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The Cell Theory, Structure and Functions: For General Biology 1 / Grade 11 Quarter 1/week 1
The Cell Theory, Structure and Functions: For General Biology 1 / Grade 11 Quarter 1/week 1
FUNCTIONS
for General Biology 1 / Grade 11
Quarter 1/Week 1
1
FOREWORD
This self-learning kit (SLK) is the first among the series of SLKs in
General Biology 1. SLKs are designed for Senior High School learners
to gain knowledge independently in the absence of face-to-face
learning instruction.
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OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K: explain the postulates of the cell theory and the function of every cell
organelle,
S: make a model of either a plant cell or animal cell, and
A: appreciate the importance of cell and its organelles by observing a
healthful diet.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
✓ Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
I. What Happened
Pre-Test:Directions: In your notebook, write the letter of the best answer.
1. What are living things structurally made of?
a. organs b. cells c. tissues d. all of the above
2. What is the basic unit of life?
a. organs b. cells c. tissues d. all of the above
3. Where do cells come from?
a. plants b. animals c. preexisting cells d. mitosis
4. What was used to study about cells?
a. hand lens c. telescope
b. electron microscope d. compound microscope
5. Where was the term “cell” coined from?
a. plant tissue c. sperm specimen
b. box-like structure in cork tissue d. animal tissue
6. The following are the three main parts of a cell except _______.
a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell wall d. cell membrane
7. What is the common shape of an animal cell?
a. round b. rectangular c. square d. no fixed shape
8. Where are the organelles of a cell located?
a. nucleus c. cell membrane
b. cytoplasm d. scattered anywhere
9. What organelle is known as the “control center” of the cell?
a. cell membrane b. mitochondria c. cytoplasm d. nucleus
10. What regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell?
a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. nucleus d. proteins
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II. What I Need To Know
Cell Theory
(Adapted from Gen. Bio. 1 by Belardo et al., Functional Biology by L.M. Rabago,
and Biology by Capco & Yang)
The idea about the cell came up as a result of different studies conducted by
several biologists from different countries of the world for about 300 years. A
few of these significant studies are as follows:
Jointly, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that all living things are made up of
cells.
Clincher: The study of cell which started from the invention of simple
microscope until the development of cell theory was conducted for about
300 years by several scientists. From then on, further developments and many
technologies were made that had helped humanity.
All cells have three main parts: the cell membrane or plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, and nucleus.
cytoplasm nucleus
Cell
membran
e
Figure 3: The three main parts of a cell
Cell membrane separates the internal contents of the cell from its environment. It is a
phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. As a selectively permeable
membrane, some substances can readily pass through it while others cannot. The
three major functions performed by the cell membrane are as follows: (1) separates
the contents of the cell from its environment, (2) regulates the passage of materials in
and out of the cell, and (3) permits communication with other cells.
The whole region within the cell membrane is the cytoplasm. Organelles are
found and perform their functions in the jelly-like substance called cytosol.
Various metabolic reactions like protein synthesis and breakdown of sugar into
ATP take place in the cytoplasm. Other organic materials are found in the
cytoplasm such as glucose and other simple sugars, polysaccharides, amino
acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, etc. Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions are
also dissolved in the cytoplasm. Centrioles, cytoskeleton, and plastids are the
specialized organelles in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus is the third main part of the cell. It is generally oval in shape,
covered with a nuclear membrane or envelope. It is the control center of the
cell that regulates and coordinates all activities of the cell. Chromosomes are
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found in the nucleus. Within the chromosomes are DNA that make up the
gene that bears the hereditary traits.
The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life. To be able to perform
its function, the cell contains cytoplasm structures called organelles.
• Mitochondria are the sites for the breakdown of sugar molecules into
adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which is the main source of energy in the
body.
• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. The coded message from DNA
as to what kind of protein is to be synthesized is carried by the mRNA from
the nucleus to the ribosome.
• Vacuoles are large storage sacs in cells. The smaller ones are called vesicles.
In animals, some vacuoles function for storage of water or food, while others
are for excretion of waste materials. Vacuoles in plants occupy up to 95%
of the cell volume. Intracellular digestion, space filling, and control of cell
turgor are some of the functions of vacuoles in plants. They contain water,
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sugar, salts, and anthocyanin pigment. Toxic molecules are present that
protect plants from herbivorous animals.
