003 TTL Kuliah 3

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK
MESIN
Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.
Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of
Electrical Motors 1
TE
TE
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091237
091237
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TEKNIK
TEKNIK
TENAGA TENAGA LISTRIK LISTRIK
Dosen :
A) Ir.Teguh Yuwono
B) Prof.Ir.Hadi Sutrisno
C) Ir.Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah,M.Eng.
D) Ir.Sjamsjul Anam,MT
Semester G Semester Gasal asal Tahun Akademik 20 Tahun Akademik 2009 09- -20 2010 10
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI ITS FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI ITS
MESIN
Electrical Motors 2
Materi Kuliah :
1. The Magic Of Electricity
2. Electrical Principles and Wiring Materials.
3. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS : DC
Motors, Brushless DC Motors, Stepper Motors,
AC Motors, Squirrel Cage Induction Motors,
Energy Efficient Motors, Economic Analysis
Motors, Motor Failure, Motor Efficiencies, Motor
Rewinding, Transmission of Motor Power,
Variable Frequency Drives.
MESIN
Electrical Motors 3
TheMagic Of
Electricity
by Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah
TheMagic Of
TheMagic Of
Electricity
Electricity
by Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah
MESIN
Electrical Motors 4
Electricity: A form of
energy associated
with a flow of
electrons whose
movements can
create fields of force
and generate energy
Electricity: A form of
energy associated
with a flow of
electrons whose
movements can
create fields of force
and generate energy
Electricity is a form of energy. It is generated by
millions of free-flowing electrons whose
movements create force fields and generate
energy from motion. When you do things like surf
the Net, heat something in the microwave, watch
TV, and turn on the light in your bedroom, you are
using electricity.
If you want to understand electricity, you first
need to know a little about matter, atoms, and
electrons. Matter is anything that takes up space
or has mass. Everything you can touch is made of
matter. Atoms are the very small "building
blocks" of matter. Everything you touch is matter
and is made up of atoms (lots and lots of atoms!).
These very small atoms are made up of an even
smaller nucleus and one or more small electrons
circling the nucleus. Electrons always have a
negative ("-") electric charge, and it is this
electric charge that is responsible for what we
call electricity.
Did You Know? Electrons don't really race from
one end of the wire to the other like sprinters at a
track meet. In an electric current the electrons
jump from one atomto another, pushing other
electrons in front of them as they go. They really
behave more like runners in a relay race, passing
along the baton (electrical energy) from one atom
to the next. The electrons don't actually travel
very fast, but the electrical energy that they
create travels at the speed of light! Remember
that electrons carry a negative electrical charge.
When electrons move from one place to another
they take that negative charge with them. It is this
movement of charge that we refer to as
electricity! So if you can get a bunch of electrons
to cooperate and all head in the same direction,
you've got electricity!
Electricity is a form of energy. It is generated by
millions of free-flowing electrons whose
movements create force fields and generate
energy from motion. When you do things like surf
the Net, heat something in the microwave, watch
TV, and turn on the light in your bedroom, you are
using electricity.
If you want to understand electricity, you first
need to know a little about matter, atoms, and
electrons. Matter is anything that takes up space
or has mass. Everything you can touch is made of
matter. Atoms are the very small "building
blocks" of matter. Everything you touch is matter
and is made up of atoms (lots and lots of atoms!).
These very small atoms are made up of an even
smaller nucleus and one or more small electrons
circling the nucleus. Electrons always have a
negative ("-") electric charge, and it is this
electric charge that is responsible for what we
call electricity.
Did You Know? Electrons don't really race from
one end of the wire to the other like sprinters at a
track meet. In an electric current the electrons
jump from one atomto another, pushing other
electrons in front of them as they go. They really
behave more like runners in a relay race, passing
along the baton (electrical energy) from one atom
to the next. The electrons don't actually travel
very fast, but the electrical energy that they
create travels at the speed of light! Remember
that electrons carry a negative electrical charge.
When electrons move from one place to another
they take that negative charge with them. It is this
movement of charge that we refer to as
electricity! So if you can get a bunch of electrons
to cooperate and all head in the same direction,
you've got electricity!
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
ELECTRICITY AT WORK
MESIN
Electrical Motors 5
If you walk across a carpet,
electrons move from the rug
to you. Now you have extra
electrons. Touch a door
knob and ZAP! The
electrons move from you to
the knob. You get a shock.
If you walk across a carpet,
electrons move from the rug
to you. Now you have extra
electrons. Touch a door
knob and ZAP! The
electrons move from you to
the knob. You get a shock.
Static electricity is usually
caused when certain
materials are rubbed against
each other, like wool on
plastic or the soles of your
shoes on the carpet. The
process causes electrons to
be pulled from the surface of
one material and relocated
on the surface of the other
material. Rubbing a balloon
on a wool sweater creates
charges on the surfaces.
The same goes for a balloon
and a wall. The material that
loses electrons ends up with
an excess of positive (+)
charges. The material that
gains electrons ends up an
excess of negative (-)
charges on its surface.
Static electricity is usually
caused when certain
materials are rubbed against
each other, like wool on
plastic or the soles of your
shoes on the carpet. The
process causes electrons to
be pulled from the surface of
one material and relocated
on the surface of the other
material. Rubbing a balloon
on a wool sweater creates
charges on the surfaces.
The same goes for a balloon
and a wall. The material that
loses electrons ends up with
an excess of positive (+)
charges. The material that
gains electrons ends up an
excess of negative (-)
charges on its surface.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
MESIN
Electrical Motors 6
ELECTRICITYON THEMOVE ELECTRICITYON THEMOVE
In the diagramto the left there
has to be a complete electric
circuit to light this bulb. The
electric current flows from
one terminal of the battery
through the wire to the other
terminal. If we make a gap
or a break in the circuit by
using a switch, the electricity
cannot flow through and the
light goes out. Air is an
insulator. When we flip the
switch on, the two metal
parts in the switch come
together to close the gap
and complete the electrical
circuit.
