Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Chapter-13 : Fire Protection Systems
Chapter-14 : Means of Egress
Chapter-15 : Fire Department Services Delivery Concurrency Evaluation
Chapter-16 : Safeguarding Construction, Alteration & Demolition Operation General
Chapter-17: Wild land Urban Interface
Chapter-18: Fire Department Access & Water Supply
Chapter-19: Combustible Waste Refuse
Chapter-20: Occupancy Fire Safety
Chapter-21-34 : Specific Occupancy Requirements
Chapter-35 : Reserved Occupancy
Chapter-36-37 : Specific Occupancy Requirements
Chapter-38-39 : Reserved
3
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Chapter-40-45: Specific Process Hazard
Process
Chapter-46-49 : Reserved
4
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Annexure-A Explanatory Materials- Not the part of Code
6
Cl. 12.6.3 – Content and Furnishings
Cl. 12.6.3 - Smoldering Ignition of Upholstered Furniture and
Mattresses.
7
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Specimen Preparation
Mattress Pad Mattress Specimens
Sheet Side
Bare Side
Both sides of a mattress prototype need to meet the
requirements of the standard if both sides of the
mattress are intended to be used as sleep surfaces
10 times washing is needed if it contain fire resistance
chemical , Except its for one time use no fire resistance
washing is not needed 8
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Specimen Preparation
Sheeting Ignition Source
After washing, cut across the width of the sheet to produce two
equal-sized pieces of sheeting.
10
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Bare Mattress Test Locations
Place at least three ignited cigarettes on each type of surface test
location for each test surface.
11
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Two Sheet Test Locations
13
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
General Procedure
14
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Test Result
Example pass result for bare mattress. Example fail result on mattress surface.
15
Chapter-18 : Fire Department Access & Water
Supply
Learning Objectives :
16
Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
If the fire apparatus can access the building within 50 ft (15 m),
fire fighters can extend hose lines 100 ft to 150 ft (30 m to 46
m) into the building without undue delay
17
Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
18
Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
19
Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
20
Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
Locks, gates, doors, barricades, chains, enclosures, signs, tags, or seals that have
been installed by the fire department or by its order or under its control shall not
be removed, unlocked, destroyed, tampered with, or otherwise vandalized in any
manner
21
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.1 – Scope
Its is used to calculate available fire department fire flow for fire-
fighting purposes and does not take into account fire suppression
systems or hose stream requirements required by some codes and
standards
22
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.3 – Modifications
The AHJ is permitted to use discretion in reducing the required fire flow in rural areas with
isolated buildings where development of the full fire flow is impractical. It is important to
note that reducing the fire flow is at the sole discretion of the AHJ. Before reducing the fire
flow, the AHJ should determine if the site conditions warrant a reduction and if additional
protection methods, such as fire sprinkler protection, are necessary to justify a reduction
while maintaining a reasonable level of property and life safety protection
23
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.3 – Modifications
24
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.4 – Fire Flow Area
18.4.4.1 – General
• The fire flow area shall be the total floor area of all floor levels of a
building except as modified in 18.4.4.1.1.
18.4.4.1.1- The fire flow area of a building constructed of Type I (443),
Type I (332), and Type II (222) construction shall be the area of the
three largest successive floors
25
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.1 – One & Two Family dwelling units- Less than 5000 Sq ft.
• 18.4.5.1.1 - The minimum fire flow and flow duration requirements for one- and
two-family dwellings having a fire flow area that does not exceed 5000 ft2 (334.5
m2) shall be 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) for 1 hour.
18.4.5.2 – One & Two Family dwelling units- More than 5000 Sq ft.
• 18.4.5.2.1 - The minimum fire flow and flow duration for buildings other than one- and two-
family dwellings shall be as specified in Table 18.4.5.2.1
• 18.4.5.2.4 – Required Fire flow for one and two family dwelling protected by an approved
automatic sprinkler System shall not exceed 2000 GPM for 1 Hour
28
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.3.5- Required fire flow for open parking structures that are not
protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system shall
be reduced by 75% where all of the following conditions are met:
1. The structure complies with the building code
2. The structure is to type 1 or type 2 construction.
3. The structure is provided with a class 1 standpipe system in
accordance with NFPA 14. Class 1 standpipe systems of the manual
dry pipe is permitted.
