ELECTRONIC AND

PHOTOELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY
NORMAN S. NARBONITA MATS B
ADVANCED TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY
SPECTROSCOPY and SPECTROMETRY

Spectroscopy is the science of studying the

interaction between matter and radiated energy and
does not generate any results.

Spectrometry is the method used to acquire a

quantitative measurement of the spectrum where the
results are generated.
SPECTROSCOPE

Spectroscopes are instruments that allow scientists

to determine the chemical makeup of a visible
source of light. The spectroscope separates the
different colors of light so that scientists can
discover the composition of an object.
The first spectroscope was invented in 1859 by the
German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the
German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY

There are many different types of spectroscopy, but the

main types used for chemical analysis includes (light
and wavelength):

Continuous (filament in an incandescent)

Absorption(light through a cold, dilute gas)
Emission(radiation)
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY
A hot, opaque object, like the filament in an incandescent light
bulb, emits a continuous spectrum, having light of all
wavelengths. A hot, dense gas is another example of an object
that emits a continuous spectrum.
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY
An absorption spectrum is a spectrum of absorption lines or
bands, produced when light from a hot source, itself producing
a continuous spectrum, passes through a cooler gas, an object
that absorbs blue, green and yellow light will appear red when
viewed under white light.
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical
compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation emitted due to an atom or molecule making a
transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state.
ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY
The signal produced by excitation of the analyte consists of a beam of
electrons (rather than a beam of photons).
a. Excitation by X-ray
- XPS (X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy)
- ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis)
b. Excitation by UV radiation
- UPS (Ultraviolet photoelectron Spectroscopy)
c. Excitation by e beam
- AES (Auger electron spectroscopy)
- SAM (Scanning Auger Microscopy)
ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY

Electron spectroscopy is an analytical technique to

study the electronic structure and its dynamics in
atoms and molecules.
In general an excitation source such as x-rays, electrons
or synchrotron radiation will eject an electron from an
inner-shell orbital of an atom.
ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY

The electron is excited first from an initial low energy

state to a higher state by absorbing photon energy. If
the wavelength of the incident beam has enough
energy to promote an electron to a higher level, then
we can detect this in the absorbance spectrum.
Once in the excited state, the electron has higher
potential energy and will relax back to a lower state
by emitting photon energy. This is called
fluorescence spectrum.
ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is the energy

measurements of photoelectrons emitted from solids,
gases, or liquids by the photoelectric effect (Kai
Siegbahn1957).
PES can be divided accordingly into:
1. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

The photoelectric effect states that electrons can be

pushed off the surface of a solid by electromagnetic
radiation. The ejected electrons are called
photoelectrons.