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Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, 3, 9-16 9

Digital Yarns Enabling Data Transmission and Health Wear with Biosen-
sors

Gi-Soo Chung1 and Hee-Cheol Kim2,*

1
Micro/nano Process Engineering Research Center, Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, 1271-18, Sa3dong, Sang-
Rok-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeong-Gi, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Inje University, Inje-Ro 197, Gimhae, Gyeong-Nam, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Digital yarns or conductive yarns are the ones that enable data transmission. In particular, smart clothes woven
by both ordinary and digital yarns are more than wears, and eventually become wearable and mobile computing devices.
Emphasizing a high potentiality of such clothes, we firstly introduce digital yarn that we developed, presenting its charac-
teristics and a way of assessing its data transmission performance. Secondly, this paper presents health wear with ECG
sensors and a circuit connected by digital yarns. Finally, it discusses healthcare services that such clothes can provide
users with.

Keywords: Body area network, cloud computing, data transmission, digital yarn, healthcare, smart clothes, wearable computer.

1. INTRODUCTION become a primary element in wired body area network (BAN)

Chris Baber categorized wearable computers into three
types in terms of their forms [1]: computers that can be
worn, information appliances that can be worn, and comput-
ers as clothing. The last type is interesting enough, because
clothing is personal, comfortable, close to the body, and
worn almost everywhere at anytime [2]. Owing to advanced
technology, smart clothes are developed to be context-aware
[3, 4], always on [5], and continuously worn [6] in an unob-
trusive manner, while they are still at experimental levels. In
particular, ways of interaction with smart clothes can be ful-
filled in mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical forms, and
so forth [7]. Smart clothes can definitely build an intimate
form for human-machine interaction [8]. As wearable com-
puting technology has gradually matured, their application
domains began to include various realms such as healthcare,
emergency services, sport and leisure, fashion, and enter-
tainment. Recently, human and social factors as well as
technical aspects in the development of smart clothes are
emphasized [9].
Interestingly, digital yarn or conductive yarn is a fairly
new and challenging medium for data transmission in shape
of woven or knitted fabric. There have been some ap-
proaches to develop conductive yarns [10, 11], while they
are not yet in real use commercially due to low performance
of data transmission and difficulty of mass production. Fur-
ther, digital yarns can be used as a crucial element to form
wearable devices such as smart clothes, communication bands,
and other items. In this case, digital yarn will undoubtedly
*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Computer
Engineering, Inje University, Inje-Ro 197, Gimhae, Gyeong-Nam, Republic
of Korea; Tel: +82-55-320-3720; Fax: +82-55-322-3107;
E-mail: heeki@inje.ac.kr
or wired body sensor network (BSN) in the future.
This paper is organized into three parts: digital yarns,
health wear, and services through health wear. First, it de-
scribes digital yarns that we developed, where better data
transmission performance has been achieved and mass pro-
duction is possible. After presenting characteristics of our
digital yarns, we illustrate an example showing how the video
data is transferred from one place to another via a digital yarn.
This paper also discusses how to assess the yarn’s data trans-
mission performance, considering characteristics of Ethernet
category 3 cable’s transmission lines. Second, it presents the
development of a health wear woven by these digital yarns as
well as ordinary yarns. The health wear has both biosensors to
acquire ECG data and a digital signal processing circuit that
processes the ECG data and includes a Bluetooth module for
the data transmission. Biosensors and the circuit are connected
by digital yarns so that the ECG bio-signal data are transmit-
ted to the circuit. Third, the paper describes application pro-
grams that our research team has developed to support two
wellness services of exercise management and biofeedback.
They are running in a cloud environment that we imple-
mented, and show how they work with health wear.
2. DIGITAL YARNS
2.1. Characteristics
A key aspect of wearable computing devices, a body area
network (BAN) or a body sensor network (BSN) plays an
important role in innovative health monitoring applications
[12]. Wearable and even implantable biosensors can be inte-
grated into a BAN, by which human physiological signals
and activities can be readily acquired in real-time to enable
effective continuous monitoring of health status and motion

