CLASS-11th

THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

BIOLOGY-I
 CONTENT
Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Organisms 01-59
 The Living World 1
 Biological Classification 11
 The Plant Kingdom 25
 The Animal Kingdom 42

Unit 2 – Structural Organization in Animals and Plants 60-116

 Morphology of Flowering Plant 60
 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 83
 Structural Organization in Animals 103

Unit 3 – Structure and Function 117-165

 Cell-The Unit of Life 117
 Biomolecules 134
 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 152
 CHAPTER 1 ̶ THE LIVING WORLD
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
 TAONOMICAL AIDS
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Diversity in the Living World

INTRODUCTION
 The number of species that are studied and described range anywhere between 1.7-
1.8 million
 naming of living organisms which is same all over the world This process is called
nomenclature
 ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature )
 ICZN( International Code of Zoological Nomenclature )

Universal rules of nomenclature are as follows:

1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics
2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component
denotes the specific epithet.
3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or
printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet
starts with a small letter. Example:- Mangifera indica.(scientific name of mango)

Taxonomy and Systematics

 To know about different kinds of organism and their diversities and relation netween
them this branch of study is termed as systematics
 Systematics takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.

www.toppersnotes.com
1
Taxonomic Categories
 Classification involves a hierarchy of steps and levels in which every step represents a
rank or a category.
 Classification of the organism is not a simple process of one step.
 The category is a part of the overall taxonomic arrangement and it is called the
taxonomic category and all categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy.
 Each category is referred as a unit of classification that represents a rank, commonly
termed as the taxon (pl.: taxa).
 Each rank or taxon, in turn, represents a unit or level of classification.

Figure 1.1 Taxonomi c a t e g o r i e s s h o w i n g hierarchial arrangement in ascending

order

Species

 A group of individual organisms with similar morphological characters which are able
to breed among themselves and produce their own kind is termed as a species..
 Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Panthera leo (lion). All the three
names, indica, tuberosum and leo, represent the specific epithets,
 Human beings belong to the species sapiens which is grouped in the genus Homo.

Genus
www.toppersnotes.com
2
  Genus is a group of closely related species which has more characters in common in
comparison to species of other genera.
 For example, potato, tomato and brinjal are three different species but all belong to
the genus Solanum.

Family

 Family, has a group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to
genus and species. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and
reproductive features of plant species.
 For example, three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed in the
family Solanaceae.

Order

 It is the highest category

 An order is the assemblage of families resembling one another in a few similar
characters. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera
included in a family.
 Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order Polymoniales
mainly based on the floral characters.
 The animal order, Carnivora, includes families like Felidae and Canidae.

Class

 This category includes one or more related orders.

 For example, order Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon is placed in class
Mammalia along with order Carnivora that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog.

Phylum

 Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds along with mammals
constitute the next higher category called Phylum.
 based on the common features like presence of notochord and dorsal hollow neural
system, are included in phylum Chordata
 .In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category
called Division.

Kingdom

 It includes all organisms that share a set of distinguishing common characters.

www.toppersnotes.com
3
  Plants are INCLUDED in the Plant Kingdom and animals are included in the animal
kingdom. It is the highest taxonomic category.
 The number of similar character to the members of a group decreases from species to
kingdom, i.e.,. Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the
relationship to other taxa at the same level

TABLE 1.1 Organisms with their Taxonomic Categories

Taxonomic Aids

 Techniques, procedures and stored information that are useful in identification and
classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids.

Some of the important taxonomic aids are:

Herbarium:
 Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried pressed and
preserved on sheets.
 These sheets are arranged according to a universally accepted system of classification.
 The herbarium sheets also carry a label providing information about date and place of
collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc.
 Herbaria also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.

Botanical Garden:
 These specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference.

www.toppersnotes.com
4
  Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is
labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
 The famous botanical gardens are at Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah
(India) and at National Botanical Research Institute,

Zoological Parks:
 These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under
human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and behaviour
 Natural habitat is maintained.

Museum:
 Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and
reference.
 Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions
 Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.

Keys:
 Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on
the similarities and dissimilarities.
 The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. It
represents the choice made between two opposite options
 Each statement in the key is called lead.

