PENGENALAN

PROTOZOA

Hishamuddin Bin Ahmad

1.Menerangkan morfologi
dan fisiologi protozoa

2.Menyatakan tentang
pengkelasan protozoa

3.Menerangkan tentang kitar

hidup, cara infeksi,
diagnosis, rawatan dan
pencegahan
All living things can be classified into one of these five fundamental Kingdoms of life.
Each kingdom is further subdivided into progressively smaller groups. The seven
layers of subgrouping are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species. (oleh Robert H. Whittaker)

Kingdom Monera:
This kingdom includes the prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that do NOT possess a
nucleus. Examples include bacteria, actinomycetes, and the blue-green algae.

Kingdom Protista / Protoctista:

This kingdom includes the simplest eukaryotes: single-celled organisms that DO possess a
nucleus. Examples include protozoa, nucleated algae and slime moulds.

Kingdom Fungi:
These nonmotile eukaryotes lack flagella and develop from spores. Examples include yeast,
moulds, and mushrooms.

Kingdom Plantae:
These eukaryotes develop from embryos and also use chlorophyll. Examples include mosses
and vascular plants.

Kingdom Animalia:
These eukaryotes are multi-cellular organisms that develop from a blastula (a hollow ball of
cells). Examples include worms, arthropods, and animals.
Kingdom

Animalia

Helmint Arthropod
Phylum

Nematoda Platyhelminthes Arthropoda

Class

Cestoda Trematoda

Taenia sp.
Paragonimus Anopheles sp.
Ascaris sp. sp.
Kingdom Pengkelasan Protozoa
Protista /
Protoctista

Animal-like
Fungus-like
Phylum

Protists Plant-like Protists

Protists
(Protozoa / (Algae)
(Slime Mold)
Apicomplexa)
Subphylum
Subphylum

Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sporozoa

Kingdom
Pengkelasan Protozoa
Protista /
Protoctista
Phylum

Animal-like Protists (Protozoa / Apicomplexa)

Subphylum
Subphylum

Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sporozoa

Ameba Flagelat Siliat

Plasmodium
sp.

E. histolytica Trichomonas B. coli

sp.

G. lamblia
 Morfologi Protozoa
Phylum Protozoa / Apicomplexa

Subphylum Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sprozoa

Cellular They are unicellular and eucaryote

Cell wall They typically do not have cell walls

Troph They are heterotrophs, not autotrophic

Locomotion Pseudopoda Flagella Silia Non Motile

Contoh E. histolytica T. vaginalis B. coli Plasmodium sp.

 Fisiologi Protozoa
Phylum Protozoa / Apicomplexa

Subphylum Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sprozoa

Makan phagocytosis Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion

Asexual
Reproduction Binary Fission Binary Fission Binary Fission Binary Fission

Sexual
Reproduction - Syngamy Conjugation Syngamy

Urogenital
Habitat GIT Tract, Blood GIT Blood
Ectoplasm
a. The cells of many protozoa consists in part of a clear
outer layer called the ectoplasm.

b. The ectoplasm contains the organelles associated

with:
i. locomotion
ii. feeding
iii. protection

Endoplasm
c. Typical cytoplasm:
i. Within the ectoplasm of protozoa cells lies the
endoplasm.
ii. The endoplasm has a granular appearance and
houses the nucleus, mitochondria, and various
food and contractile vacuoles.
Kitar Hidup Protozoa
Contoh: E. histolytica
Kitar Hidup Protozoa
Contoh: B. coli
Kitar Hidup Protozoa
Contoh: T. vaginalis
Kitar Hidup Protozoa
Contoh: Plasmodium sp.
 Cara Infeksi Protozoa

Ekologi Manusia

• Untreated / unboiled water

• Makan tidak dimasak
• Banjir
• Air bertakung
• Taraf kehidupan / kesihatan
• Kehidupan sosial / ekonomi
 Cara Infeksi Protozoa
Phylum Protozoa

Subphylum Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sprozoa

Contoh Spesis E. histolytica T. vaginalis B. coli Plasmodium sp.

Peringkat Cyst Trophozoite Cyst Sporozoite

Infektif

Makanan / Makanan /
Cara Infeksi minuman Hubungan minuman Vektor Nyamuk
tercemar seksual tercemar

Trophozoite/
Peringkat Trophozoite / Trophozoite Trophozoite / schizont /
Patologi Cyst Cyst Merozoit e/
Gametocyte
 Diagnosis

• complete medical
history of symptoms
and travel

•physical examination
 Diagnosis
Finding cysts or trophozoites in feces or in
duodenojejunal aspirates or biopsies for GIT protozoa.

Contoh: Entamoeba histolytica

cysts trophozoites
 Diagnosis
Filem darah nipis dan tebal untuk protozoa darah.

Contoh: Plasmodium sp
 Diagnosis
Vaginal discharge smear
Contoh: Trichomonas vaginalis
 Rawatan
Biasanya dengan antibiotic Metronidazole
(Flagyl®) for GIT protozoa (juga untuk
anaerobic bacteria).

Drug treatment of malaria is not always easy.

Chloroqunine phosphate is the drug of
choice for all malarial parasites except for
chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains.
 Kawalan
dan Pencegahan
• Promosi kesihatan dan
pendidikan kesihatan untuk
baiki personal hygiene
• Emphasizing hand washing
• Sanitation
• Food handling
• Effective control activities for
the reduction of person-to-
person transmission