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10 Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (1). Digital yarn.
patterns. This will eventually enable chronic disease preven-
tion, emergency detection, computer-assisted rehabilitation,
and early detection of medical conditions. Further advances
in light-weight, small-size, ultra-low-power, and intelligent
monitoring wearable sensors are urgently required for inte-
gration with a BAN [12]. Many people tend to assume that a
BAN should be a wireless BAN (WBAN). However, when it
comes to smart clothes, a BAN can include both wired and
wireless networks. In fact, a wired network may be more
important in clothes, where conductive or digital yarns can
serve as wired communication devices, enabling data trans-
mission.
Table 1. Conductivity of metals.
Metals Conductivity (S/cm)
Silver 610,000
Copper 580,000
Gold 490,500
Nickel 146,000
Steel 105,000
Conductive yarns are manufactured for various purposes
of intelligent textiles, wearable technology, data transfer,
heating, and so on. The primary focus in this paper is on data
transmission, essential in networking technology. Optical
fibers, polymeric materials, or metallic fibers are used as
main materials for conductive yarns. Optical fibers are not so
useful for weaving and knitting. When they are bent, they are
likely to be broken and data loss takes place. Though polym-
eric materials have an advantage that they can be used im-
mediately after being woven, there are only a few of them
that enable weaving, and even so, they are too expensive to
be used for mass production. However, metallic fiber has
sufficient conductivity (Table 1), and when its diameter is
Chung and Kim
below 100m long, its malleability increases. In particular,
when many strands are used together, there is no problem for
current or data transfer. Among metallic materials, copper is
perhaps best fit. This is because it is good in terms of cost
and mass production, while it has a bit lower conductivity
than silver.
The first author of this paper, Dr. Gi-Soo Chung at the
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) devel-
oped a digital yarn in which the main material is a copper
alloy [13]. The digital yarn is composed of an inner and an
outer part. Fig. (1) shows its inner part as consisting of 7
microwires and a special resin. The outer part of the yarn is
the ordinary normal yarn which is dyed. The average size of
one micro wire is about 10m in diameter. When 7 mi-
crowires are twisted together, however, it becomes up to
55m. In particular, we coated the microwires with resin in
order to insulate them, and shielded them from electromag-
netic waves. The inner part is of approximately 172m
thickness. It is covered by about 100m of ordinary dyed
yarn forming the outer part. Therefore, the digital yarn in-
cluding the inner and outer part is about 400m in diameter.
Further, its electrical resistance is 7.5/m, which is fairly
low when it is compared with conductive yarns developed
previously [10, 11]. The digital yarn is also strong enough to
withstand washing. Washing tests revealed that the digital
yarn is constantly stable and does not deform, even after
being washed 54 times. Normal wear and care cause no sig-
nificant problem for digital garments.
2.2. Data Transmission by Digital Yarns
An experimental digital garment just for test was made
by both ordinary yarns and digital bands. Here, the latter, a
digital band including 10-30 digital yarns, serves as a
communication line for the data transmission. Fig. (2)
illustrates the testing environment. A camera connected with
a digital band records various scenes and the recorded video
data are transferred real-time to an LCD monitor. In the
experiment, digital yarns transmit the video data acquired
with little transmission delay. Its transmission speed is
approximately 80Mbps, which is acceptable for real use,
Digital Yarns Enabling Data Transmission Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (2). Transmission of video data by digital yarns.
Fig. (3). Digital yarn test structure.
80Mbps, which is acceptable for real use, because it means
that a 1 GB video file is transferred in about one and a half
minute.
2.3. A Standardized Way to Evaluate its Transmission
Performance
As a new and emerging medium for data transmission,
digital yarn needs to be tested from various aspects such as
washability, tensile force, electromagnetic waves, transmis-
sion performance, and so on. Among them, transmission
performance is perhaps the most critical part from IT per-
spectives. To test its transmission performance, there is a
need for a standardized set of test criteria and a standardized
method to do it so that the results of the given test could be
acceptable both scientifically and commercially.
2.3.1. A Standardized Set of Test Criteria
Category 3 channel transmission performance criteria in
ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are a nice solution as test criteria. There
11
are 5 criteria: length, insertion loss, next loss, propagation
delay, and propagation delay skew. Firstly, a criterion for the
length is to allow max 328 ft. Secondly, the maximum dB
for insertion loss depends on transmission frequency. For
example, the maximum channel insertion loss is 3 dB for 1
MHz, 6.5 dB for 4 MHz, and 14.9 dB for 16 MHz. Thirdly, a
similar but opposite criterion is applied in terms of next loss,
e.g. 39.1 dB for 1 MHz, 29.3 dB for 4 MHz, and 19.3 dB for
16 MHz. Fourthly, the propagation delay value measured
must not exceed the maximum propagation delay dB value.
In case of field testing channel, the measured value should
not be over 555ns when the frequency is 10MHz. Fifthly,
propagation delay skew should be less than 50 ns for the
frequency of 1 to 16 MHz.
2.3.2. A Standardized Method
When digital yarns are tested according to the criteria
mentioned above, Ethernet cable tester is used. Here, two
ends of a digital yarn are connected with two different
Ethernet ports (See Fig. 3). Then, the data can be transmitted
