.

Most often: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)
Disorders Epilepsy
Epilepsy

Network analysis showed contribution of basal ganglia thalamocortical
circuity to whole brain functional connectivity in TLE.
Disorders Epilepsy
Epilepsy

In patients with TLE we can find a disruption of Small-world
properties both in segregation and global integration.
Disorders Epilepsy
Epilepsy

Localization related epilepsy leads to cognitive impairments by
inducing global changes in the brain network instead of a localized
disruption only.
Disorders Epilepsy
Epilepsy

Localization related epilepsy leads to cognitive impairments by
inducing global changes in the brain network instead of a localized
disruption only.
Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) hub nodes inside DMN and
thalamus are damaged, topological alterations in basal ganglia and
limbic system.
Disorders Alzheimer’s Diseas
AD
Chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, leads to deficit in

memory and cognitive brain functions.
Cognitive decline due to aging: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
Exhibited degeneration specific brain hubs, reducing clustering
coefficient and path lengths close to vales of random netwrok.
AD

Global decrease in long-distance functional connections(frontal and
caudal brain regions)
AD

Global decrease in long-distance functional connections(frontal and
caudal brain regions)
Degeneration and randomization, loss global information integration.
Disorders Multiple Sclerosis
MS
Chronic, degenerative, heterogeneous autoimmune disease of central

nervous system.
MS

nervous system.
Sorted brain region based on connectivity patterns using eigenvector
centrality mapping (ECM)
MS

nervous system.
MS-related differences for centrality in specific regions. decreased
ECM values in sensorimotor and ventral stream areas were associated
with clinical disability.
MS

nervous system.
Increasing in thalamus and posterior cingulate, highet connectivity to
regions with low centrality.
MS

nervous system.
Increasing in thalamus and posterior cingulate, highet connectivity to
regions with low centrality.
Occipital, sensorimotor, hippocampal centrality less than healthy one.
Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD
Complex neurodevelopmental disability characterized by difficulties in

communication and behavior:
ASD

Modularity, clustering coefficient local efficency redyced in ASD;
ASD

Global communication efficiency increased (shorter average path
lengths);
ASD

lengths);
Increasing betweenness centrality and local connections by analyzing
the prefrontal brain areas;
ASD

lengths);
Increasing betweenness centrality and local connections by analyzing
the prefrontal brain areas;
Changin in structure of hub nodes.
Disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactiity Disorder
ADHD
No changing in small-world behaviour.
ADHD

Brain network more regular configurations with higher local efficiency
and trend toward decreased global efficiency.
ADHD

Nodal properties in medial prefrontal, temporal, and occipital cortices
experienced regional loss of efficiency. while an increased nodal
efficiency was found in the inferior frontal gyrus.
ADHD

Decreased anterior-posterior connectivity.
ADHD

Weaker interconnectivity in DMN, dorsal attention network and
cerebellum.
ADHD

Weaker interconnectivity in DMN, dorsal attention network and
cerebellum.
Stronger short-range connectivity within reward network (ventral
striatum and orbitofrontal cortex).
Disorders Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Economical small-world properties of low-frequency are impaired;
Schizophrenia

Clustering and path-lenght closer to random graph;
Schizophrenia

Reduced hierarchy of multimodal cortex;
Schizophrenia

Reduced hierarchy of multimodal cortex;
Long physical distance between connected regions, compatible with
inefficient axonal wiring
Schizophrenia
Displaying network 1 of 1 Displaying network 1 of 1

p-value: 0.046 p-value: 0.050
Number of edges: 60 Number of edges: 26
Number of nodes: 32 Number of nodes: 20
Click on a node or edge... Click on a node or edge...
Parietal_Inf_R
Figure: Neural Network of a Figure: Neural Network of a

Schizophrenia patient. For this Schizophrenia patient. For this
simulation I choose a threshold of 2.9. simulation I choose a threshold of 3.2.
This simulation has been obtained using This simulation has been obtained using
NBS NBS
Bibliography
Application of Graph Theory for Identifying Connectivity Patterns in

Human Brain (F. Farahani, W. Karwowki, N. Lightall)
Comparing Brain Networks of Different Size and Connectivity Density
Using graph Theory (B, van Wijk, C. Stam, A. Daffertshofer)
Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and
functional system (E. Bullmore, O. Sporns)
Complex netwrok measures of brain connectivity: Uses and
interpretations (M. Rubinov, O. Sporns)
Modular and hierarchically modular organization of brain networks (D.
Meunier. R. Lambiotte, E. Bullmore)
Network Science (A.Barabasi)

Graph and Network Analysis Applied To Neural Network

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Graph and Network Analysis Applied to Neural Network

2 How to model brain network

3 Measures of Brain Network

5 Cognitive and Behavioural applications of Graph Theory

6 Disorganization of Brain Networks in Neurological and Psychiatric

One of the most important properties of a graph is its degree distribution.

One of the most important properties of a graph is its degree distribution.

< k >= p(N − 1)

< k >= p(N − 1)

< k >= p(N − 1)

Figure: Degree distribution of the left

This model is also called Barabási–Albert (BA)

Barabási–Albert Model Properties

Barabási–Albert Model Properties

Barabási–Albert Model Properties

Figure: Degree distribution of the left

Locally brain networks show small-world property.

Locally brain networks show small-world property.

Locally brain networks show small-world property.

Locally brain networks show small-world property.

Average clustering coefficient at different p

Application to Brain Netwrok

In the brain we have ∼ 86 bilions neurons and ∼ 150 trillion synapses.

Application to Brain Netwrok

In the brain we have ∼ 86 bilions neurons and ∼ 150 trillion synapses.

Nodes are neurons/brain regions:

Divide into 3 types:

Type of connectivity, measure-specific, weight and directionality:

An important measurement technique is neuroimaging technique (fMRI)

An important measurement technique is neuroimaging technique (fMRI)

Functional Connectivity: temporal correlation between BOLD signals in

Functional Connectivity: temporal correlation between BOLD signals in

Functional Connectivity: temporal correlation between BOLD signals in

Cross-correlation and coherence: Correlation between BOLD

Cross-correlation and coherence: Correlation between BOLD

Decomposition based analysis: PCA (principal component analysis)

Decomposition based analysis: PCA (principal component analysis)

Decomposition based analysis: PCA (principal component analysis)

Assess causal interactions between neuronal units.

Granger Causality (GC): X "Ganger-causes" Y if Y can be better

Granger Causality (GC): X "Ganger-causes" Y if Y can be better

Bayesian network (BN): Represent conditional dependencies over set

Bayesian network (BN): Represent conditional dependencies over set

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

1 Slice timing correction, realignment, image co-registration,

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

Construction of Fuctional Brain Network using fMRI

Ability for specialized processing to occur within densely interconnected

Ability for specialized processing to occur within densely interconnected

Ability for specialized processing to occur within densely interconnected

Some measures of them are:

Some measures of them are:

Modular structure: subdividing networks into groups of nodes,