FOREIGN CULTURE CONSUMPTION ON THE PATRIOTISM OF THE

CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS OF DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES 

LAOAG CITY 

A Proposal Presented to the Faculty Members

of the College of Criminal Justice Education

Data Center College of the Philippines 

Laoag City  

In partial Fulfilment of the Requirement

on the Subject Criminological Research 1

Researchers

Alejo, Jemuel T.

Angeles, Erika S.

Butay, Jenny Anne B.

Coma, Dan Lauren S.

Curameng, Nick

Ganal, Mark Carlo

Ganir, Carl David

Labasan, Winsphery John

Lomboy, Mayck Jhoenell S.

Rodrigo, Clarisse Mae

2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………..

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………………….……

DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………………..

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….       

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………….

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM …………………………………………….

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………………………….

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK …………………………………………………

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………….

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION …………………………………………………...

DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………………

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ………………………

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

The influence of media in the 21st century has had both beneficial and harmful

consequences. One of the latter is the fact that the youth are easily influenced by the things they

see online, from clothes to values. True, “breaking-the-norm” is not a bad thing to do but

excessive “breaking-the-norm” may lead to disorder, both socially and personally. During the

COVID-19 pandemic, the youth, especially students, have been exposed to various foreign

cultures as a result of their extensive media consumption. Although not all, this has prompted

some of them to favor foreign cultures more than their own. Sadly, this could be one of the most

compelling reasons why the youth may lose their patriotism or love for their country. Hence, the

conduct of this study is of utmost importance because as the national hero of the Philippines, Dr.

Jose Rizal, once said, “Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan” (“the youth are the hope of the

nation”).

One of the most difficult aspects of comprehending culture is that the word itself is used

differently by various individuals. It is defined and applied in a variety of ways, many of which

are contradictory, and there are significant debates within academic fields on the fundamental

basis of human social life. and the appropriate method for studying it. Culture is a set of

perspectives shared by a group of people and reflected in their actions, relationships,

communities and artifacts (Reimann, 2014).

 The term "culture" was first used by Edward B. Taylor in 1871 to describe the complex

whole that comprises knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, tradition, and any other abilities and

habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Sackmann, 1991). Anthropologists,

sociologists, economists, psychologists, academicians, and laymen have all developed their own

definitions since then. Culture represents the "beliefs, attitudes, values, myths, ideologies,

routines, and other behaviors that define a people and their relationships to others". A culture

brings individuals together who share shared experiences, beliefs, and values. (Sillars M. O.,

2001)

Background of the Study

         Culture can be defined as a part of the environment made by humans. It is the set of

meanings that a group in a time and place come to adopt or develop, and these meanings

facilitate smooth social coordination, clarify group boundaries, and provide a space for

innovation (Parker, 2016). Patriotism is a sentiment of love and dedication to one's nation.

Patriotism does not exist by itself in human existence; it must be nourished, fertilized, and

fostered in order to be powerful in the soul. (Sulaiman, 2018).

According to McGuire, (2017), a country’s culture influences the way its citizens think

and behave with respect to risk, opportunities, and rewards. Hence, the author proposes a process

whereby a culture’s response to risk, opportunities, and rewards influences entrepreneurial

activity and economic creativity (innovation), and national innovation influences national

prosperity. According to the author, "we feel that a proclivity to foster innovation and make

capital and resources available is a reflection of shared cultural values.". National prosperity can

be viewed as a by-product of innovation. "Rising living standards are found in countries where
enterprises grow more productive by generating more complex sources of competitive advantage

based on knowledge." investment, insight, and innovation. Innovative solutions have an affect on

a company's revenues and, as a result, on the wealth of nations.

In Indonesia, foreign culture enters through various channels, one of which is through

colonialism in ancient times and globalization today which, according to the Economic Research

Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) (2020), has been proven to have a positive impact on

the said country’s economic growth. However, although with such established fact, a study

conducted by Imtiyaz (2021), found out that foreign culture that enters Indonesia has more

negative than positive impacts, just like how Indonesians have become ignorant or less

concerned about their own culture, how Pancasila is getting forgotten, and how younger

generations tend to understand foreign cultures better than their own. Sadly, it is further stated

in the said study that Indonesian culture is increasingly being left behind because more

Indonesians prefer to study foreign culture rather than their own and further mentioned how the

younger generations feel more proud when they use foreign languages rather than the Indonesian

language. Additionally, it was found out that the sense of nationalism of the younger generation

in Indonesia is disintegrating day by day due to the entry of various foreign cultures and the

belief of this generation that these said cultures are superior to their own further causes them to

lose their sense of pride in their own nation, their own culture. Therefore, the said study

concluded that a sense of love for the homeland needs to be instilled in the younger generation to

anticipate the increasingly disintegrating attitude of nationalism among the younger generation.

In the case of the Philippines, globalization, or simply the introduction of foreign goods and

cultures, has a favorable influence on the Philippines' economic situation (Guinigundo, 2018).

However, much as in Indonesia, it has both good and bad consequences. In terms of language
monitoring, the introduction of foreign culture has had an impact on the Filipino language since

Filipinos have grown more sensitive and cautious in their use of their native tongue (Conti and

Hayas, 2019). According to Tabuena, (2022), Filipino artists have already adapted more to the

culture and arts of other nations than to their own cultural origins as a result of variables such as

the entry of foreign cultures, current technology adaptation, and many more. These may seem to

be of little significance when discussing patriotism, but they are sufficient evidence that Filipinos

are already adapting more the culture and influences of other nations rather than their own.