In the diagramto the left there
has to be a complete electric
circuit to light this bulb. The
electric current flows from
one terminal of the battery
through the wire to the other
terminal. If we make a gap
or a break in the circuit by
using a switch, the electricity
cannot flow through and the
light goes out. Air is an
insulator. When we flip the
switch on, the two metal
parts in the switch come
together to close the gap
and complete the electrical
circuit.
In this electrical circuit
belowthe electrical
current flows from one
terminal through a
metallic plate that is
highly conductive, a
switch and a fuse to
complete the electrical
circuit. If there is a
break or gap in any of
these the circuit will not
be complete and the light
will not illuminate.
A fuse is a safety
device that breaks
the circuit if to
much electricity is
passing through it.
MESIN
Electrical Motors 7
ELECTRICITY
KILLS
ELECTRICITY
KILLS
An electric shock can occur upon
contact of a human or animal body
with any source of voltage high
enough to cause sufficient current
flow through the muscles or
nerves. The minimum detectable
current in humans is thought to be
about 1 mA. The current may
cause tissue damage or heart
fibrillation if it is sufficiently high.
When (and only when) an electric
shock is fatal, it is called
electrocution.
An electric shock can occur upon
contact of a human or animal body
with any source of voltage high
enough to cause sufficient current
flow through the muscles or
nerves. The minimum detectable
current in humans is thought to be
about 1 mA. The current may
cause tissue damage or heart
fibrillation if it is sufficiently high.
When (and only when) an electric
shock is fatal, it is called
electrocution. The average
lightning bolt
carries about
30,000 amps of
charge, has 100
million volts of
electric potential,
and is about 50,000
F.
MESIN
Electrical Motors 8
SAFETY SAFETY
Microshock is a direct
current path to the
heart tissue
Macroshock is current
flowing across intact
skin and through the
body. Current traveling
from arm to arm or
between an arm and a
foot is likely to traverse
the heart and so is
much more dangerous
than current traveling
between a leg and the
ground.
Microshock is a direct
current path to the
heart tissue
Macroshock is current
flowing across intact
skin and through the
body. Current traveling
from arm to arm or
between an arm and a
foot is likely to traverse
the heart and so is
much more dangerous
than current traveling
between a leg and the
ground.
Avoid contact of any
kind with power lines
either downed in a
stormor ones that are
leading into a home.
They may cause
serious injury or even
death by
electrocution.
Never overload electrical
outlets and circuits.
Overloaded electrical
outlets, or circuits that
supply power to several
outlets, is a major cause of
residential fires.
Overloaded outlets and
circuits carry too much
electricity, which generates
heat in undetectable
amounts. The heat causes
wear on the internal wiring
system and can ignite a fire.
The term"ground" refers to a
conductive body, usually the
earth. "Grounding" a tool or
electrical system means
intentionally creating a low-
resistance path to the earth.
When properly done, current
from a short or from lightning
follows this path, thus preventing
the buildup of voltages that
would otherwise result in
electrical shock, injury and even
death. When you create that
path to ground is when shock or
electrocution occurs.
Ground fault circuit interrupter
(GFCI) are good idea when
plugging devices such as a tvs,
toaster, and or tools into walls.
MESIN
Electrical Motors 9
FATHERSOF ELECTRICITY FATHERSOF ELECTRICITY
Ben Franklin an American writer, publisher, scientist
and diplomat, who helped to draw up the US
Constitution also helped to discover the magic of
electricity. Franklin started working with electricity in
the 1740's and believed that lightning was a flow of
electricity taking place in nature. In 1752 Franklin
proved this theory that lightning was a formof
electrical energy by fastening a iron spike to a silken
kite, which he flewduring a thunderstorm, while
holding the end of the kite string by an iron key.
When lightening flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the
key to his wrist. The experiment proved Franklins
theory, but was extremely dangerous- He could easily
have been killed.
Ben Franklin an American writer, publisher, scientist
and diplomat, who helped to draw up the US
Constitution also helped to discover the magic of
electricity. Franklin started working with electricity in
the 1740's and believed that lightning was a flow of
electricity taking place in nature. In 1752 Franklin
proved this theory that lightning was a formof
electrical energy by fastening a iron spike to a silken
kite, which he flewduring a thunderstorm, while
holding the end of the kite string by an iron key.
When lightening flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the
key to his wrist. The experiment proved Franklins
theory, but was extremely dangerous- He could easily
have been killed.
MESIN
Electrical Motors 10
ELECTRICLIGHT ELECTRICLIGHT
When an electric current passes through a wire, the atoms not only
produce heat when they resist the movement of electrons, they
may also change some of the electrical energy into light. In 1878
Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the incandescent
filament lamp and within twelve months Thomas Edison made a
similar discovery in America. Light bulbs contain very thin wires,
called filaments, which force the electrons to travel through an
extremely small area. The resistance is further increased by
making the wire very long and coiling it up to fit into a small space.
The wire resists the current so much that the filament becomes hot
enough to glow white. Swan and Edison later set up a joint
company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this,
electric lighting had been by crude arc lamps. Edison used his DC
generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later to
illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in
September 1882. Edison's successes were not without
controversy, however although he was convinced of the merits of
DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and
America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.
When an electric current passes through a wire, the atoms not only
produce heat when they resist the movement of electrons, they
may also change some of the electrical energy into light. In 1878
Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the incandescent
filament lamp and within twelve months Thomas Edison made a
similar discovery in America. Light bulbs contain very thin wires,
called filaments, which force the electrons to travel through an
extremely small area. The resistance is further increased by
making the wire very long and coiling it up to fit into a small space.
The wire resists the current so much that the filament becomes hot
enough to glow white. Swan and Edison later set up a joint
company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this,
electric lighting had been by crude arc lamps. Edison used his DC
generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later to
illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in
September 1882. Edison's successes were not without
controversy, however although he was convinced of the merits of
DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and
America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.