POINTS TO REMEMBER
GROWTH :- Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals are characteristics
of growth
 Reproduction, likewise, is a characteristic of living organisms. In multicellular
organisms, reproduction refers to the production of progeny possessing features more
or less similar to those of parents
 Fungi produce asexual spores which spread nearby and give rise to new fungi.
 Yeast and Hydra multiply by separation of their new bud from themselves which grows
into a new organism called as budding.
 Planaria (flatworms) have special characteristics of regenerating lost parts of the body
by fragmentation and the process is called as true regeneration.
 The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses, use fragmentation as a
reproductive feature.

www.toppersnotes.com
5
  Unicellular organisms like bacteria, algae or Amoeba reproduce and grow by
increasing their cell numbers . An indication of growth as well as reproduction..
 The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in our body is metabolism.
 Properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the
organelle but arise as a result of interactions among the molecular components
comprising the organelle. These interactions result in emergent properties at a higher
level of organisation. This phenomenon is true in the hierarchy of organisational
complexity at all levels. Therefore living organisms are self-replicating, evolving and
self-regulating
 Each name has two components – the Generic name and the specific epithet. This
system of providing a name with two components is called Binomial nomenclature.
This naming system given by Carolus Linnaeus
 Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories
based on some easily observable characters
 Based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This
process of classification is taxonomy
 Monographs (information on any one taxon), manuals (information for identifying
species in an area), flora (account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area)
and catalogues are some useful taxonomic aids.

www.toppersnotes.com
6
1 Marks Question

1. Name the three fields of systematics.

Ans. Nomenclature, classification & taxonomy.

2. Give the two name system of organisms?

Ans. Binomial Nomenclatur.

3. Give the unit of classification?

Ans. category

4. Who gave binomial name of classification?

Ans. Carolus Linnaeus

5. which branch take account of evolutionary relationships

Ans. systematics

6. Give names of two botanical gardens.

Ans. Kew (England) and National Botanical Research Institute (Lucknow)

2 Marks Question
1. Write the rules for nomenclature ?
1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics
2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second
component denotes the specific epithet.
3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately
underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific
epithet starts with a small letter.

2. Write short note on key ?

 Key is taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the
similarities and dissimilarities.
 The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet.
It represents the choice made between two opposite options.
 Each statement in the key is called lead.
www.toppersnotes.com
7
 3. Write the scientific name of mango? Writes the species and genera of mango
Mangifera indica.(scientific name of mango)
Mangifera - genus
Indica – species

3 Marks Question
1. Explain taxonomical aids?
Herbarium:
 Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried pressed and
preserved on sheets.
 These sheets are arranged according to a universally accepted system of
classification.
 The herbarium sheets also carry a label providing information about date and place
of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc.
 Herbaria also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.

Botanical Garden:
 These specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference.
 Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant
is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
 The famous botanical gardens are at Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden,
Howrah (India) and at National Botanical Research Institute,
Zoological Parks:
 These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under
human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and behaviour.
 Natural habitat is maintained.

Museum:
 Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and
reference.
 Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions
 Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.

Keys:

 Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based
on the similarities and dissimilarities.

www.toppersnotes.com
8
  The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet.
It represents the choice made between two opposite options.
 Each statement in the key is called lead.

2. Explain taxonomical categories ?

Species
 A group of individual organisms with similar morphological characters which are
able to breed among themselves and produce their own kind is termed as a species.
 Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Panthera leo (lion). All the
three names, indica, tuberosum and leo, represent the specific epithets.
 Human beings belong to the species sapiens which is grouped in the genus Homo.
Genus
 Genus is a group of closely related species which has more characters in common
in comparison to species of other genera.
 For example, potato, tomato and brinjal are three different species but all belong
to the genus Solanum.
Family
 Family, has a group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared
to genus and species. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and
reproductive features of plant species.
 For example, three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed in the
family Solanaceae.
Order
 It is the highest category.
 An order is the assemblage of families resembling one another in a few similar
characters. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different
genera included in a family.
 Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order
Polymoniales mainly based on the floral characters.
 The animal order, Carnivora, includes families like Felidae and Canidae.
Class
 This category includes one or more related orders.
 For example, order Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon is placed in class
Mammalia along with order Carnivora that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog.
Phylum
 Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds along with
mammals constitute the next higher category called Phylum.

www.toppersnotes.com
9
  Based on the common features like presence of notochord and dorsal hollow neural
system, are included in phylum Chordata.
 In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher
category called Division.
Kingdom
 It includes all organisms that share a set of distinguishing common characters.
 Plants are INCLUDED in the Plant Kingdom and animals are included in the animal
kingdom. It is the highest taxonomic category.