In connection with this study, it has long been a common knowledge how criminology

students are viewed as individuals who are loyal to their own countries and as mentioned by

(Estipona, 2020), studying criminology is to uphold justice and righteousness by crime

prevention, crime investigation and detection and to catch the criminals and bring them justice.

Being motivated by righteousness as well as having a sense of justice is a must to fulfill law

enforcement duties and these values are created through character development by parental

guidance and example, understanding what is right and not, having an innate desire to serve,

generosity, compassion and love of God, family, community and country. 

Patriotism is the dedication to a country, nation or political community is one among the

many that criminology students come to confront and study. Nationalism and patriotism is often

taken to be synonymous; however, the latter has its origins some 2,000 years prior to the rise of

the prior in the 19th century. Despite knowing how significant patriotism is, the researchers have

observed that some criminology students of Data Center College of the Philippines (DCCP)

Laoag are forgetting it they have lately been drawn into patronizing foreign cultures. They tend

to put more significance on what’s “in” instead of what should be.

 Thus, the researchers find it imperative to study the foreign culture consumption of these

said students particularly to find out the common foreign cultures they patronize, their level of

enjoyment when doing such, and the various factors that influence them in doing so. This study

will serve as an eye-opener and a baseline for criminology students to assess themselves whether

they are really putting into practice what they are learning. 

The researchers aim to know the foreign culture that they usually patronizing. This study

will be able to determine what level of enjoyment students have with the foreign culture that

influences their patriotism.  The researcher aims to know the factors that influence them to adapt

to foreign culture. In this study, we will know the differences of our culture into the foreign

culture just like the way the quality of their movies, products, and their tradition.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to determine the Foreign Culture Consumption on the

Patriotism of the Criminology Students of Data Center College of the Philippines (DCCP)

Laoag.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following:

1. What are the foreign cultures that DCCP  criminology students usually patronize?

2. What is the level of enjoyment of DCCP criminology students in terms of

patronizing foreign cultures? 

3. What are the factors that influence DCCP criminology students in patronizing

foreign cultures?
Theoretical Framework

The following are the theories that relates to foreign culture consumption on patriotism:

Cultural Proximity Theory 

 Cultural Proximity is the tendency to prefer media products from one’s own culture or

the most similar possible cultural concept that has been used primarily in international contexts

to explain the interplay of power between foreign and domestic media (Ksiazek, 2008). The

concept originated as a response to the various notions of cultural imperialism and economic

theories that predicted one-way transmission of culture from richer to poorer countries, which are

based on the superior product quality of cultural products. The emergence of regional media

production is consistent with notions of cultural proximity. In order for media to best resonate

with the cultural disposition of viewers, the content and the viewer must be in line with the same

cultural linguistic or geo-linguistic (Castillo, 2016)

Asian preference for Korean programs shows that they convey sympathy for Asian

cultural frames, which include highly morality, and love and sacrifice. The study's analysis

showed that Korean programs satisfy Asian emotional needs by being easy to assimilate to a

similar lifestyle, cultural proximity, and impressiveness. Although language is the main element
that audiences identify with, viewers go beyond language to include history, religion, ethnicity

and culture in several senses. (Alanzalon, 2011). 

This theory is relevant to this study because it focuses on the intuitively attractive idea

that individuals prefer their own produced media products over others. This theory has evolved

as a key theoretical concept for describing audience behavior in a world where varied people

have increasing access to increasingly plentiful media settings. Hence, this theory is important in

this study since most criminology students are becoming more and more interested in engaging

with media from other cultures on a variety of levels. Because on the influence of the actors who

appeared in certain dramas, such as K-dramas and other foreign televisions, more criminology

students are drawn to korean dramas than the filipino dramas, they want to learn the language as

well as about their literature, film, history, politics and popular culture. 

Culture Learning Theory

The Culture Learning Theory has its roots in social and experimental psychology and has

been strongly influenced by the work of (Argyle, 1969) on social skills and interpersonal

behaviors. This theory is based on the assumption that cross-cultural problems arise because

cultural novices have difficulties managing everyday social encounters. Adaptation, therefore,

comes in the form of learning the culture-specific skills that are required to negotiate a new

cultural context (Bochner, 1972). 

     According to Eric J. Arnould (2005), the Culture Learning Theory addresses the dynamic

relationships between consumer action, the marketplace, and cultural meanings. They further

added that the purpose of the said theory is to arrange the relationships of lived culture and social

resources.
 This theory is relevant to the study since it suggests that imitation, instruction, and group

learning all lead to foreign consumption. It also seeks to comprehend the challenges that

sojourners typically have when learning to manage their daily functioning in unexpected and

foreign cultural contexts. This theory implicates a great amount of cultural knowledge and social

skills of the receiving society which are acquired in the new sociocultural context. Thus, leading

to guidelines which outline preparation, orientation and behavioral social skills training.  

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. The Research Paradigm

The above graphical representation shows the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model which

has historically been the dominant approach to understanding and explaining team performance

and continues to exert a strong influence on group research today. The framework is based on
classic systems theory, which states that the general structure of a system is as important in

determining how effectively it will function as its individual components. More importantly, the

IPO model has a causal structure wherein the outputs are a function of various group processes,

which are in turn, influenced by numerous input variables (Hackman, 1987).