• Another organelle found in plant cells only is the cell wall. It protects and
supports the cells of the plants.
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Figure 5: Plant Cell
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/plant-cell-structure-gm1155004997-314287308
Clincher: How well the cells function, the quality and integrity of the
new cells created in the body, depend on the nutrients provided
to the cells on a daily basis. In short, following a healthful diet help
maintain cells and avoid chronic diseases.
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Activity Time:
PART 1: Directions: Match the column A to column B and the column C.
In many ways, the eukaryotic cell is kind of like a city. I will tell you what each
of the organelles in a cell does. Your job will be to try to match each of the
cell parts to the parts of a city.
(A) Parts of the (B) Part of a City (C) Functions
Cell
__1. Golgi A. Recycling a. in plant cells, a tough wall outside the
Apparatus Plant cell membrane that provides protection
__2. Vacuole B. City Hall and structural rigidity, made of cellulose.
__3. Chloroplast C. A Power b. reads the messenger RNA, copied
__4. Lysosome Station from the DNA instructions in the nucleus,
__5. Mitochondrion D. A Factory and is the site where proteins are made.
__6. Nucleus E. The Roads Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.
__7. Cell F. The Post Office c. a network for transporting proteins
Membrane G. The City Limits across the cell.
__8. Endoplasmic H. A Warehouse d. regulates what enters and leaves the
Reticulum I. A Farm cell.
__9. Ribosome J. Fortifications e. contains DNA, the instructions for
__10. Cell Wall building and operating the cell.
f. burns food to create ATP, an energy
storage molecule which can be used by
the whole cell.
g. a place where waste products and
cellular debris are broken down.
h. uses light energy and CO2 (carbon
dioxide) from the air to build long chains
of carbons (sugars and starches),
releasing O2 (oxygen) along the way.
i. a container for liquids, food, waste, or
other materials. Large in plants, smaller
or absent in animal cells.
j. packages up proteins and labels them
for distribution to other parts of the cell.
Part 2: Essay. Directions: Write a short essay for 5 points. You will be graded
based on the rubrics below:
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Totals: 9 points
Performance Task:
Multiple Choice. In your notebook, write the letter of the best answer.
1. How did the idea about the cell begin? By the invention of_____.
a. hand lens c. microscope
b. telescope d. periscope
2. Who are the three main contributors of the cell theory?
a. Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
b. Virchow, Hooke, Einstein
c. Schwann, Leeuwenhoek, Darwin
d. Jansen, Newton, Virchow
3. Who first saw a cell under the microscope?
a. Jansen c. Leeuwenhoek
b. Hooke d. Schleiden
4. Who concluded that plants are made up of cells?
a. Hooke c. Schwann
b. Virchow d. Schleiden
5. Which was discovered first?
a. cell c. plant cell
b. animal cell d. microscope
6. Where is the site for the breakdown of food molecules to produce
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a. cytoplasm c. Golgi apparatus
b. mitochondria d. nucleus
7. Which of the following structure in plant cell is NOT found in animal cell?
a. Golgi bodies c. plastids
b. ribosomes d. endoplasmic reticulum
8. Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells?
a. nucleus c. cell wall
b. plastids d. centrioles
9. What organelle is known as the “digestive sac” which is capable of
destroying old and damaged cells?
a. ribosome c. vacuole
b. mitochondrion d. lysosome
10. What occupies the largest part of the cytoplasm in a plant cell?
a. ribosome c. vacuole
b. mitochondrion d. nucleus
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REFERENCES
“Nurture Your Cells to Stay Healthy.” General, Bariatric, & Vascular Surgery |
Murrieta Valley Surgery Associates.
https://www.murrietavalleysurgery.com/bariatric-surgery/the-bariatric-
surgery-blog/2017/5/8/3-nurture-your-cells-to-stay-healthy/.
Published:May 8, 2017.
Sandoiu, Ana. “How Your Diet Can Keep Cells Healthy and
Young.” Medical and Health Information, Medical News
Today, 22 Aug. 2018,
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322845.
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
Writers
ALEXA L. BORBON
Illustrator
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U TOLEDO
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
SYNOPSIS
This self-learning kit discusses about the cell
theory. Specifically, it deals with the origin of the
cell and how it was discovered. Scientists who
made significant contributions in the
formulation of the cell theory are given
emphasis. The year when a certain discovery
and development of the cell theory was made
is also included.