www.toppersnotes.com
10
 CHAPTER 2 ̶ BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
CONTENTS
 INTRODUTION
 KINGDOM MONERA
 KINGDOM PROTISTA
 KINDOM FUNGI
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 VIRUS VIRIODS AND LICHENS
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Introduction

 In Linnaeus time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants
 Limitations of Linnaeus two kingdom system This system did not distinguish
between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes unicellular and multicellular organisms and
photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
 R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. Monera, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
 The main criteria for classification used -cell structure, thallus organisation, mode
of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships

CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM
Monera
 Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
 Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape: the spherical
Coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), the comma-shaped Vibrium
(pl.: vibrio) and the spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)
 Some of the bacteria are autotrophic, i.e., they synthesise their own food from
inorganic substrates.

www.toppersnotes.com
11
  They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. The vast
majority of bacteria are heterotrophs, i.e., they do not synthesise their own food
but depend on other organisms or on dead organic matter for food.

Archaebacteria
 These bacteria live in some of the most harsh habitats such as extreme salty areas
(halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).
 Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure
and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
 Methanogens are present in the guts of several ruminant animals such as cows and
buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the
dung of these animals
 example algae – Nostoc

Figure 2.2 (a) A filamentous blue-green algae – Nostoc (b) a dividing bacteria

Eubacteria
 Known as ‘true bacteria’.
 They are characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum.
 The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar
to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs
 The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial orfilamentous, marine or terrestrial
algae.
 The colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath. They form blooms in
polluted water bodies.
 these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called
heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.
 Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as
nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP

www.toppersnotes.com
12
 production. They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous,
iron and sulphur.

Heterotrophic bacteria
 The majority are important decomposers.
 . They are helpful in making curdfrom milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen
in legumeroots, etc.
 Some are pathogens causing damage , crops, farm animals and pets.
 Causes disease like Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus cancer
 The Mycoplasmas are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. They are the
smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen. Many mycoplasma
are pathogenic in animals and plants

Figure 2.1 Bacteria of different shapes

Protista

Kingdom Protista includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Eugleoids, slime mould and

Protozoans.

 All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista

 Members of Protista are primarily aquatic.
 Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote
formation.

Chrysophytes

 This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).

 They are found in fresh water as well as in marine environments. They are microscopic
and float passively in water currents (plankton).
 Most of them are photosynthetic.

www.toppersnotes.com
13
  In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, The walls are embedded
with silica and are indestructible.
 diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this
accumulation over billions of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’.
 soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. Diatoms are the chief ‘producers’
in the oceans.

Dianoflagellates

 These organisms are mostly marine and photosynthetic.

 They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red
 The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
 Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a
furrow between the wall plates.
 red dianoflagellates (Example: Gonyaulax) undergo such rapid multiplication that they
make the sea appear red (red tides).
 Releases toxin that kill large marine animals

Euglenoids
 Majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
 have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible.
 They have two flagella, a short and a long one.
 They act as both phototropic(in presence of sunlight) and heterotrophic(in absence of
sunlight)
 . Example: Euglena

Slime Moulds

 Slime moulds are saprophytic protists.

 Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation called During unfavourable
conditions,vthe plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at
their tips. The spores possess true walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for
many years, under adverse conditions.
 The spores are dispersed by air currents.

Protozoans

 All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.

www.toppersnotes.com
14
There are four major groups of protozoans.

1. Amoeboid protozoans: These organisms live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil. They
move and capture their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba.
 Marine forms have silica shells on their surface. Some of them such as Entamoeba are
parasites.
2. Flagellated protozoans: The members of this group are either free-living or parasitic.
 they have flagella.
 The parasitic forms cause diaseases such as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma.
3. Ciliated protozoans: These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the
presence of thousands of cilia.
 They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface. Example:
Paramoecium
4. Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in
their life cycle.
 Example Plasmodium (malarial parasite) which causes malaria

Kingdom Fungi –
 The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms.
 Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants.
 Grows in warm and humid places
 Fungi (except unicellular yeast ) are filamentous.
 Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae. The
network of hyphae is known as mycelium. Some hyphae are continuous tubes
filled with multinucleated cytoplasm – these are called coenocytic hyphae.
 Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are
composed of chitin and polysaccharides.
 Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from substrates
and hence are called saprophytes.
 They live as symbionts – in association with algae as lichens and with roots of
higher plants as mycorrhiza.
 Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means – fragmentation,
fission and budding
 . Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or sporangiospores or
zoospores,
 sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.

www.toppersnotes.com
15