In this study, there will be three (3) input variables which are: (1) the foreign cultures

usually patronized by criminology students, (2) the level of their enjoyment in patronizing such,

and (3) the factors that influence them in doing so. Hence, in order to determine the foreign

culture consumption of criminology students, which is the output of this study, the process

includes the gathering of the data needed and to analyze, interpret and present this said data.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will be conducted to determine the Foreign Culture Consumption on the

Patriotism of the criminology students of DCCP Laoag. Furthermore, this will focus on

determining the various foreign cultures they often patronize, their level of enjoyment in doing

such, and the factors that influence them in doing so. 

This study will be conducted from the second semester of SY 2021-2022 to the first

semester of SY 2022-2023. The respondents of this study will be limited to the criminology

students of DCCP Laoag.

The data needed for this study will be gathered through survey questionnaires that will be

distributed to the criminology students.

Significance of the Study

 This study will be conducted to determine the Foreign Culture Consumption of

criminology students of DCCP Laoag. Consequently, the results of this study will be of

significance for the following:

Adults. This will help the adults to strengthen their patriotic behavior and to minimize

foreign consumption among their relatives and also the criminology students. This could be used

as a tool to help Filipinos become more patriotic.

Criminology Faculty. This will assist the faculty in restoring the criminology student's

patriotic behavior. The teachers would be able to understand the needs of the students and their

weaknesses and serve as a tool for determining the foreign consumption of DCCP criminology

students.

Criminology Students. They will benefit the students, especially the criminology

students, in how they consume foreign culture and may affect their patriotic behavior. This will

serve as a guide for them to know the importance of being a patriotic person.

Future Researchers. To serve as baseline information for students who would be

conducting studies about the foreign culture consumption on the patriotism of criminology

students.

Researchers. To serve as an authentic learning experience that will help the researchers

sharpen their skills and acquire new knowledge.

Definitions of Terms

For clarification, these terms were used in this study and were defined as follows:
 Criminology Student. Students who major in criminology and learn about the causes of

crime related to biology, psychology, or social factors like socioeconomic status (Bratcher,

2020). In this study, these are the students enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Criminology at

DCCP Laoag.

Culture. Generally, it is the shared values, traditions, norms, customs, arts, history,

folklore, and institutions of a group of people (Schriver, 2011). It can be interpreted through

one’s own biases and opinions. 

Filipino Culture. This is the distinct culture that separates Filipinos from other

nationalities.

Foreign Culture. This refers to the cultures that are different from the Filipino culture.

Foreign Culture Consumption. This refers to the various foreign cultures that are

patronized by criminology students.

Nationalism. This refers to the ideology expressed by people who fervently believe that

their nation is superior to all others (Longley, 2021).

Patriotism. This refers to the positive and supportive attitude as well as the pride an

individual has for his or her country‘s culture and the desire to preserve it (Omonijo, 2015).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

          This chapter presents an extensive review of literature and research of Foreign

Culture Consumption on Patriotism.

Culture

According to Keesing (1974), culture is a system of practices by which human have

solved problems of adaptation through the formation of concepts and ideas. Culture represents

the, beliefs, attitudes, values, myths, ideologies, routines, and other behaviors that define a

people and their relationships to others. A culture binds together people who are united by a

common set of experiences, beliefs, and values, Sillars, (2001)

According to London Economics (2021), the United States is one of the most culturally

diverse countries in the world. Nearly every region of the world has influenced American

culture, most notably the English who colonized the country beginning in the early 1600s

Indigenous Americans, Latin Americans, Africans, and Asians have all had an impact on

American culture. The United States is sometimes described as a "melting pot" in which different

cultures have contributed their own distinct "flavors" to American culture. Just as cultures from

all over the world have influenced American culture, American culture now influences the rest of

the world.

According to the European Commision (2018), Europe is a rich and diverse

mosaic of cultural and creative expressions, an inheritance from previous generations of

Europeans, and a legacy for those to come. It comprises natural, constructed, and archaeological

structures, museums, monuments, artworks, historic towns, literary, musical, and audiovisual

works, as well as European individuals' knowledge, practices, and traditions.

 Korea's vibrant cultural heritage, which includes music, art, literature, dance,

architecture, dress, and food, provides a beautiful blend of history and contemporary. At present,

Korean arts and culture are attracting many enthusiasts around the world. Many of Korea's young

talents are now competing in the world's most famous music and dance competitions, and its

literary masterpieces are being translated into many other languages for worldwide readers.

Korean Dansaekhwa (monochrome paintings) have recently been the topic of the art world.

Today as the world continuously develops, Korean culture increasingly influences the people in

the world, especially the Filipino, and has grown in the years since it first hit the country. Korean

foods and products are evident in our market today. We can see that the rise of Korean stores in

malls, commercial centers, and other parts of the country have established K-stores and

restaurants with K-beauty products, K-clothes, and K-food products. The people admire beauty

since they are amazed by how Korean people dress up, their style, the food they eat, and how

they present themselves in the world we live in today. There are things that most can’t explain

how people get influenced by Korean culture, but we can see that Korean dramas and music

were able to enlighten us to think and act differently.