QuickTimeand a
QuickTimeand a
MESIN
Michael Faraday Michael Faraday
The credit for generating electric current on
a practical scale goes to the famous English
scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was
greatly interested in the invention of the
electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took
earlier experiments still further. If electricity
could produce magnetism, why couldn't
magnetism produce electricity. In 1831,
Faraday found the solution. Electricity could
be produced through magnetism by motion.
He discovered that when a magnet was
moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows through the wire. Of
course, by today's standards, Faraday's
electric dynamo or electric generator was
crude, and provided only a small electric
current be he discovered the first method of
generating electricity by means of motion in
a magnetic field.
Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC
(Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas
Edison in America.
The credit for generating electric current on
a practical scale goes to the famous English
scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was
greatly interested in the invention of the
electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took
earlier experiments still further. If electricity
could produce magnetism, why couldn't
magnetism produce electricity. In 1831,
Faraday found the solution. Electricity could
be produced through magnetism by motion.
He discovered that when a magnet was
moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows through the wire. Of
course, by today's standards, Faraday's
electric dynamo or electric generator was
crude, and provided only a small electric
current be he discovered the first method of
generating electricity by means of motion in
a magnetic field.
Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC
(Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas
Edison in America.
QuickTime and a
QuickTimeand a
MESIN
JamesWatt JamesWatt
James Watt When Edison's generator was coupled
with Watt's steam engine, large scale electricity
generation became a practical proposition. James
Watt, the Scottish inventor of the steamcondensing
engine, was born in 1736. His improvements to
steamengines were patented over a period of 15
years, starting in 1769 and his name was given to
the electric unit of power, the Watt.Watt's engines
used the reciprocating piston, however, today's
thermal power stations use steamturbines,
following the Rankine cycle, worked out by another
famous Scottish engineer, WilliamJ.M Rankine, in
1859.
A steam engine is an external combustion heat
engine that makes use of the thermal energy that
exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work.
Steamengines were used as the prime mover in
pumps, locomotives, steam ships and steam
tractors, and were essential to the Industrial
Revolution. They are still widely used, particularly
for electrical power generation using the steam
turbine. A steamengine requires a boiler to boil
water to produce steam. The expansionor
contractionof steamexerts force upon a piston or
turbine blade, whose motion can be harnessed for
the work of turning wheels or driving other
machinery. One of the advantages of the steam
engine is that any heat source can be used to raise
steamin the boiler; but the most common is a fire
fueled by wood, coal or oil or the utilization of the
heat energy generated in a nuclear reactor.
James Watt When Edison's generator was coupled
with Watt's steam engine, large scale electricity
generation became a practical proposition. James
Watt, the Scottish inventor of the steamcondensing
engine, was born in 1736. His improvements to
steamengines were patented over a period of 15
years, starting in 1769 and his name was given to
the electric unit of power, the Watt.Watt'sengines
used the reciprocating piston, however, today's
thermal power stations use steamturbines,
following the Rankinecycle, worked out by another
famous Scottish engineer, WilliamJ.MRankine, in
1859.
Asteam engine is an external combustion heat
engine that makes use of the thermal energy that
exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work.
Steamengines were used as the prime mover in
pumps, locomotives, steam ships and steam
tractors, and were essential to the Industrial
Revolution. They are still widely used, particularly
for electrical power generation using the steam
turbine. A steamengine requires a boiler to boil
water to produce steam. The expansionor
contractionof steamexerts force upon a piston or
turbine blade, whose motion can be harnessed for
the work of turning wheels or driving other
machinery. One of the advantages of the steam
engine is that any heat source can be used to raise
steamin the boiler; but the most common is a fire
fueled by wood, coal or oil or the utilization of the
heat energy generated in a nuclear reactor.
QuickTime and a
MESIN
PowerTransmission PowerTransmission
1 ) Power station generators make
electricity at 11000 to 25000
volts. To deliver electricity with
as little waste as possible a very
high voltage must be used. So
transformers at the transmission
sub-station step up the voltage up
to 765,000 volts.
2 ) Electricity can be carried over the
countryside on overhead lines or
underground cables. Pylons over
the ground are ugly but they are
much cheaper to make and erect
than underground cables as you
can see.
3 ) To avoid power cuts caused by lightning,
electricity supply lines are
arranged in an inter-connecting
grid. If one of the supplies to a
factory is cut off, it can still get its
supply from another line.
4 ) When the electricity reaches the second
of the two main substations, it is
still at a very high voltage. Step-
down transformers in the
substation reduce the voltage to a
lower level which is carried on
smaller, lighter pylons.
5 ) The final link in the chain from power
stations to commercial and
residential facilities is the
transmission of the stepped-down
voltage.
1 ) Power station generators make
electricity at 11000 to 25000
volts. To deliver electricity with
as little waste as possible a very
high voltage must be used. So
transformers at the transmission
sub-station step up the voltage up
to 765,000 volts.
2 ) Electricity can be carried over the
countryside on overhead lines or
underground cables. Pylons over
the ground are ugly but they are
much cheaper to make and erect
than underground cables as you
can see.
3 ) To avoid power cuts caused by lightning,
electricity supply lines are
arranged in an inter-connecting
grid. If one of the supplies to a
factory is cut off, it can still get its
supply from another line.
4 ) When the electricity reaches the second
of the two main substations, it is
still at a very high voltage. Step-
down transformers in the
substation reduce the voltage to a
lower level which is carried on
smaller, lighter pylons.
5 ) The final link in the chain from power
stations to commercial and
residential facilities is the
transmission of the stepped-down
voltage.
MESIN
Alternating
Current
Alternating
Current
Alternating current is useful because its voltage can be
changed by using a transformer, which is simply two
coils of insulated wire wound round an iron core.
Although there is no electrical connection between the
two coils, any voltage in the first coil sets up a voltage in
the second coil. This effect is called induction. Larger
or smaller voltages, whatever is needed can be set up by
varying the number of turns in the two coils.
Alternating current is useful because its voltage can be
changed by using a transformer, which is simply two
coils of insulated wire wound round an iron core.