4. The Resulting fire flow is not less than 1000 gpm
29
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.4 – Required fire flow and automatic sprinkler systems demand
For a building with an approved fire sprinkler systems, the fire flow
demand and the fire sprinkler systems demand shall not be required to
be added together. The water supply shall be capable of delivering the
larger of the individual demands.
30
EXAMPLE
• Determine the required fire flow for a building of Type II (000)
construction with a fire flow area of 26,000 ft2 (2415 m2) that is
sprinklered with standard response sprinklers in accordance with
NFPA 13.
31
SOLUTION
In accordance with Cl. 18.4.5.2.1
The calculated fire flow of 875 gpm (3312 L/min) is less than
1000 gpm (3785 L/min), the minimum permitted
by 18.4.5.2.1. In this case, a minimum of 1000 gpm (3875
L/min) must be provided for a duration of not less than 2 hours 32
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.1 – Fire hydrant Locations & distribution.
• Cl. 18.5.1.1 – FH shall not be required where water distribution
system is not capable of providing a Fire flow of greater than 500 gpm
at a pressure of 20 psi.
• Cl. 18.5.1.2 – Water distribution system is deemed to impractical the
AHJ.
• Cl. 18.5.1.6 – Fire Hydrant shall be located not more than 12ft. From
the fire department access road.
33
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.2 – Detached one and two family dwellings.
35
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.4 – Minimum Number of fire hydrants for fire flow
Cl. 18.5.4.1 through 18.5.4.4
Cl. 18.5.4.2 – The aggregate fire flow demand of all fire hydrants within 1000
ft. of the building measured in accordance with 18.5.1.4 & 18.5.1.5 shall not
be less than required fire flow determined in accordance with section 18.4
Cl 18.5.4.3 – The maximum fire flow capacity for which a fire hydrant shall be
credited shall be as specified by table 18.5.4.3 capacities exceeding the
values specified in table 18.5.4.3 shall be permitted when local fire have the
ability to accommodate such values as determined by the fire department.
36
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Table 18.5.4.3
37
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.7 – Clear space around the hydrant
• Cl. 18.5.7.1 – A 36 inch of clear space shall be maintained around the
circumference of the hydrant except as otherwise required approved.
• Cl. 18.5.7.2 – Clear space of not less than 60 inch shall be provided in
front of the each hydrant connection having a diameter greater than
2- ½ inch
38
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Example : Determine the number of required fire hydrants for a
proposed new manufacturing building with a fire area of 50,000 ft2
(4645 m2) and a construction classification of Type II (000)
(noncombustible and unprotected). The building will be protected
throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system with standard
response sprinklers.
39
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
1. As per the flow test conducted on hydrants as per NFPA 291
Available Fire Flow (AFF) = 3500 GPM
Residual Pressure (RP) = 20 psi
40
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
41
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
42
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.10– Marking of hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.7.1 – A 36 inch of clear space shall be maintained around the
circumference of the hydrant except as otherwise required approved.
• Cl. 18.5.7.2 – Clear space of not less than 60 inch shall be provided in
front of the each hydrant connection having a diameter greater than
2- ½ inch
43
Fire Flow Calculations
What…?
Why…?
As defined in IFC Section B102
“The flow rate of a water supply, measured at 20 pounds per square inch (psi) (138 kPa) residual pressure, that is available
for fire fighting”
Shouldn’t be confused with water needed for manual fire fighting(Hose streams) while the
sprinkler system is still in operation inside the building
Fire flow encompasses the water demand for the entire building on the fire solely for
EXTERIOR FIRE FIGHTING
Methods
Where,
45
ISO
▪ Step 1. Determine the predominant construction type and the associated factor (F).
▪ Step 2. Determine the effective area (Ai).
▪ Step 3. Substitute the values for "F" and "A" into the formula Ci=18F(Ai)^0.5 and calculate the construction
factor (Ci).
▪ Step 4. Round off the construction factor (Ci) to the nearest 250 gpm.
▪ Step 5. Determine the predominant occupancy type and the associated factor (Oi).