In India’s culture has a major impact or influence on many other civilizations. Religions are also

heavily influenced by Indians. The only country in the whole world that has many religions in

India. In India, several religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, Buddhism, and

Christianity exist. Performing arts was a major thing in Indian’s literature. In those days only

very cool and fine arts were made which impressed the majority of other country people and

made an interest on it. Music on those days was pleasant and gives fresh feeling to the mind,

heart and body. Dramas also play a vital role in India’s way of life. People used to study the
Mahabharata and used to play those in theaters and also with their only creative way they used to

think. Reddy, (2017)

Japanese culture is sometimes characterized as homogeneous, despite the fact that there are

several parts of Japanese culture and society that are varied. Many people take pride in their

origin and the geographical differences that exist throughout Japan. Nonetheless, common

themes found throughout Japanese culture include a sense of identity based on social groups and

place of birth, a polite and humble communication style, a pragmatic approach to situations and

challenges, and an appreciation for and enjoyment of artistic activities and forms of

entertainment. Japan's cultural values are thoroughly rooted in all aspects of life, and will always

impact family, work, and social interactions.In Japan, family ties are strong, uniting not just

present extended family members but also generations of ancestors. You will notice that

Japanese people do not express themselves physically in public, and you will not see any kissing

or hugging on the streets. Hands are shown being held by friends, parents, and children.

(Kanagy, 2020)

Importance of Culture

         Culture makes things easy for to important reasons. Firstly, cultures helps to provide

meaning to events, objects, and a person, which makes the world a less mysterious and

frightening place for students. Secondly, culture makes life less confusing, as students are able to

know who they are and where they from. Cultural awareness is also important to student and,

partnered with good communication it is essential component in successful academic and social

achievement. The culture in which we grow up shapes our values, goals, and habits, as does

knowing other cultures. (Meyer, 2006)

 Culture is a reflection of a community or nation. As a result, culture is a critical

determinant of how the community reacts, responds, and flourishes. Culture has a significant

impact on everyone's life in society. Culture makes you feel at home, especially when everyone

speaks the same language. Language evolves with culture as an intimate byproduct of how

members of society communicate. A healthy, prosperous culture reflects a varied community

positively. Culture is essential to a society's growth and economic prosperity. (Painter, 2020)

Characteristics of Culture

According to Samovar (2010), people do not usually discuss their culture as the latter takes place

below the conscious level, and consequently, people do not understand the influence of culture

that is reflected on and their habits behaviors.

Culture is learned, from the beginning of their existence, people look for meanings to help them

understand the world and make sense of it; this includes the way people perceive and how they

handle certain situations, as well as how they characterize other people that encounter them

Others offer us with this vital knowledge; we learn those cultural characteristics via interactions,

observation, and imitation. (Samovar., 2010)

Culture is shared, Haviland (2005), states that culture is the dominant factor that is used to

decide which behaviors are acceptable in which circumstances; people share a cultural identity

and that is the reason they can predict and understand individuals from their own culture.

Culture, as a shared collection of ideas, values, perceptions, and behavioral norms, is the

common factor that makes individuals' behaviors understandable to other members of their
community. It helps them to forecast how other members are likely to behave in a particular

situation and instructs them on how to respond accordingly.

Culture is passed down from generation to generation; for any culture to survive, its

members must pass it on to the next generation; the values, concepts, and attitudes that are vital

components of that culture must be learned by the following generation.(Porter., 2010)

Culture is dynamic, culture is constantly changing; migration, technology, and globalization are

some of the reasons cultures change. As a result of globalization, cultures are today more

exposed to one another than they have ever been. However, it is worth noting that these changes

only occur on the very surface of cultures, rather than the underlying structure of culture, which

includes essential values, morals, ethics, and so on and religious practices, remains untouched.

(McDaniel, 2010)

Philippine Culture

Filipinos are educated in both English and Tagalog, making the country one of the most English-

speaking in the world. Unlike other Asian countries, the Philippines has been influenced by a

variety of other countries and cultures as a result of Spanish and American colonization,

Japanese occupation during WWII, and trade with China, the Pacific Islands, Portugal, and

Australia. (Nadal, 2011).

Filipino culture is a vibrant story that chronicles the nation's evolution over time. People's

practices represent their beliefs, oneness with others, connection with nature, and celebration of

life. The Filipinos' allure is found in their smiles, in the numerous religious festivals that honor

nature, the Divine, and the cycles of life, and in the virtue of pakikipag-kapwa tao, which values
relationships with both friends and strangers. The concept of kapwa (others) is deeply embedded

in the Filipino soul.

The Philippines is a culture in which East meets West. The Filipino people have a distinct Asian

background with a strong Western tradition. The modern Filipino culture developed through the

influence of Chinese traders, Spanish conquistadors, and American rulers. Filipinos are

notoriously friendly, especially to foreign tourists. Filipinos are emotional and passionate about

life in a way that looks more Latin than Asian, owing to their close links to Spanish culture.

According to Espineda (2013), The Philippines' culture is a blend of traditional Filipino and

Spanish Catholic traditions, as well as influences from America and other parts of Asia. Filipinos

are typically religious people who adore art, fashion, music, and food. Filipinos are also

hospitable people who enjoy having fun. This frequently includes gatherings to sing, dance, and

eat. The annual calendar is jam-packed with festivals, many of which combine pre-Christian

costumes and rituals with modern Catholic beliefs and ideology.