Although there is no electrical connection between the
two coils, any voltage in the first coil sets up a voltage in
the second coil. This effect is called induction. Larger
or smaller voltages, whatever is needed can be set up by
varying the number of turns in the two coils.
Of the two forms of
electricity, power
stations use
alternating current. To
make alternating
current, powers
stations use
generators that have
coils like an electric
motor. As each coil is
turned between the
two magnets, current
is made the exact
opposite of an electric
motor. But the amount
of current varies as the
coil turns round.
The picture above shows you how the amount
of current varies as the coil turns. The turning
coil is shown on the top of the picture. You can
see that when the coil is upright, no current is
made at all. As it turns the current flow begins
to increase, but soon the flow gets smaller
again. After the coil has turned half a circle,
the current starts to flow the other way. Power
stations produce 50 of these two-way cycles
every second.
MESIN
21stCentury Electricity 21stCentury Electricity
If we go on using coal, oil and gas as
fast as we do now, they could be
used up in under 100 years. So
scientists are looking for other ways
of producing electricity. If you want
to help these scientist, tell your
friends what you have learned and
grow to love and understand the
magic of electricity even more.
If we go on using coal, oil and gas as
fast as we do now, they could be
used up in under 100 years. So
scientists are looking for other ways
of producing electricity. If you want
to help these scientist, tell your
friends what you have learned and
grow to love and understand the
magic of electricity even more.
MESIN
ElectricalPrinciples
andWiring Materials
Lecturer :
Ir.Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah,M.Eng.
MESIN
Heat and Light
Electricity- form of energy that can produce
light, heat, magnetism, and chemical
changes
Resistance- tendency of material to resist
electrical flow
Conductor- allow electricity flow easily
Insulator- great resistance to the flow of
electricity
MESIN
Amperes, Volts, and Watts
Amperes- a measure of the rate of flow of
electricity
Volts- a measure of electric pressure
Watts- measure of the amount of energy or
work that can be done
Watts= Volts x Amperes Volts= Watts
Amperes=Watts Amperes
Volts
MESIN
Ohms Law
Ohm- measure of a materials resistance to
the flow of electrical current
Ohms Law- the relationship between electric
current, electromotive force, and resistance
E=volts, I= Amperes, R= resistance
E=IR
MESIN
Magnetism and Electricity
Magnetism- a force that attracts or repels iron
or steel
Permanent magnet- hold magnetism
permanently
Poles- north and south
Magnetic flux- lines of magnetic force
Magnetic field- magnetic pattern
MESIN
ElectricMotors
Magnetism is the basis upon which electric
motors operate
Commutator- reverses the current in the
motor
Armature- rotating magnet
Generator- produces a direct current
Alternator- alternates the electric current
MESIN
Circuits
Circuit- a source of electricity plus two or
more wires connected to a load
Open circuit- circle is broken so that current
cannot flow through it
Short circuit- electricity flow through the
circuit and back to its source rapidly
Grounding- connection between a piece of
equipment and the ground
MESIN
ElectricalSafety
Shock- interference with the bodys functions
such as heart rate, injury, or death
Never disconnect or damage any safety
device
Do not touch electrical appliances with wet
hands or feet
Do not remove the long ground prong from
three-prong 12 volt plugs
MESIN
ElectricalSafety
Use ground fault interrupters in kitchen,
bathroom, or wherever moisture is common
Discontinue use of any electrical cords that
become warm or hot
Do not place extension cords under carpeting
Install electrical wiring according the National
Electrical Code
MESIN
Electrical Safety
Use only double insulated portable tools or
tools with a three-prong plug-in
If a fuse is blown or a breaker is tripped, find
out what happened
Install proper fuses or breakers
Do not leave heat-producing appliances
unattended
MESIN
Electrical Safety
Place all heater and lamps away form
combustible materials
Keep metal cases or cabinets of eletrical
appliances grounded
Do not remove the back oa a TV set
Keep electrical motors lubricated and free of
grease and dirt
MESIN
Electrical Safety
Keep appliance dry
Do not use switches, outlets, fixture, or
extension cords that are cracked or damaged
Follow manufactures instructions
MESIN
Service Entrance
Entrance head- used to attach exterior wires
to interior wires of a building
Transformer- converts high voltage from the
power lines to 220 volts
MESIN
ServiceEntrance
Service drop- an assembly of electrical
wires, connector, and fastener used to
transmit electricity from the transformer to the
entrance head
Service entrance panel- box with fuses or
circuit breakers where electricity enter the
building
MESIN
Meter
Meter- a system that measure all electricity
that passes through it
Kilowatthours- unit in which electricity is
measured
Use of 1000 watts for 1 hour
Watthour- use of 1 watt per hour
MESIN
BranchCircuits
Branch circuits- branch out from the
entrance panel to a variety of places and for
a variety of different purposes
Fuse- a plug or cartridge containing a strip of
metal
Circuit breaker- a switch that trips and
breaks the circuit
MESIN
Types of Cables
Nonmetallic sheathed cable- consists of
copper or aluminum wires covered with paper
and vinyl
Armored cable- a flexible metal sheath with
individual wires inside
Conduit- tubing that contains individual
insulated wires
Electrical metallic tube- bendable type of
metal
MESIN
Voltage Drop
A loss of voltage as it travels along a wire
Causes lights to dim, heaters to put out less
heat
Larger wire, less problem
Wire size must be increased according to the
distance
MESIN
Wire Identification
Type T- used for dry locations
Type TW- use in dry or wet locations
Type THHN- dry locations, high temperature
Type THW and THWN- wet locations, high
temperature
Type XHHW- high moisture and heat
resistance
Type UF- direct burial in soil but not concrete
MESIN
Wire Identification
Positive (hot) wires- black, red, blue wires
that carry current to appliances
Neutral wires- white wires that carry current
from the appliance back to the source
Green wires and bare wires are used to
ground all metal boxes and appliances
MESIN
What is electricity?
The collection or flow of
electrons in the form of
an electric charge
MESIN
What is static electricity?
When two objects rub against each other electrons
transfer and build up on an object causing it to have a
different charge from its surroundings.