▪ Step 6. Determine if there is an exposure charge by identifying the construction type and length-height value
of the exposure building as well as the distance (in feet) to the exposure building. Also make note of any
openings and protection of those openings in the wall facing the subject building (the building the needed
fire flow is being calculated on). The factor related to the exposure building is (X).
▪ Step 7. Determine if there is a communication charge by identifying the combustibility of the passageway,
whether the passageway is open or closed, the length, and a description of any protection provided in the
passageway openings. The factor related to the communications between buildings is (P).
▪ Step 8. Substitute the values for the factors in the formula NFFi = (Ci)(Oi)[1.0+(X+P)i] to determine the
needed fire flow.
46
47
Example-1 – Calculate NFF using ISO
48
Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
1. CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Construction Class 1 (wood frame construction)
Construction type coefficient (F) = 1.5
Effective area (Ai) = 2,250
Ci = 18XF (Ai)^0.5
Ci = 18(1.5) (2,250)^0.5
Ci = 27 (47.43)
Ci = 1,280.72
Ci = 1,250 (rounded to the nearest 250 gpm)
49
Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
2. OCCUPANCY TYPE
Contractor equipment storage
Occupancy combustibility class C-3 (Combustible)
Occupancy factor (Oi) = 1.00
50
Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
4. CALCULATION
NFFi = (Ci)(Oi)[1.0+(X+P)i]
NFFi = (1,250)(1.00)[1.0+(0.00)]
NFFi = (1,250)(1.00)(1.00)
NFFi = 1,250 gpm
51
Example-2 – Calculate NFF using ISO
52
Example-3 – Calculate NFF using ISO
53
Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
1. CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Construction Class 1 (wood-frame construction)
Construction type coefficient (F) = 1.5
Effective area (Ai) = 2,655 (ground floor + 50% second floor area)
Ci = 18F (Ai)^0.5
Ci = 18(1.5) (2,655)^0.5 largest floor Other floors
Ci = 27(51.53)
Ci = 1,391.31
Ci = 1,500 (rounded to the nearest 250 gpm)
54
Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
2. OCCUPANCY TYPE
Cabinet making (occupies over 25% of the total floor of the building)
Occupancy combustibility class C-4 (free-burning)
Occupancy factor (Oi) = 1.15
55
Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
4. CALCULATION
NFFi = (C)(O)[1.0+(X+P)]
NFFi = (1,500)(1.15)[1+(0.17)]
NFFi = (1,500)(1.15)(1.17)
NFFi = 2,018
NFFi = 2,000 gpm
56
Why…? Marking of Hydrants
The marking of hydrants is important for two reasons.
1. It immediately tells fire crews the number and capacity of the fire
main system they are hooking into.
2. It shows that the owner is complying with this program.
Historically, fire crews have trusted public hydrants above private ones,
because the City hydrants are on a routine maintenance schedule, and,
generally, the likelihood of running into problems is lessened.
57
Marking of Hydrants
Classification of Hydrants. Hydrants should be classified in accordance
with their rated capacities [at 20 psi (1.4 bar)residual pressure or other
designated value] as follows:
1. Class AA — Rated capacity of 1500 gpm (5700L/min) or greater
2. Class A — Rated capacity of 1000–1499 gpm (3800– 5699L/min)
3. Class B — Rated capacity of 500–999 gpm (1900–3799L/min)
4. Class C — Rated capacity of less than 500 gpm (1900 L/min)
58
Marking of Hydrants
The tops and nozzle caps should be painted with the following capacity-indicating
color scheme to provide simplicity and consistency with colors used in signal work
for safety, danger, and intermediate condition:
1. Class AA — Light blue
2. Class A — Green
3. Class B — Orange
4. Class C — Red
❑NFPA 291 recommends that only the bonnet and caps be color coded. The rest of
the barrel should be a different color
❑For rapid identification at night, it is recommended that the capacity colors be of
a reflective-type paint.