Understanding the Filipino Culture

         Understanding of the complexity of Filipino culture might take time for someone who

has never met, seen, or interacted with a Filipino or has never visited the Philippines.

Understanding its mysteries is like to going into the forest without a decent map and getting lost.

Take the time and effort to understand and appreciate Filipino culture and mindset and you are

likely to find it very rewarding both for your business and for you personally as well.

The Filipino Blood, Chinese, Malay and Spanish are just a few of the races that run in the veins

of every Filipino. Furthermore, the Americans have had a huge impact, as the Philippines was an
American colony for 50 years. This contrasting mix of cultures has formed the distinct Filipino

characteristics. Filipinos are outgoing people that like festivals and are obsessed with singing and

dancing. Filipino culture is primarily family-oriented, resulting in laid-back attitudes. Although

they may not have the tangible richness that many Western countries do, they are richer in many

respects because of their deeply linked social and familial ties.

Religion, the Philippines is Asia's largest Christian nation, and people take their faith seriously.

Most Filipinos attend a weekly service, with the church serving as the backbone of every local

community. It is quite usual for people to attend the same church as all of their family and

friends, and it is critical to be mindful of the allegiance this creates when dealing with Filipino

staff.

Ethnicity, The Philippines is a country of more than 80 tribes each with their own local dialect.

English is taught in all schools and is the primary mode of communication for individuals of

many dialects. Despite being divided by islands, Filipinos have strong cultural ties and a strong

family and community support system.

Respect and Modesty, Social inequalities are common in the country even though Filipinos

generally believe that everyone should be treated in the same way. Filipinos are always kind to

their less fortunate kababayan (countrymen). Everyone, regardless of rank, is expected to act

with humility, civility, and respect at all times. It is usual for Filipinos to address their superiors

or elders, which is a distinctive feature of Filipino culture as Sir or Ma’am. Additionally, you

will occasionally hear them use the expression “ho” or “po” when they talk this is a way of

showing respect.
One family and community, Filipinos are communal and love to share what they have

particularly with food. This is why it is typical to see "family meals" at most restaurants, which

are just as likely to be shared by coworkers. Surprisingly, if you dine among Filipinos, you will

discover that no one likes to finish the final bite on the plate.

Filipinos have a fairly regulated way of life and are not as forceful or independent as Europeans.

This is in part because of the extensive influence of family. Filipino children, no matter how old,

are likely to be significantly influenced, directed and guided by their parents. Another popular

Filipino practice is "utang na loob," or obligation of appreciation. If you do anything kind for a

Filipino, they will typically reciprocate. It is vital to remember this while dealing with Filipino

employees because if you treat and reward them properly, they will most likely stay with you for

a long time. Filipinos frequently do not leave home until they are ready to marry, and even then,

it is sometimes traumatic for the parents. Filipinos often believe they owe their parents a great

deal for raising them, and placing them in nursing homes is unheard of. It is common for

children to look after their parents as they get older.

Diversify is happy to name the Philippines its Asian home, and the individuals we have on board

are nothing short of dedicated and passionate. We like this component of Filipino culture the

most, and it is one of the reasons we continue to collaborate with them. Send us an email if you

want to hire some of the best people for your team.

Patriotism in the Philippines

Luis Rodriguez Varela, a Filipino Creole, was one of the first men who demonstrated Philippine

Nationalism and Patriotism. However, at his time, the term Filipino pertains to Spaniards born in

the Philippines and not the native inhabitants. Varela studied in France during the Age of

Enlightenment and applied what he learned to Philippine challenges. In his book, Historic

Proclamation he called for equal rights for both the Spaniards and the native inhabitants, which

slowly made the term Filipino applicable to anyone born in the Philippines (Roces, 2010).

However, Varela‘s effort did not go to waste because his works inspired other Creole, Padre

Palaez who championed for the rights of Filipino priests and lead the movement on the

secularization of the Philippine parishes. His life was cut short by an earthquake but his

advocacies were carried on by one of his disciples, Jose Burgos. Burgos, along with Mariano

Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, was killed in the historic Cavite mutiny. From then on, history

witnessed one of the incidents that sparked the patriotic and nationalistic spirit in the young mind

of Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the Philippines' National Hero (Delos Santos, n.d.). El Filibusterismo, one of

Rizal's works, was dedicated to Gomburza's memory. Rizal gave a new voice to the misery of

Filipinos in his debut novel, Noli Me Tangere, which became one of the catalysts of the

Philippine revolution. (Roces., 2010).

Aside from Rizal, numerous personalities such as Andres Bonifacio, Gregorio del Pilar, Emilio

Aguinaldo, and the likes were also awoken from the deleterious claws of the Spaniards and

started to fight for the Philippines. The course of Philippine history was altered by their works

and aspirations. Their patriotic feelings and nationalistic aspirations were the push for the 1896

Philippine Revolution's victory. (Delos Santos, n.d.).