Like the shoes rubbing against the carpet. Electrons are
transferred from the carpet to the shoes.
MESIN
As electrons collect on an object, it becomes negatively
charged. As electrons leave an object it attains a
positive charges. Charges interact with each other:
Often when you remove clothes
from the clothes dryer, they seem
to stick together. This is because
some of the clothes have gained
electrons by rubbing against
other clothes. The clothes losing
electrons become positive. The
negative clothes are attracted to
the positive clothes.
Have you ever rubbed a balloon on your hair and
stuck it on a wall? How do you think this works?
MESIN
MESIN
The van de Graaf generator (large silver ball)
deposits electrons on the ball. When a person
places their hand on the ball and the machine is
turned on, electrons are transferred to and
collected on the person touching the silver ball.
Why do you
think this
machine
affects the
hair of the
children in the
picture?
MESIN
What causes you to be shocked when you rub your feet
across carpet?
An electrical discharge is the passing of an electric
current through the air from a negatively charged object
to a positively charge object. This is what causes
lightning!
MESIN
Check out these static electricity video clips
Static electricity at a gas station
Van de Graaf Generators effect on human hair
Static on Babys hair
Kid gets static going down a slide
Cat abuse by static electricity
What is a conductor and insulator?
A conductor is a material which allows an electric current
to pass. Metals are good conductors of electricity.
An insulator is a material which does not allow an
electric current to pass. Nonmetals are good conductors
of electricity. Plastic, glass, wood, and rubber are good
insulators
MESIN
How are static charges detected?
MESIN
What is the difference between static
electricity and current electricity?
Static electricity is stationary or collects on the surface of
an object, whereas current electricity is flowing very
rapidly through a conductor.
The flow of electricity in current electricity has electrical
pressure or voltage. Electric charges flow from an area
of high voltage to an area of low voltage.
Water pressure
and voltage
behave in
similar ways.
MESIN
MESIN
The pressure of the water flowing through
the pipes on the last slide compare to the
voltage (electric potential) flowing through
the wires of the circuit. The unit used to
measure voltage is volts (V).
The flow of charges in a circuit is called
current. Current (I) is measured in
Amperes (A).
MESIN
What are batteries?
Batteries are composed of a chemical substance which
can generate voltage which can be used in a circuit.
There are two kinds of batteries: dry cell and wet cell
batteries. Below is an example of a dry cell.
The zinc container of the
dry cell
contains a moist chemical
paste surrounding a carbon
rod suspended in the
middle.
MESIN
Wet cell batteries are most commonly
associated with automobile batteries.
A wet cell contains two
connected plates made of
different metals or metal
compounds in a
conducting solution. Most
car batteries have a series
of six cells, each
containing lead and lead
oxide in a sulfuric acid
solution.
MESIN
What is electrical resistance?
Resistance (R)is the opposition to the flow of
an electric current, causing the electrical energy
to be converted to thermal energy or light.
The metal which makes up a
light bulb filament or stovetop
eye has a high electrical
resistance. This causes light
and heat to be given off.
MESIN
The unit for measuring resistance is the
ohm ( ohm ( ). ).
MESIN
Electrical Calculations What is Ohms Law?
I =
3 V
2
I = 1.5 amps
MESIN
What are electric circuits?
Circuits typically contain a voltage source, a wire
conductor, and one or more devices which use the
electrical energy.
What is a seriescircuit?
A series circuit is one which provides a single pathway
for the current to flow. If the circuit breaks, all devices
using the circuit will fail.
MESIN
What is a parallel circuit?
A parallel circuit has multiple pathways for the current to
flow. If the circuit is broken the current may pass through
other pathways and other devices will continue to work.
MESIN
What is the difference between an open circuit and a
closed circuit?
A closed circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical
current is complete and unbroken.
An open circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical
current is broken. A switch is a device in the circuit in which the
circuit can be closed (turned on) or open (turned off).
MESIN
How is household wiring arranged?
Most household wiring is logically designed with a
combination of parallel circuits. Electrical energy enters
the home usually at a breaker box or fuse box and
distributes the electricity through multiple circuits. A
breaker box or fuse box is a safety feature which will
open
MESIN
How is Electrical Powercalculated?
Electrical Power is the product of the current (I) and the
voltage (v)
The unit for electrical power is the same as that for
mechanical power in the previous module the watt (W)
Example Problem: How much power is used in a circuit
which is 110 volts and has a current of 1.36 amps?
P = I V
Power= (1.36 amps) (110 V) = 150 W
MESIN
How is electrical energy determined?
Electrical energy is a measure of the amount of power
used and the time of use.
Electrical energy is the product of the power and the
time.
Example problem:
E = P X time
P = I V
P = (2A) (120 V) = 240 W
E = (240 W) (4 h) = 960Wh = 0.96 kWh
MESIN
Whatis magnetism?
Magnetismis the properties and interactions of
magnets
The earliest magnets were found naturally in the mineral
magnetite which is abundant the rock-type lodestone.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as
compasses to guide sailing vessels.
Magnets produce magnetic forces and have magnetic
field lines
MESIN
Magnets have two ends or poles, called north and
south poles. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field
lines are closer together.
Unlike poles of magnets attract
each other and like poles of
magnets repel.
MESIN
The earth is like a giant magnet!
The nickel iron core of the earth gives the earth a
magnetic field much like a bar magnet.
MESIN
What are magnetic domains?
Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are
composed of small areas where the groups of atoms are
aligned like the poles of a magnet. These regions are
called domains. All of the domains of a magnetic
substance tend to align themselves in the same direction
when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are
typically composed of billions of atoms.
MESIN
Electricity and Magnetism how
aret hey related?
When an electric current passes through a wire a
magnetic field is formed.
MESIN
What is an electromagnet?
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire
wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic
field is produced. This is called an electromagnet.
MESIN
Whatis a galvanometer?
A galvanometer is an electromagnet that interacts with a
permanent magnet. The stronger the electric current
passing through the electromagnet, the more is interacts
with the permanent magnet.