59
Marking of Hydrants
60
Types of Fire Hydrants
Wet Barrel
According to NFPA 1142 Standard on Water Supplies for
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting:
Key Sentence
“Dry hydrant is an arrangement of pipe permanently connected to a
water source other than a piped, pressurized water supply system that
provides a ready means of water supply for fire-fighting purposes and
Dry Barrel
that utilizes the drafting (suction) capability of a fire department pump”
61
DRY FIRE HYDRANTS
In dry hydrant water has to be drawn from the supply (lake,
pond, reservoir, tank) by a fire pumper through a pipe that is
typically located underground
62
WET FIRE HYDRANTS
63
Private vs Public Fire Hydrants
Everything after street valve will be maintained by
Property owner Fire Hydrant
Public
Fire Line private
to building
Street Valve
8” Water mains
64
LOCATION
4.5 inch should face the
street
Min. 457 mm
Max. 914 mm Approximately 6 feet
from traffic lanes
Bottom of the safety flange when no curb is
should be at least 2.5 present
inches above the grade
where it is set 65
LOCATION
Proposed
Building
Avoid placing it in Collapse Zone i.e.
Wall perpendicular to the walls
Collapse
(Collapse zone = 1.5 X height of building)
Fire hydrants must be placed Zone
at least 40 feet from the
building they serve.
Wall
At least 40 feet from the building they serve.
Collapse
Zone
67
Public Street
DISTANCE FROM THE BUILDING
Criss-cross fire hydrant
Proposed walkway
25 feet
30 feet
Proposed Building
Schools, day care centers What Exactly these distances means 300
..?
Offices, commercial establishments, church, 350
hospitals, nursing homes
Proposed Building
70
FIRE HYDRANT COVERAGE
106’-3”
❑ 143’–9”+ 106’–3” = 250’
73
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION QTY REPRESENTATION
NAME
Pitot Tube For each flow hydrant, one Pitot tube with a pressure gauge 1
capable of reading from 0 to 60 psi (420 kPa).
One outlet- One outlet-nozzle cap that will fit the outlet nozzle of the 2
nozzle cap residual hydrant. The outlet-nozzle cap is equipped with a
pressure gauge capable of reading from 0 up to 25 psi (175
kPa) greater than the pressure expected in the residual
hydrant.
74
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION QTY REPRESENTATION
NAME
One Person One person to read the gauge on the residual hydrant and 1
one person to read the gauge on the Pitot tube for each of
the flow hydrants.
75
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION QTY REPRESENTATION
NAME
Hose 50 ft section of 3” and/or 5” hose 2-4
Allen wrench 1
Clipboard 1
76
Office Planning Prior to Field Testing
77
Set up
▪ Decide which hydrant will be your pressure hydrant and which will be your flow hydrant(s). The
pressure hydrant will be used to measure static pressure and residual pressure.
▪ Decide how many flow hydrants to use. As a rule of thumb, you should flow enough hydrants at
the same time such that the residual pressure drops at least 25% from the static pressure.
78
Set up
▪ @ Flow Hydrant:
• Measure and record the inside diameter (ID) of the outlet nozzle from which the
flow is measured. The inside diameter (ID) measurement is taken to the nearest
1/16 in. (0.159 cm).
• Insert a hand into the nozzle opening and feel the entrance shoulder to determine
the nozzle coefficient (0.9 for a smooth rounded shoulder, 0.8 for a square
shoulder, and 0.7 for a nozzle that protrudes into the barrel).
• Install and arrange any hoses or diffusers necessary to minimize effect on traffic
or landscaping.
79
FIELD PROCEDURE FOR FLOW TESTS
9. For reasonably accurate test results, the pressure drop between the static
and the residual pressures should be at least 10 psi (70 kPa).
10. If the distribution system is strong (as it should be near a supply main)
and the pressure drop is less than 10 psi (70 kPa), an additional flow hydrant
should be added to the test.
11. Enough hydrants should be opened to drop the Static pressure by at least
10 psi (70 kPa); however, if more accurate results are required, the pressure
drop should being the Residual pressure as close as possible to 20 psi (138
kPa). The flow available at 20 psi (138 kPa) can be determined by dropping
the Residual pressure to exactly 20 psi (138 kPa) or can be determined at any
Residual pressure by graphical analysis, or by formula calculations.