Threats to Filipino Patriotism

         The causation of state interaction may be recognized and based principally in the

significant and predominant growth of globalization processes. These processes enable the

individual to identify themselves as a citizen of a specific country and as well as providing

numerous opportunities and potential socio-political aspects. In modern times, when an

individual encounters and confronts social challenges such as self-identity creation, cultural

dispersion, and patriotic consciousness, it becomes increasingly significant and vital, which these

matters allow to cultivate and incubate the fundamental values of the nation and ensure its

preservation. Additionally, another alarming problem brought by globalization is the fascination

and captivation with the West, its culture, norms, lifestyle, fashion, music, technology and

etcetera. Because of appreciation for the Western's competence in cultural and technical

elements, some of its famous and sensational expressions are copied and imitated. It can be the

cause of an individual to contempt and disdain their own culture and identity as an individual

citizen of his/her country, as well as setting aside the national heritage, history, and traditions.

Some of the cultural differences denoted in behavioral aspects and the way of perception often

becomes the source of mortification rather than pride.

The most eminent menace to the patriotic values is the following: national nihilism and

cosmopolitanism. First, national nihilism refers to the constant pursuit and production of vast

quantities of things, which leads to aversion and disrespect for any national ideals, as well as

apathy in the connection towards the home country. It is the stage at which an individual rejects

history, culture, and customs while also isolating himself/herself from the nation. On the other

hand, cosmopolitanism can be the result and effect rooted to nihilism. It gives an individual to

define him/herself as a citizen of the world and categorize that he or she belongs to a certain

human race. It is clearly apparent in their treatment of their own people as well as individuals
from other nations, both of which are directly exploited as a tool and instrument for achieving

personal aspirations and gains.

Modern identity crisis does not just effect millennials, but it may also influence the entire society

from a broader perspective or scale. The reason for this is because state affairs are dynamic and

change from time to time in different circumstances. The diversity of these changes encompasses

a large portion of our everyday life, which can clearly lead to severe challenges in adapting to

them.

The Essence of Foreign Culture

The effect of national culture is felt at several levels, from the individual to the larger

community. At this point it is worth emphasizing that in the literature on the subject

organizations are seen as having particular importance in transforming societies toward

sustainability (Hopwood B. M., 2005). National cultural values can influence the way people set

up and develop organizations (Owusu Ansah, 2019). Organizational culture, in turn, has an

influence on an organization's performance (Cameron et al., 2006). As a result, they are seen as a

strategic factor in light of a resource-based organizational theory (Genç, 2013).

The influence of national culture on organizational culture may be described using

institutional theory as follows: companies adapt to society's ideals and as a result gain acceptance

and obtain the necessary resources (Chen, 2010). In turn, according to stakeholder theory, an

organization's responsibility is to respond to the expectations of its stakeholders as well as a

society and its culture can be treated as a stakeholder (Henriksson, 2020).

 On terms of the distinctions between national and organizational culture, it may be stated

that national cultural characteristics are founded in values learnt before the age of ten; children

learn them from parents who also acquired them before age ten, so they are quite stable and take

generations to be changed (Mansaray, 2020). In turn, organizational cultural traits are deeply

established in workplace activities and, as a result, may change quicker than national culture.

Different Cultural Traditions Around the World

         According to TIROSH, (2020), Culture is the combination of a particular society or

people’s ideas, beliefs, customs, arts and social behaviors. It is the core of that civilization -

something profoundly embedded and unique to that specific community. A tradition is also

deeply ingrained. It refers to a particular action, event, or habit that has been passed down from

generation to generation. Our many traditions are inextricably linked to our various civilizations.

These distinctive cultural behaviors frequently contribute to our sense of self and place. This is

true whether we follow the custom in question or not - it is still a part of our cultural history, and

participating in it (or not) tells something about who we are and who we aim to be.

Eating Jesus, In Italy some traditions span more than one country. Religious traditions are a good

illustration of this (though there are, of course, many religious traditions that are unique to a

single society or people). From pilgrimages to celebrations on specific days, religious traditions

around the world are immensely important to people. They provide a sense of spiritual and

personal connection and assist people in defining themselves and their beliefs. Many religious

traditions are also linked to food. Catholics, for example, ingest an unleavened bread wafer

during holy communion. They believe they are devouring the body of Jesus Christ through a

mystical process called as transubstantiation.

Red Brides, In India many cultures around the world have traditions that relate to clothing. The

color of a bride's wedding gown is typically customary and regarded to bring good luck. Brides

in China wear red, whereas brides in the United States wear white. Hindu brides would also wear

red, either as a wedding sari or a lehenga (this differs according to the region of India that the

bride lives in). Click the link below to learn more about Indian customs and traditions, as well as

the need of localizing in order to respect those traditions.

Magpies, In UK, it’s not just in the area of bridal clothing where we see traditions linked to luck.

Indeed, many traditions are based on superstitions, which are commonly held but irrational

beliefs, frequently associated with luck and the supernatural. Magpies are an excellent example

of this. Some Native American tribes practiced wearing magpie feathers as a symbol of bravery.

Many Christian cultures, however, think that witnessing a lone magpie signals ill luck. Various

customs have evolved over time to stave off ill luck. Some people salute, some say good

morning to the solitary bird, and yet others simply doff their cap. Such instances of traditions and

rituals associated with warding off ill luck and boosting good luck may be found all throughout

the world.

Red Envelopes, In China plenty of cultures have traditions that relate to holiday periods. On

Christmas Eve, have you ever pinned a stocking on the mantelpiece? Or did you leave a mince

pie and a glass of wine out for Father Christmas? And, of course, a carrot for Rudolph! Holiday

customs are frequently associated with food and drink, although this is not always the case. One

New Year's custom in China, for example, is the distribution of red envelopes carrying money.