The greater the current passing through the wires, the stronger
the galvanometer interacts with the permanent magnet.
Galvanometers are
used as gauges in
cars and many other
applications.
MESIN
Whatare electric motors?
An electric motor is a device which changes electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
MESIN
Go to the next slide
Howdoes an electric motorwork?
MESIN
Simple as that!!
MESIN
We have seen how electricity can produce a magnetic
field, but a magnetic field can also produce electricity!
How?
What is electromagnetic induction?
Moving a loop of wire through a magnetic field produces
an electric current. This is electromagnetic induction.
A generatoris used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy by
electromagnetic induction.
Carefully study the next diagrams:
MESIN
MESIN
Direct current versus alternating current
AC vs DC : Whats the difference?
Direct current is electrical current which comes from a
battery which supplies a constant flow of electricity in
one direction.
Alternating current is electrical current which comes
from a generator. As the electromagnet is rotated in the
permanent magnet the direction of the current alternates
once for every revolution.
Go to this website and click the button for DC then for
AC to visually see the difference between the two.
You can see that the DC source is a battery current
flows in one direction. The AC source is the generator
and the current alternates once for each revolution.
MESIN
ElectricMotors
Classification / types
DC Motors
AC Motors
Stepper Motors
Linear motors
Function
Power conversion - electrical into mechanical
Positional actuation electrical signal to
position
MESIN
MOTORS
Device to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
MESIN
SomeData OnMotor Use
Electrical Consumption Of Motors
Types Of Motors In Use
Sizes Of Motors In Use
Load Factors Of Motors In Use
Performance Data For Motors
MESIN
DCMotors
DC Motors
Fundamental characteristics
Basic function
Types and applications
Series
Shunt
Combination
Torque characteristics
Modelling
MESIN
Fundamental characteristics of DC Motors
End view
Time 0
End view
Time 0+
Shifting magnetic field in rotor causes rotor to be forced to turn
MESIN
Natureof commutation
Power is applied to armature
windings
From V+
Through the +brush
Through the commutator
contacts
Through the armature (rotor)
winding
Through the brush
To V-
Rotation of the armature
moves the commutator,
switching the armature winding
connections
Stator may be permanent or
electromagnet
MESIN
DC motorwiring topologies
MESIN
SeriesWound DC Motors
Armature and field connected in a series circuit.
Apply for high torque loads that do not require precise speed
regulation. Useful for high breakaway torque loads.
locomotives, hoists, cranes, automobile starters
Starting torque
300% to as high as 800% of full load torque.
Load increase results in both armature and field current increase
Therefore torque increases by the square of a current increase.
Speed regulation
Less precise than in shunt motors
Diminished load reduces current in both armature and field
resulting in a greater increase in speed than in shunt motors.
No load results in a very high speed which may destroy the motor.
Small series motors usually have enough internal friction to prevent
high-speed breakdown, but larger motors require external safety
apparatus.
MESIN
Shunt wound DC motors
Field coil in parallel (shunt) with the armature.
Current through field coil is independant of the armature.
Result = excellent speed control.
Apply where starting loads are low
fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, machine tools
Starting torque
125% to 200% full load torque (300 for short periods).
MESIN
CompoundWound DCmotors
Performance is roughly between series-wound and shunt-wound
Moderately high starting torque
Moderate speed control
Inherently controlled no-load speed
safer than a series motor where load may be disconnected
e.g. cranes
MESIN
Permanentmagnet DCmotors
MESIN
PermanentMagnet DCMotors
Have permanent magnets rather than field windings but with
conventional armatures. Power only to armature.
Short response time
Linear Torque/Speed characteristics similar to shunt wound
motors. Field magnetic flux is constant
Current varies linearly with torque.
Self-braking upon disconnection of electrical power
Need to short + to supply, May need resistance to dissipate heat.
Magnets lose strength over time and are sensitive to heating.
Lower than rated torque.
Not suitable for continuous duty
May have windings built into field magnets to re-magnetize.
Best applications for high torque at low speed intermittent duty.
Servos, power seats, windows, and windshield wipers.
MESIN
ModelingDC Motors
A linear speed/torque curve
can be used to model DC
motors. This works well for
PM and compound designs
and can be used for control
models for narrow ranges for
the other configurations
Model will assume!
Linearity
Constant thermal
characteristics
No armature inductance
No friction in motor
MESIN
DCMotor Modeling
] / [ A Nm K
t
=
b
E IR V + =
e
e b
K E =
I K T
t
=
Motor equations
From the circuit
e
e
t
K R
K
T
V + =
R
K K
T
K
V
t e t
= e
Substituting the above:
R
V K
T
e
s
=
t
n
K
V
= e
For stalled rotor torque
And no-load speed
T
K K
R
t e
n
|
|
.
|
\
|
= e e
In terms of no-load speed
torque/speed equation is:
2
T
K K
R
T T P
t e
n
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = e e
Power is:
Max power is:
R
V
P
4
2
max
=
] / [ rad Vs K
e
=
Units:
MESIN
Application
Use motor voltage and no-load speed to calculate K
t
K
t
= K
e
in SI units
Use stalled rotor torque, V, and K
e
to find R
Note, R varies with speed and cannot be measured at rest
See web download for explanation of K
t
, K
e
:
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/home/mstone/4353/downloads/
Development of Electromotive Force.pdf
MESIN
DC motorcontrol H-bridge
Switches control direction
A switches closed for
clockwise
B switches for counter-
clockwise
PWM for speed control
As duty cycle for clockwise
speed
Bs duty cycle for counter-
clockwise speed
Can be configured to brake
Bottom B and A to brake
MESIN
H-Bridgeimplementation
Elements in box are
available as single IC
MESIN
Brushlessdesigns
Commutation is done
electronically
Encoder activated switching
Hall effect activated switching
Back EMF driven switching
PM armature
Wound/switched fields
Application
Few wearing parts (bearings)
Capable of high speed
Fractional HP
Servos
Low EMC
MESIN
StepperMotors
Description
Generally a two phase motor
permanent magnet rotor and wound fields
Rotor normally has many poles
200 poles = 1.8 degrees per step
Used primarily for position or velocity control
Typically no position feedback
Torques are managed so that an intended step is always achieved
Accelerations, decelerations and loads must be managed intelligently
Two general types of windings
Unipolar
Bi-polar
MESIN
WindingConfigurations
Bi-polar design
6 wire
Unipolar design
4 wire
MESIN
An Electric Motor An Electric Motor
The commutator and coils rotates between two The commutator and coils rotates between two
magnets. This is a three pole motor magnets. This is a three pole motor
MESIN
Brushless Outrunner Motor Brushless Outrunner Motor
The coils are stationary the casing for the The coils are stationary the casing for the
magnets around the periphery rotates. magnets around the periphery rotates.