82
Equations
Qr=29.83 X CdX D^2 X Sqrt(Pp) ----------------(Eqn.1)
Qf=Qr X ((Ps-20)/(Ps-Pr))^0.54 ----------------(Eqn.2)
where:
▪ Qr is the residual flow at the Pitot pressure measured in gpm
▪ cd is the friction loss coefficient (usually 0.9 for a smooth 2½” opening)
▪ D is the diameter of the opening in inches
▪ Pp is the Pitot pressure in psi
▪ Qf is the FIRE FLOW in gpm at 20 psi
▪ Ps is the static pressure in psi
▪ Pr is the residual pressure in psi
83
Example
You Perform a Hydrant Test and gain the following results:
84
Example
❑Calculate Qr (residual flow):
= 29.83 × 0.9 × (2.5)2 × square root of 125
= 29.83 × 0.9 × 6.25 × 11.18
= 1,876 gpm
85
Result
86
Fire Main Loop Test with Fire
Hydrant
Why..?
❑To determine if the condition of the system is adequate to support a
Worst Case Credible Event(WCCE) need for firewater.
87
Fire Main Loop Test with Fire
Hydrant
When water flow encounters a loop or grid, two things occur
88
Isolate the Legs : Test -1
SP1
RP1
Q1
Shut Valve -1
1 2
Source
89
Isolate the Legs : Test -2
SP2
RP2
Q2
Shut Valve -2
1 2
Source
90
Isolate the Legs : Test -3
SP3
RP3
Q3
Both valve opened
1 2
Source
91
Result
❑The static pressure should be identical in each of the three tests. A
drop in static pressure in test 1 or 2 is indicative of a restriction and a
leak.
❑In the event of a 100% restriction, no water will come out of the
hydrant
❑ In the event of a partial restriction, the residual pressure and/or the
flow is significantly diminished.
❑Further flow testing on different hydrants can usually narrow down
the location of the restriction
92
Cl. 19.2 – Combustible Waste &
Refuse
• Cl. 19.2.1.6 - Approved metal receptacles with self-closing covers shall be
provided for the storage or disposal of oil-soaked waste or cloths.
93
Oily Rags Safety Place oil-soaked rags in a
container, equipped with a self-
closing lid and listed/approved
for such use.
Fill the container with a water
O2 and detergent solution. This will
Air gets trapped in the folds or balled break down the oils.
up portions
Spontaneous Heating
Heat Fuel
94
Chapter-21 : Airports and Heliports
Learning Objectives :
95
Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 13.1.1 through 13.1.12)
96
Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
97
Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
98
Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
Cl. 21.2.7.5 - Other areas of the airport terminal building shall be classified in
accordance with Chapter 5 of NFPA 13, based on the occupancy of the area.
99
Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
101
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.1 – Shall comply with the requirement of NFPA 418(only for
rooftop heliports) & this section.
• NFPA 418 does not apply to ground-level helicopter hangars, temporary landing
sites, and emergency evacuation facilities.
• It defines heliports as “an identifiable area located on land, on water, or on a structure that
also includes any existing building or facilities thereon, used or intended to be used for the landing
and takeoff of helicopters”
• The term rooftop landing pad is defined as “the entire load-bearing surface intended for the
touchdown and liftoff (TLOF) of helicopters.”
102
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
• Cl. 21.3.3.3 – Fire fighting Access : The heliport shall have at least two access points for fire-
fighting/rescue personnel. The access points shall be located at least 90 degrees from each other
as measured from the center of the landing pad (TLOF)
NOT
ACCEPTABLE
104
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
105
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
106
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
AFFF used by must meet the requirements set forth in Military Specification
MIL-F-24385F, which is under the control of the Naval Sea Systems
Command, Code 05P9. The Naval Research Laboratory is the designated
institution for certification evaluation for the Department of Defense (DoD)
AFFF Qualifying Products List (QPL).
107
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
108
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.4 – Roof Top Facilities
Cl. 21.3.4.6 – Fire Protection
• Cl. 21.3.4.6.4 - Manual Fire fighting Equipment's : The area of application of foam
discharge for hose line systems shall be the practical critical fire area for the
category of the helicopter landing facility in accordance with Table 21.3.4.6.4.1
• The duration of foam discharge for the hose line systems shall be 2 minutes.
109
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Heliports
110
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
What is PCA …?
Critical fire area is the area equal to the length of the fuselage(length of
Aircraft/Helicopter multiplied by the width of the wing
111
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Background of PCA …?