12 Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (4). Health wear.
Fig. (5). Structure of ECG sensors in health wear.
from the left port to the right port through a digital yarn, and
so the frame loss rate, the propagation delay, the consecutive
frame propagation rate, and the like, are to be measured.
3. HEALTH WEAR WITH BIOSENSORS
To date, several bio-clothes have been developed, such as
the VTAMN project [14], the MyHeart project [15], and the
WEALTHY project [16], most of which have been carried
out in Europe. The LifeShirt that Vivometrics released is the
pioneering commercial product of wellness wear, including a
washable lightweight vest, a recording device for data, and
related software. It is capable of continuous monitoring of
ECG, respiration, activity, and posture [17]. The Zephyr
BioHarness technology also helped in saving 33 miners
trapped in northern Chile’s San Jose mine during the rescue
operation [18]. However, while early systems have been de-
veloped and introduced during the last decade, stable market
for wellness wear has not been established yet. Technically,
the accuracy and reliability of biosensors in clothes have not
been validated clinically primarily due to motion artifacts.
Also, many bio-sensors bring about skin irritation or aller-
gies. In addition, bio-clothes did not reach sufficient quality
with respect to usability, fashion, and acceptability from the
consumer’s point of view [19].
The health wear that we developed is an integrated and com-
plex system demanding the fusion of the technologies of fiber
engineering, electronic engineering, and medical informatics
[20]. It consists of health wear items, biosensors, digital yarns,
Chung and Kim
yarns, and hardware. Advanced sensor technology is needed for
the sake of accuracy and reliability of the physiological signals.
Digital yarns play a key role in forming a BAN within the
clothes [13]. Further, more advanced hardware techniques are
requested to develop accurate digital signal processing (DSP)
modules, secure seamless communication, and integrate multi-
ple different types of biosensors. Most importantly, the health
wear that we developed has two sensors, Electrocardiograph
(ECG) sensors and accelerometers. By ECG sensors, a system
can obtain heart rate, while it detects human activity and mo-
tions by accelerometers.
Firstly, ECG sensors are fixed in the wear, made from
polyester fabric, attached to the clothes (Fig. 4). They trans-
mit the physiological signals acquired from these sensors to
the DSP circuit via digital yarns. We have developed a sili
carbon conductive sensor for acquiring ECG signals. It is a
conductive silicon electrode where silicon is blended with
carbon nanotubes. This sensor is also fused with copper pan-
els for sewing (Fig. 5). The copper panels play a role to con-
nect digital yarns. Though the conductivity of the sensor is
lower than existing electrodes, it is good enough to acquire
ECG signals, since the impedance, about 1 in copper panel,
is not so high. For the general public, it is important that the
clothes are comfortable and functional for common activi-
ties. Since silicon makes sensors stick well to the chest, the
system can obtain high quality signals, even when wearers
walk fast at about 4km/h. The wear to which ECG sensors
are attached also improves wearing comfort and elasticity.
Digital yarns for the transmission of communication lines
Digital Yarns Enabling Data Transmission Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (6). Proposed software framework fitting the bio-clothes context.
and power play an important role to minimize motion arti-
facts, connecting ECG sensors, a battery, and the circuit
module.
Secondly, the 3-axis accelerometer of ADXL335 is em-
bedded into the circuit to measure acceleration. It is a small
and thin accelerometer with low power consumption. It
measures both the static and dynamic acceleration in tilt-
sensing applications. We selected 240 Hz for sampling rate.
4. SERVICES WITH HEALTH WEAR
The workflow in relation to usage the health wear can be
summarized as follows. As the wearer (the user) sits, walks,
or runs, his or her physiological signals are acquired from
the biosensors, recorded, and transferred to the terminal,
such as a smart phone or pad. Then, the terminal sends the
bio-signal data obtained to a server. After the server receives
the data, it analyzes them and sends the results back to the
terminal. Finally, the terminal, including client programs that
provide medical services, shows the wearer analytical results
via an appropriate user interface (UI). To realize this sce-
nario, we need a more centralized and seamless architecture
which is typically called cloud environment, and application
programs working in this environment. In this section, we
will present a cloud computing environment, and two appli-
cation programs, calorie tracker and biofeedback system,
running on it.
4.1. Cloud Environment
The models of cloud computing service are usually
known as software, platform, and/or infrastructure as a serv-
ice. In this study, we will refer to the cloud computing model
as Software as a Service (SaaS). Together with virtual-server
technology, SaaS becomes crucial to success in a cloud
environment. The cloud computing environment that we
propose reflects a SaaS model [15]. Our research group has
13
reflects a SaaS model [15]. Our research group has devel-
oped a software architecture satisfying healthcare systems,
fulfilling the conditions as follows:
• Clear definition of each service
• Convenience of insertion or revision of a service
• Interoperability of physiological signals and exer-
cise data
• Minimization of revision of the system according to
the addition of a new vital/exercise data
Fig. (6) is an overview of the framework proposed for
healthcare system using bio-signals. The suggested frame-
work has several characteristics [21]. First, by W3C stan-
dardized messaging, bio-signals acquired are sent to the