By Torcman By Torcman
MESIN
Brushless Outrunner Motor
Brushless Outrunner Motor
Torcman Motor Torcman Motor 14 magnets = 14 Poles 14 magnets = 14 Poles
Magnetic field goes around 7 times for 1 rev of Magnetic field goes around 7 times for 1 rev of Outrunner Outrunner
Outrunner Outrunner type motors have more torque than same size brushed motor type motors have more torque than same size brushed motor
MESIN
ACMotors
AC Motors
Fundamental characteristics
Types
Fractional horsepower (single phase)
Integral
Single phase (Cap start Induction run)
Three phase
NEMA Torque characteristics
Modelling
MESIN
FractionalHorsepower Designs
Shaded Pole (low starting torque, simple, cheap)
uses a short circuited coil embedded in face of field to cause one
side of field to be magnetized before the other
Split phase (low starting torque)
Two windings (2-phase), one with high resistance hence different
RL and phase
Centrifugal switch on starting winding
Capacitor Start Induction Run (medium starting torque)
Two windings (2-phases)
Capacitor used on second winding to create leading phase
Centrifugal switch on starting winding
Universal? (intermittent use, brushes!)
DC motor with inductance managed to allow AC operation
Synchronous (clocks, synchronization)
Permanent magnet rotor always in phase with AC
MESIN
ACMotor Model
m
m
L f
E
I
t 2
=
f
E
~ u
w
I k T u =
2 2
w m s
I I I + =
MESIN
ACMotors
Relationship between number of poles and motor synchronous
speed f=60 c/s
Squirrel cage motors must operate with some slip .5 to 8% to allow
the rotor to be magnetized.
Actual speed is synchronous speed reduced by the slip.
P
f
N
s
120
=
1200 6
1800 4
3600 2
Synchronous
Speed
(RPM)
Poles
100
) % 100 ( slip
N N
s
=
MESIN
Squirrel Cage Rotor Induction Motor
MESIN
Inducingmagnetism inthe rotor
Difference between
angular velocity of rotor
and angular velocity of
the field magnetism
causes squirrel cage
bars to cut the field
magnetic field inducing
current into squirrel cage
bars.
This current in turn
magnetizes the rotor
MESIN
Torque/speedcurve
MESIN
Typical starting current
MESIN
Motorcharacteristics
Enclosure / frame
Voltage / frequency
3 or 1 phase
Poles / speed
Service factor
Fraction of rated HP that motor can be operated at
Insulation class/ Temp rise
(operating temperature compatible)
NEMA Design A,B,C,D, etc. (Torque curve type)
See next page
Efficiency
575
220/380 460
425 230
400 200
380 115
50 Hz 60 Hz
MESIN
NEMA Torque characteristics summarized
High Punch Press High ------- Low Very high D
Loaded compressor
Loaded conveyor
Normal Low Normal High C
Same as Design "A" Normal Normal Normal Normal B
Mach. Tools, Fans Low High High Normal A
TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS
FULL
LOAD
SLIP
BREAK-
DOWN
TORQUE
STARTING
CURRENT
STARTING
TORQUE
NEMA
DESIGN
MESIN
NEMA Motor Characteristics
High
Low
Med
Med-High
Med-High
Efficiency
0.5-3 800-1000 160-200 60-140 74-190 E
5-8 600-700 275 NA 275 D
1-5 600-700 190-225 140-195 200-285 C
0.5-5 600-700 175-300 65-190 70-275 B
(most
common)
0.5-5 NA 175-300 65-190 70-275 A
Slip
%
Locked
Rotor
Current
% FL
Breakdown
Torque
% FL
Pull-up
Torque
% FL
Locked
Rotor
Torque
% FL
Design
MESIN
PWMVariable FrequencyDrives
Variable frequency drives use AC to DC converter then a
DC to AC converter (inverter)
Inverter frequency and voltage output can be varied to allow
motor speed to be varied.