As part of the festivities, parents and grandparents frequently give them to their children.
Royal Worship, In Vanuatu many interesting cultural traditions have arisen over the years as a

result of people celebrating the actions and/or lives of certain individuals. For example, have you

heard of the Prince Philip Movement? It is a religious sect based on Vanuatu's southern island of

Tanna. The Kastom people of Yaohnanen hamlet believe that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

(Queen Elizabeth II's husband) is a celestial creature. Every year on his birthday, a traditional

feast with ceremonial dances is held.

Flamenco, In Spain, music and dance form an important part of the culture of people across the

world. Who can imagine Mexico without seeing a mariachi band, or Spain without picturing

vividly costumed flamenco dancers. Traditional music and dance differ greatly from culture to

culture, both in terms of the instruments utilized and the dancing technique. They do, however,

have a power that transcends ethnic barriers. Have you ever wept during an opera despite the fact

that you don't know Italian? The traditional, moving music carries a power all of its own.

Filipino and Filipino American Culture

Filipino family values carried back from the Philippines have heavily affected Filipino

American traditions. These values focus on and are based on three major Filipino cultural traits:

utang na loob (debt of gratitude), and pakikisama (harmony). The idea of utang na loob refers to

a reciprocal obligation, which is frequently shown as an act of compassion. (Cimmarusti, 1996).

Pakikisama is togetherness or harmony where people display equal respect and mindfulness

towards family members (Cimmarusti, 1996).

 The concept of respect is as fundamental in Filipino society as the concept of family.

Respect is held in great respect, particularly for seniors within the family or the larger society.

The term "elder" refers not just to grandparents, but also to cousins or other family members who

are older in age. Elders are defined as those who have enough experience and wisdom to

influence decision-making, regardless of how much older they are than others. (Nadal, 2011).

Filipinos are encouraged to spend time with their elders to seek guidance or to watch and

emulate their triumphs. Overall, respect is required to be shown to everyone in the Filipino

culture in order to foster pakikisama (harmony), regardless of gender, age, or race of an

individual or group.

Subsequently, in exploring Filipino culture, it is evident that Spain’s and the United

State’s colonization of the Philippines had considerable impact. English is currently the

Philippines' second national language, and it is taught in public schools in accordance with US

grammar and comprehension standards. (Mulder, 2013).

This newly evolved Filipino culture has influenced the emergence and development of

Filipino American culture in the United States. The American impact on Filipino American

culture varies based on the level of acculturation and assimilation of each individual or

household. (Choi, 2009). This process of adopting social patterns of another ethnic group is

unique to each individual where numerous factors such as age, generation, historical, and

nonhistorical demographics within the U.S and in the Philippines affect each individual.

(Agbayani-Siewert, 1997)

Patriotism in Nation Building

 According to Johnson (1989), stated that patriotism has a crucial part and important

mechanism to play in uniting and holding large-scale societies collectively. He also stated that

patriotism facilitates integration, which serves as a basis for unity. Additionally, it leads to self-

sacrifices for the common good of the group which is considered as the most important. Patriotic

ideals have always played an important function and role in the lives of individuals within the

community. The idea that ideas and attitudes satisfy distinct needs and requirements for different

people is not new. In the past years, a lot of studies have been released and proposed by many

social psychologists and sociologists with regards to the function and purpose of beliefs and

attitudes. Aside from the essential roles of ideas and attitudes, which is to offer significant and

profound structure of the world for the individuals, they are also to assist and oblige in meeting

other personal and social requirements

For example, one of the most important purposes of beliefs is to characterize and define

the group's borders. With regards to this, the belief system allows the construction and creation

of social identity. Lastly, patriotic beliefs fulfill both the personal demands of the organization's

members and the requirements of the group as a social institution. In terms of the basic purpose

of patriotic ideas, one of its personal roles is a sense of belongingness and identity. Individuals

want a place for themselves because they want to be related and connected, to be a member of a

social unit and to develop meaningful relationships, which patriotic beliefs fulfill. The sense of

shared attachment is connected to a strong feeling of belonging. Patriotic beliefs not only

strengthen and reinforce a sense of belonging, but also contribute to define the description of a

person's social identity. In reality, the sense of belonging and social identity have a link and are

tied to one another. Social identity may be founded and molded by a sense of belonging.

(Abrahams, 2018) pointed out: “Identity, specifically social identity, and group belongings are
inextricably linked in the sense that one‘s conception or definition of who one is (one‘s identity)

is largely composed of self-descriptions in forms of the defining characteristics of social group to

which one belongs. This' belongings' is psychological; it is not merely knowledge of a group‘s

attributes. Identification with a social group is a psychological state very different from merely

being designed as falling into one social category or another. It is phenomenologically real and

has important self-evaluative consequence.”

Patriotism in Malaysia

According to Mohammad (2020), Patriotism and loyalty are not just words that are uttered but

they come from the heart, the inner spirit of oneself. As a result, the concept of patriotism should

be instilled in children early on, since when youngsters love their home, land, and nation, they

will grow up appreciating them inheritance, culture, social values, history, heritage and diversity,

and strive to improve Malaysia in any aspect of their lives, either socially, economically or

intellectually. Patriotism may be cultivated in Malaysian young via education, awareness, and

information. The education system should be tailored to instill not just a sense of pride and

dignity, but also a sense of belonging to the country and nation in their hearts and minds.