The first (1970) and second (1972) meetings of the ICAO(international
Civil aviation organization) Rescue and Firefighting Panels (RFFP) I and II
Concluded that the concept for determining the level of protection
(i.e., calculating required agents) should be the critical area ( based on
the study of 106 fixed wind aircraft fire, of which 99 aircrafts quantity
of agent was less than recommended by TCA calculation )
112
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
L
Where,
113
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
Theoretical Critical Area( TCA) should be a rectangle, with one dimension, based on
the overall length of the aircraft, and the other dimension determined by the
following:
1. For aircraft with an overall length of less than 20 m (65 ft): 12 m (40 ft) plus the
width of the fuselage.
2. For aircraft with an overall length of 20 m (65 ft) or more: 30 m (100 ft) plus the
width of the fuselage
The ICAO RFFP II decided that the TCA served only as a means for
categorizing aircraft in terms of the magnitude of the potential fire hazard
in which they might become involved. It was not intended to represent the
average, maximum, or minimum spill fire size associated with a particular
aircraft
114
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
115
Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
L = 242 ft
W= 20 ft
TCA = L x (100 ft + w) ( L > 65 ft.)
= 242 x (100 + 20)
= 29,040 Sq ft.
PCA = 0.67 x TCA
116
Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Control Time – Time required from the arrival of the first firefighting vehicle to the time the initial
intensity of the fire in the PCA is reduced by 90% - 60 Sec or 1 Min.
Extinguishment Time –The time required from arrival of the first firefighting vehicle to the time the
fire is completely extinguished – 2 Min.
Minimum Agent Application Rate for 1 min fire Control(90% Extinguishment)(Q1) = PCA x R X T
where
PCA = Practical critical area
R = Rate of application for a specific foam
T = Time of application (1 minute for control in the PCA)
117
Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Q2 - The quantity of water for foam production to continue control or fully extinguish the
pool fire ( % of Q1)
QT= Q1+ Q2
118
Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Expected Helicopter
Size
119
Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Q1 = 1440 x 0.10 x 1
= 144 Gallons
Q2 = Q1
= 144 Gallons
QT = Q1+ Q2
QT= 288 Gallons
120
Typical materials used for the fuselage and
wings of civil aircraft are:
121
Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Rationale Behind 2 Min. Extinguishment time
123
Heliport Fire Protection
124
Heliport Fire Protection
125
Heliport Fire Protection
126
Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
127
Chapter-60 : Hazardous Materials
Learning Objectives :
• General requirements for the storage, use, and handling of hazardous
materials
128
Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.4.4- Closure Plan)
The time frame also allows the AHJ or the facility owner to
obtain outside assistance if third-party review is needed. If
both parties agree that a shorten notice is workable, this
requirement allows for the approved plan to be accepted in
less time.
129
Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.6- HMMP)
• When required by the AHJ, new or existing facilities that store, use, or
handle hazardous materials covered by this Code in amounts above
the MAQ specified in 60.4.2.1.2 through 60.4.2.1.13 and 5.4.1.2 of
NFPA 400 shall submit a hazardous materials management plan
(HMMP) to the AHJ
The intent of an HMMP is to provide specific information on the quantities of each hazardous material and its
specific use in the process, as well as locations where and how each hazardous material is stored and used.
The HMMP should also provide information on spill control and secondary containment features, as well as
details of the facility’s emergency response plan. Where an HMMP is provided, it must be reviewed by and
include input from all parties that might respond to an incident, so that emergency responders know their
respective roles. Training drills and site tours should be conducted. The HMMP should be reviewed and
updated as facility modifications occur and as key participants change.