Very efficient and cost effective variable speed for 1 HP and up
MESIN
Money SavingO pportunities In
Motor And DriveAppl ications
Make sure the job being done by the
motor is the right job
Correctly size motor for the load
Use energy efficient motors
Use effective belts and drives
Use adjustable speed drives
MESIN
Energy Efficient Motors
What makes an efficient motor
Why buy an efficient motor
Economic analysis of purchase
Potential problems
MESIN
Electric Motor Fundamentals
(Losses)
Stator
Windings (IR)
Stator Laminations (Eddy
Current)
Bearing
(Friction)
External Fan
(Windage)
Rotor or Armature
Windage-Lam)
MESIN
Why Buy an EnergyEfficient Motor
Energy and cost savings
Motors run cooler
Motors last longer
Often have higher power factors, and use
less transformer and distribution system
capacity
Bearings are better
MESIN
EconomicAnaly sis of Motor Use
Purchase cost
Operating cost
Simple payback period
Life cycle cost
MESIN
Purchase Price
Annual Use
Efficiency
Fuel/Energy Cost
Annual Operating Cost
Operating Cost as a %
of Purchase Price
Automobile
$18,000
12,000 miles/yr
30 miles/gallon
$2.80/gallon
$440/yr
2%
60 HP Motor
$4,000
4,000 hours
89.2%
5.6 cents/ kwh
$10,036
250%
Automobile vs. 60H P Motor
MESIN
14K
12K
10K
8K
6K
4K
2K
0
$
Motor A
95%
Efficiency
Motor B
91.6%
Efficiency
Purchase Price (100 HP, 1800
RPM, TEFC)
Net Present Worth cost of
losses @ .05/kwh and 10% cost
of capital, motor life assumed
40,000 hrs
Option A: Purchase price $3,660;
NPW of losses $5,686
Option B: Purchase price of
$3,150; NPW of losses $9,552
MESIN
KW Required
Monthly KWh
Monthly Demand Costs
Monthly Energy Costs
Total Monthly Savings
Payback
8.1 KW
4860 kwh
$72.09
$170.10
$17.24
12 Months
8.5 KW
5100 kwh
$75.65
$178.50
$5.28
22 Months
8.7 KW
5200 kwh
$77.43
$182.00
$0
-
$
2
6
0
$
3
7
5
$
4
7
5
Rewound Standard
86% Efficiency
New Standard 88%
Efficiency
New High-Efficiency
92% Efficiency
MESIN
Projected Energy Savings based on continuous operation
(8,760 hr/yr) with motor operating at full load
Projected Energy Savings
HP
10
25
50
100
HIGH
93.2
93.0
93.6
95.4
STD.
88.5
90.2
90.2
91.0
Efficiency .04/kwh .06/kwh .08/kwh .10/kwh .12/kwh
$149
$218
$526
$1,325
$223
$327
$790
$1,987
$298
$436
$1,053
$2,650
$372
$545
$1,316
$3,312
$447
$654
$1,579
$3,975
MESIN
The following formula, based on the relationship between the efficiency of the old
motor and replacement motor, can be used to calculate electricity cost savings.
S = 0.746 x hp x LF x C x H [ (1/E
old
) (1/E
new
)]
Where,
S = annual savings in electricity
hp = motor horsepower
0.746 = conversion of hp to kW
L = loading in percent, typically assumed to
be 100 percent
C = cost of electricity, dollars/kWh
H = number of operating hours/year (8000 for
continuous)
E
old
= efficiency of old motor. Generally, motors
lose some efficiency when re-wound (1.5 percent
loss is assumed)
E
new
= efficiency of new motor.
For a 150 hp, 1800 rpm TEFC motor, the
values might be:
S = 0.746 x 150 x 1 x 0.04 x 8000 x
x [(1/0.905) (1/0.958)]
= $2,191 saved per year
To calculate the time required to
recover the extra initial investment of a
new motor, we use the following
formula:
Payback = (motor cost utility rebate
estimated rewind cost) / savings per
year
For the example, the payback might be:
Payback = ($6,756 - $1,352 - $874) /
$2,191 = 2.07 years
MESIN
Motor
Efficiencies
Table
MESIN
Motor Failures
Most motor failures are caused by:
Bearing failure
Winding failure
Need to develop a motor plan to deal with
failures and replacements in the best way
Decide on rewinding in advance
MESIN
Dealing with Motor Failures
Motor Failure
Analyze
Failure
Analyze
Damage
Check
Winding
Bearings
Starter
Wiring
Miscellaneous problems
Washdown
Load Problems
Take Care of
Problem
Analytical
Tools
Surge test
Growler
Core Loss Test
Vibration Test
Major
Winding
Bearings
End bells
Shaft
Rotor
Stator
Balance
Minor
Winding
Bearings
Balance
Is it a
Critical
Application?
YES
Running 8000 +
hours/year?
YES
NO
NO
Rebuild Old
Motor
Purchase New
Motor
Do electrical
acceptance
test
Do vibration
acceptance test
Install Tracking
Number on Motor
* Consider Purchasing energy-efficient
motors if estimated costs of rebuild are
65% of the cost of a new motor.
For motors under 7.5 hp, consider
purchasing a new motor in any failure.
MESIN
Rewound versus Premium Efficiency Motors
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 1
1
.
5 2 3 5
7
.
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
5
1
0
0
1
2
5
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0HP
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Premium
Rewound
MotorsEfficiencies
MESIN
Replace Failed Motors
Failed Motor
(50 hp)
Rewind Motor
Premium Efficiency Motor
Top-Premium Motor
High Efficiency Motor
Std. Efficiency Motor
EPACT Efficiency Motor
???
MESIN
Motor Rewinding
Rewinding motors that have failed is very
common since the initial cost is quite low
However, rewound motors are most often less
efficient than new motors, and may be
damaged further in the rewinding process
Motors should be tested before and after
rewinding
MESIN
Factors To ConsiderIn Rewinding
The cost difference between rewinding and
buying a new energy efficient motor
The motor might not be as efficient as the user
expects when it returns from the repair shop
The rewound motor is typically about 1.5% less
efficient than a new standard motor
MESIN
When To Rewind
When it is a special purpose motor
When the motor is not used much
When it is a very large motor
In most other cases, buy a new high
efficiency motor
MESIN
Transmission Of Motor Power
30 - 50% have shaft couplings
10 - 30% have gears
34% have belt drives
6% have chains
MESIN
Motor Belts And Drives
Standard V-belts slip and flex
Cogged V-belts offer some improvement -
about 2-3%
Synchronous belts are the most efficient -
about 5% better than standard v-belts
MESIN
Install Variable Frequency Drives
Cooling Water
(inlet)
Chiller
Cooling Water
(outlet)
Cooling
Tower
Cooling Tower
Fan
Variable Frequency
Drive
Cooling Water
Temperature
signal
VFD signal
Ai
r
- Regulate cooling tower fan speed according to outlet water temperature.
- Energy savings comes from reduced motor speeds especially during
winter time
- Less wear on motor since no longer turning on and off several times.
MESIN
Effects of
variable speed
(inverter)
controls of
centrifugal pump
systems driven
by premium-
efficiency motors
MESIN
MESIN
DOMO
ARIGATO
GOZAIMASU!

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