server. Second, information is obtained from the values of
the features. Here, the features are needed to evaluate peo-
ple’s health state utilizing the raw physiological data. Third,
XML document is employed to represent both the raw data
and extracted feature data, conforming to the HL7 specifica-
tion. It is also to save the data in a personalized repository.
Forth, it calculates and extracts the health state using OCL
including an OCL evaluator. OCL, which is a mathematical
specification language, helps developers define each service
clearly, and enables better and easier integrated management
when a repository of physiological data is built. Further,
OCL also facilitates the addition, deletion, or updating of
services. Fifth, the healthcare component enables users to
access services with various devices using the standardized
W3C message protocol.
4.2. Calorie Tracker
Calorie Tracker is a software application to manage obe-
sity. It obtains and stores acceleration data from bio-clothes
when the wearer carries out an activity, such as walking,
sitting, standing, or running for a given period of time (e.g.,
14 Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (7). An example of the UI of Calorie Tracker.
half an hour). After acceleration data are acquired over a
period of time from the bio-clothes, the Calorie Tracker uses
the data to extract the number of steps, calories burned, dis-
tance and exercise time.
Calorie Tracker obtains the amount of calories burned
using HRV and acceleration data, and other demographic
data such as the user’s weight, height, age, and gender. Fi-
nally, it provides the user with a weight loss program.
Fig. (7) shows an example of the UI in Calorie Tracker. This
system shows users how many calories should be burned to
lose 1 kg in one month. It also provides a score indicating
the user’s achievement by calculating the amount of exercise
from HRV and acceleration data obtained by the bio-clothes.
Through monthly, weekly and daily statistics, users can also
check exercise information including the amount of time
spent exercising, the number of days spent exercising and the
distance covered by exercise. Furthermore, this system rec-
ommends an appropriate level for exercise to help weight
reduction according to the user’s weight loss goals.
4.3. Biofeedback System
The second application is the Biofeedback System cur-
rently in development. It runs on Android-based smart
phones and pads and is designed to help maintain a stable
ANS and manage mental stress by controlling breathing.
Suppose that the user trains his/her ANS by controlling
breathing for 5 min. During the measurement, the system
analyzes the rate of breathing, including inhalation and exha-
lation, and the depth of breathing.
Chung and Kim
The Biofeedback System captures and measures each
respiration by the respiration sensor included in the clothes.
Then, the system transmits the respiration data to the server
and analyzes an ideal breathing pattern, a user-customized
breathing pattern from the respiration data collected. At this
stage, such a pattern is determined from respiration data un-
der stable states of ANS. This system also shows whether the
user’s breathing is slow, good or fast. It also gives the user
proper feedback (e.g., providing a voice message, “breathe
slower”). Further, it provides the user with the average beats
per minute (BPM) and the average respiration per minute
(RPM). In summary, this system helps the user learn how to
breathe to handle stress and ANS through repetitive training.
In addition, user training through breathing can adjust mental
stress. Fig. (8) shows an example of the user interface in the
Biofeedback System. This system provides a user-customized
breathing pattern, and the user can look at and follow the
breathing pattern shown in the system so that he/she can con-
trol mental stress by training his/her respiration.
CONCLUSION
Smart clothes are innovative technology that may drasti-
cally change our ways of living in the future, being wearable
computing devices beyond clothing. In particular, digital
yarns enabling data transmission can serve as a crucial ele-
ment to form a BAN in such clothing. Emphasizing the im-
portance of digital yarns’ roles in wearable computers and
smart wear, this paper presented characteristics of these digi-
tal yarns that we have developed. The digital yarn has an
acceptable transmission speed, 80 Mbps, and its electrical
Digital Yarns Enabling Data Transmission Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 1
Fig. (8). An example of user interface of the Biofeedback System.
resistance is fairly low. Further, the digital yarn does not
deform in the washing test. The current status of the digital
yarn is promising, close to commercialization, while a fur-
ther technological development still remains in terms of con-
necting techniques between digital yarns, sensors, and the
circuit.
This paper presented the health wear, the cloud environ-
ment, and two application programs, calorie tracker and
biofeedback system, which we have developed. While health
wear acquiring bio-signals such as ECG, body temperature,
and acceleration has great potentiality for healthcare in the
future, it should be well-supported by software technology,
both applications and cloud computing techniques. However,
aspects of software supporting health wear have been largely
neglected. Stressing the role of software, this paper also dis-
cussed how cloud computing and software applications can
be built in the context of health wear. By doing so, it shows
that health wears have great potential to allow people to have
the privilege of complex healthcare applications anytime and
anyplace. Finally, we hope that our discussion sheds light on
the design of cloud healthcare services with health wear.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no con-
flict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is funded by the Korean Ministry of Knowl-
edge Economy (#10033321).
15
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