130
Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.6- HMMP)
(1) Annually
(2) When the facility is modified
(3) When hazardous materials representing a new hazard category not
previously addressed are stored, used, or handled in the facility
131
Cl. 60.3- Classification of Materials,
wastes and Hazard of Contents
(Cl. 60.3.1)
Hazardous Material Classification. Materials shall be classified into one or more of the following categories of hazardous materials
(1) Corrosive solids, liquids, or gases
(2) Flammable solids
(3) Flammable gases
(4) Flammable cryogenic fluids
(5) Inert cryogenic fluids
(6) Inert gases
(7) Organic peroxide formulations
(8) Oxidizer solids or liquids
(9) Oxidizing gases
(10) Oxidizing cryogenic fluids
(11) Pyrophoric solids, liquids, or gases
(12) Toxic or highly toxic solids, liquids, or gases
(13) Unstable (reactive) solids, liquids, or gases
(14) Water-reactive solids or liquids
132
Cl. 60.3- Classification of Materials,
wastes and Hazard of Contents
(Cl. 60.3.2)
Classification of High-Hazard Contents
133
Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
134
Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
135
Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
136
Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Table 60.4.2.1.1.3 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area
Table 60.4.2.1.2 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Assembly
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.3 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Educational
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.4 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Day-Care
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.5 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Health Care
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.6 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Ambulatory
Health Care Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.7 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Detention
and Correctional Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.8 Maximum Allowable Quantities of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Residential
Occupancies Consisting of Lodging and Rooming Houses, Hotels, Dormitories, Apartments, and Residential
Board and Care Facilities
137
Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Table 60.4.2.1.10.1 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous
Materials per Control Area in Business Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.13.3(a) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) per Indoor and
Outdoor Control Area for Selected Hazard Categories in Mercantile, Storage,
and Industrial Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.13.3(b) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) per Indoor and
Outdoor Control Area for Selected Hazard Categories in Mercantile and
Storage Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.2.1 Design and Number of Control Areas
Table 60.4.3.7 Detached Buildings Required Where Quantity of Material
Exceeds Amount Shown
Table 60.4.4.1.2 Maximum Allowable Quantities of Hazardous Materials per
Outdoor Control Area
138
Example
• A warehouse is storing a solid Class III organic peroxide formulation.
The material is stored in approved storage cabinets, and the building
is fully protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system
designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems. What is the maximum allowable
quantity of this commodity that can be stored within the control area
without additional protection features?
139
Example
• Determine the allowable quantity per control area of oxidizer class
2(Solid form) in one story building
140
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.5- Ignition Source Control)
141
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.9-Protection from Vehicle)
142
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.12-Separation of Incompatible materials)
143
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.15-Outdoor Storage and Use Areas)
Outdoor storage and use areas for hazardous materials shall comply with the
following:
1. Outdoor storage and use areas shall be kept free of weeds, debris, and
common combustible materials not necessary to the storage or use of
hazardous materials.
2. The area surrounding an outdoor storage and use area shall be kept clear of
weeds, debris, and common combustible materials not necessary to the
storage or use of hazardous materials for a minimum distance of 15 ft (4.5 m)
3. Outdoor storage and use areas for hazardous materials shall be located not
closer than 20 ft (6.1 m) from a property line that can be built upon, a street,
an alley, or a public way, except that a 2-hour fire barrier wall, without
openings and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm) above and to the sides of
the storage area, shall be permitted in lieu of such distance.
144
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.16-Maintenance Required)
Cl. 60.5.1.16.2 - Stationary tanks not used for a period of 90 days shall
be safeguarded or removed in an approved manner.
145
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.18-Hazardous Material Storage Cabinets)
146
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.19-Installation of Tanks)
Underground Tanks
147
Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.2- Alcohol based dispenser )
149
Chapter-69 : LPG & LNG
Learning Objectives :
150
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.2-Location of Containers)
151
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
Table 69.3.3.1.1
Table 69.3.4.1.2
Table 69.3.3.1.2 through 69.3.3.1.3
Table 69.3.3.4.1 through 69.3.3.4.4
Table 69.3.4.4.6 through 69.3.4.4.11
152
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
Not on the basis of WCCS in which the LP-Gas container fails catastrophically,
releasing its contents in a few seconds.
153
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
155
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
156
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
157
158
Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.4 – Other Container Location Requirements)
159
Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 01
I. Gather data on the volume of LP-Gas stored and other information pertinent to the facility.
II. Perform simple calculations and determine whether the facility is subject to the requirements for
developing an FSA
Step: 02
I. Evaluate the product control appurtenances and other safety features of the facility relative to the
requirements of the NFPA 58 code.
II. Assess the appurtenance requirements for containers of different capacities and compare them to the
actual installation
III. Evaluate the requirements for valves on transfer piping and compare them to the valves provided in the
facility.