Malaysia is a one-of-a-kind, multi-racial country with a diverse range of cultures and customs. It

works as a melting pot, requiring strong assimilation and nation-building not only to deepen and

extend Malaysian adults' and youth's peace and harmony, but also to tear down barriers and

bridge gaps in their differences. It takes a strong quality of youth and inspirational individuals

with good personalities to bring pride and joy to Malaysia and represent the country locally and

globally in the fields of education, commerce, economics, sports, technology, and entertainment.

This is vital as only through a deep sense of belonging can Malaysia’s younger generation be
molded into responsible and matured citizens as well as shaped into charismatic, honest and

respectful future leaders of the country. 

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter reveals the methods of research to be employed by the researcher in

conducting the study which includes the research design, population of the study, research

instrument and its development establishing its validity and reliability, data gathering

procedures, and the appropriate statistical treatment of data.

Research Design and Method

This study is made by the Quantitative method. The researchers will get the answer,

justify the objectives of the study. Likewise, it will also know the factors that influence DCCP

Criminology Students in patronizing foreign culture. 

According to Bhandari (2020), Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic

investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,

mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and

analyzing numerical data and involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data.

The design that the researchers will use is descriptive quantitative method wherein they

will conduct questionnaire; checklist and electronic questionnaire via google forms on the

selected students or participants to provide information by generating their perspectives, insight,

point of view as well as their knowledge, at the same time this design gives a broader view of

information that is required.

Population and Locale of the Study

The researcher used the Slovin’s Formula to compute the number of respondents. Using

the formula of n=N/1+Ne2. Where, 2030 as the total population over 1 (one) + the Sample size,

which is 5% and (0.05)2 equivalent to 0.0025 percent. Then, 2030 over 6.1 and bringing the

number of total 398 respondents.

 The participants of this study will be 398 criminology students of Data Center College of

the Philippines Laoag City. Random Sampling will be used in choosing the respondents from

398 students. In the Simple Random Sampling method, each member of the population has an

exactly equal chance of being selected. Simple Random Sampling is a sampling technique in

which each member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen, through the use of an

unbiased selection method (Simkus, 2022).

The study is conducted in Data Center College of the Philippines Inc. located at Barangay

1, San Lorenzo, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte.

Data Gathering Instrument

         The data needed were gathered through a survey questionnaire and electronic

questionnaire via google forms.

The questionnaire is composed of three parts: The first part determined the foreign

cultures they usually patronizing. The second part is concerned about the level of enjoyment of

the foreign culture as a criminology student of DCCP. The third part is the factors that influence

them to adapt to the foreign culture.

Data Gathering Procedure

In the conduct of this study, the following steps will be undertaken by the researchers.

First, the researchers sent a requesting letter to know the number of respondents of the

criminology students of DCCP Laoag at the school registrar. Second, the researchers computed

the total number of respondents using the Slovin’s Formula (n=N/1+Ne2). After getting the total

number of respondents, the researchers will be sending a letter to the research adviser regarding
the approval of the number of research respondents. Third, after the approval of the research

survey questionnaire, the researcher will encode the validated questionnaires in the google forms.

A letter permission to conduct will be sent to the Department Head of DCCP CCJE before

administering the questionnaires to the respondents. Following the approval, questionnaires will

be distributed via Facebook messenger to the respondent. The collected data will be tallied,

tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

Treatment of Data 

The data will be gathered, collected and tabulated will be subjected for analysis and

interpretation through the use of appropriate tools. Descriptive Statistics will be use in this study.

The researcher's will closely examine the data to identify the level of their enjoyment, to

determine what influences them. Hence, it is a method for describing data. The researcher's will

deepen their perspective through the findings of the collected data. Data will also undergo

validation so that researchers will come up with accurate findings.

Weighted mean will be used to analyze and interpret the data to determine the foreign

culture they usually patronizing, the level of enjoyment and factors influence them to adapt to the

foreign culture.

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 Proposed Questionnaire
Part I. Participant’s Usually Patronized Foreign Cultures
Foreign Culture
Usually Patronize

1- Always 2- Often 3- Sometimes 4- Rarely

5- Never

1 2 3 4 5
1. Korean Culture
2. Chinese Culture
3. Japanese Culture
 4. Thailand Culture
5. American Culture
Others (Please specify):

Part II. Participant’s Level of Enjoyment in Patronizing Foreign Cultures

LEVEL OF ENJOYMENT
Patronizing Foreign Culture

1- Strongly Agree 2- Agree 3- Moderate Agree 4- Disagree

1 2 3 4
1. I can watch foreign dramas all day.
2. I usually eat foreign foods rather than Filipino food.
3. I can easily memorize foreign songs compared to Filipino songs.
4. I can easily memorize foreign dances compared to our own.
5. I usually buy foreign branded cloths rather than locally branded
clothes.

Part III. Factors Influencing Participant’s Patriotism to Foreign Cultures

FACTORS YES NO
1. Social Influence
2. Advertising Influence
3. Education factors
4. Idol’ Influence
5. Others (Please Specify):