IV. Assess conformance to the code of a Redundant and Fail-Safe Product Control System, if such a system is
provided in the facility
V. Evaluate the code conformance of the Low Emission Transfer Equipment if installed in the facility.
160
Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 03
I. Analyze the protection measures against local conditions of hazard. That
is, assess whether all requirements of the code for the physical
protection of containers and transfer piping are implemented.
II. Analyze the code requirements for the control of ignition sources and
whether these requirements are complied with.
III. Assess conformance to the code requirements for separation distances
between (i) containers of different sizes and property lines and, (ii) LP-
Gas transfer points and other exposures
IV. Evaluate conformance to the code requirements for Special Protection
Systems, if they are provided on containers in the facility.
161
Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 04
I. Evaluate the potential hazards to off-site populations and property
from propane releases in the facility. This step includes selecting
credible LP-Gas release scenarios and assessing the distance (and
area) over which the hazard exists.
II. Assess whether any off-site populations, especially people In
institutional occupancies, are potentially subject to the LP-Gas
release hazards
III. Evaluate whether there exists a hazard from other industrial
operations around the LPGas facility
162
Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 05
163
Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
164
Parking
Manufacturing
30 ft.
Plant
250 ft.
130 ft.
70 ft.
1800 w.c. LPG Vessels
Road 165
166
As Aggregate w.c. is more than
4000 water capacity therefore;
167
Its located in rural area
Access Details
168
Check if all these 5 Required items are
available on each container
2
1 5
169
All Applicable field have been
marked
170
All Applicable field have been
marked
171
All Applicable field have been
marked
172
All Applicable field have been
marked
173
All Applicable field have been
marked
174
All Applicable field have been
marked
175
All Applicable field have been
marked
176
All Applicable field have been
marked
177
178
All Applicable field have been
marked
179
180
181
182
All Applicable field have been
marked
183
All Applicable field have been
marked
184
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.1 – Scope:
The provisions of Section 69.5 apply to the storage of cylinders of 1000
lb (454 kg) water capacity or less, whether filled, partially filled, or
empty, as follows:
(1) At consumer sites or dispensing systems, where not connected for
use
(2) In storage for resale or exchange by dealer or reseller
185
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.2 – General Provision:
Cl.69.5.2.1 – Location of Cylinder
I. Cylinders in storage shall be located to minimize exposure to excessive temperature rises,
physical damage, or tampering.
II. Cylinders in storage having individual water capacity greater than 2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb
(0.45 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall be positioned so that the pressure relief valve is in direct
communication with the vapor space of the cylinder
III. Cylinders stored in buildings in accordance with 69.5.3 shall not be located near exits, near
stairways, or in areas normally used, or intended to be used, for the safe egress of occupants.
IV. If empty cylinders that have been in LP-Gas service are stored indoors, they shall be
considered as full cylinders for the purposes of determining the maximum quantities of LP-Gas
permitted by 69.5.3.1, 69.5.3.2.1, and 69.5.3.3.1
V. Cylinders shall not be stored on roofs
186
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cylinders in storage having individual water capacity greater than 2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45
kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall be positioned so that the pressure relief valve is in direct communication
with the vapor space of the cylinder
187
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
188
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Breakage of valve can turn the cylinder into a projectile
189
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.3 – Storage within Buildings
Cl. 69.5.3.2- Storage within buildings frequented by public
I. The quantity of LP-Gas in cylinders stored or displayed shall not exceed 200 lb
(91 kg) in one location, with additional storage separated by 50 ft (15 m). The
maximum quantity to be stored in one building shall not exceed 1000 lb (454
kg)
II. Where the total quantity stored in a building exceeds 200 lb (91 kg), an
approved sprinkler system that, at a minimum, meets the requirement of
Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for Ordinary Hazard (Group 2) shall be installed.
III. The sprinkler density shall be 0.300 gpm (12.2 L/min) over the most remote
2000 ft2 (18.6 m2) area, and the hose stream allowance shall be 250 gpm (946
L/min).
190
Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.3 – Storage within Buildings
Cl. 69.5.3.2- Storage within buildings not frequented by public
191
Cl. 69.5 – Storage Cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.4 – Storage within Special Buildings or Rooms
193
Cl. 69.5 – Storage Cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.6- Automated cylinder exchange stations
194
Cl. 69.6- Vehicular Transportation
of LPG
(Cl. 69.6.1.1.9)
195
Thank
You
196